Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:13:33.925Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is homosexual behaviour hard-wired? Sexual orientation and brain structure1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

References

Allen, L. S. & Gorski, R. A. (1992). Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89, 71997202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, L. S., Hines, M., Shryne, L. E. & Gorski, R. A. (1989). Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 9, 497506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, L. S., RicheyM,. F. M,. F., Chai, Y. M. & Gorski, R. A. (1991). Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. Journal of Neuroscience 11, 933942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N. C., Flaum, M., Swayze, V. II., O'Leary, D. S., Alliger, R., Cohen, G., Ehrhardt, J. & Yuh, W. T. C. (1993). Intelligence and brain structure in normal individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 130134.Google ScholarPubMed
Arendash, G. W. & Gorski, R. W. (1983). Effects of discrete lesions of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area or other medial preoptic regions on the sexual behaviour of male rats. Brain Research Bulletin 10, 147154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron, M. (1993). Genetic linkage and male homosexual orientation. British Medical Journal 307, 337338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, J., Arango, C., Ironside, J., Donaldson, Y., Rebus, S., Simmonds, P. & Peutherer, J. (1993). Different neuropathological findings in homosexuals and drug abusers with AIDS. Clinical Neuropathology 12, S8.Google Scholar
Bleier, R., Byne, W. & Siggelkow, I. (1982). Cytoarchitectonic sexual dimorphisms of the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas in guinea pig, rat, hamster and mouse. Journal of Comparative Neurology 212, 118130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braak, H. & Braak, E. (1987). The hypothalamus of the human adult: chiasmatic region. Anatomy and Embryology 176, 315330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byne, W. & Parsons, B. (1993). Human sexual orientation. The biologic theories reappraised. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 228239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commins, D. & Yahr, P. (1984). Adult testosterone levels influence the morphology of a sexually dimorphic area in the Mongolian gerbil brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 224, 132140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Croxson, T. S., Chapman, W. E., Miller, L. K., Levit, C. D., Senie, R. & Zumoff, B. (1989). Changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected homosexual men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 68, 317321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Jonge, F. H., Louwerse, A. L., Ooms, M. P., Evers, P., Endert, E. & Van de Poll, N. E. (1989). Lesions of the SDN-POA inhibit sexual behaviour of male Wistar rats. Brain Research Bulletin 23, 483492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demeter, S., Ringo, J. L. & Doty, R. W. (1988). Morphometric analysis of the human corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Human Neurobiology 6, 219226.Google ScholarPubMed
Dörner, G. (1988). Neuroendocrine response to estrogen and brain differentiation in heterosexuals, homosexuals and transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behaviour 17, 5775.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everall, I. P., Luthert, P. J. & Lantos, P. L. (1991). Neuronal loss in the frontal cortex in HIV infection. Lancet 337, 11191121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finn, P. D., De Vries, G. J. & Jahr, P. (1993). Efferent projections of the sexually dimorphic area of the gerbil hypothalamus: anterograde identification and retrograde verification in males and females. Journal of Comparative Neurology 338, 491520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galaburda, A. M., Sherman, G. P., Rosen, G. D., Aboitiz, F. & Geschwind, N. (1985). Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical abnormalities. Annals of Neurology 8, 222223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorski, R. A., Gordon, J. H., Shryne, J. E. & Southam, A. M. (1978). Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Research 148, 333346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N. & Pattatucci, A. M. L. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science 261, 321327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofman, M. A., Purba, J. & Swaab, D. F. (1993). Annual variation in the vasopressin neuron population of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience 53, 11031112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lantos, P. L., McLaughlin, J. E., Scholtz, C. L., Berry, C. L. & Tinghe, J. R. (1989). Neuropathology of the brain in HIV infection. Lancet i, 309311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science 253, 10341037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeVay, S. (1993). The Sexual Brain. MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, L. J., Spicer, D. M., Lewis, M. H., Gluck, J. P. & Cork, L. C. (1991). Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain. I. Subcortical regions. Journal of Neuroscience 11, 33443358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, A. & Arai, Y. (1983). Sex differences in volume of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in the rat. Endocrinology (Japan) 30, 277280.Google ScholarPubMed
Micevych, P., Akesson, T. & Elde, R. (1987). The distribution of cholecystokinin–immunoreactive cell bodies in the male and female rat. I. Hypothalamus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 255, 124136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murakami, S. & Arai, Y. (1989). Neuronal death in the developing sexually dimorphic periventricular nucleus of the preoptic area in the female rat: effect of neonatal androgen treatment. Neuroscience Letters 102, 185190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pakkenberg, B. & Gundersen, H. J. G. (1988). Total number of neurons and glial cells in human brain nuclei estimated by the disector and the fractionator. Journal of Microscopy 150, 120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raisman, G. & Field, P. M. (1973). Sexual dimorphism in the neuropil of the preoptic area of the rat and its dependence on neonatal androgen. Brain Research 54, 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reznek, L. (1987). The Nature of Disease. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.Google Scholar
Roberts, G. W. (1991). Schizophrenia: a neuropathological perspective. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saper, C. B. (1990). Hypothalamus. In The Human Nervous System (ed. Paxinos, G.), pp. 389413. Academic Press, San Diego.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simerly, R. B., Swanson, L. W., Handa, R. J. & Gorski, R. A. (1987). Influence of perinatal androgen on the sexual dimorphic distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the rat. Neuroendocrinology 40, 501510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simerly, R. B., McCall, L. D. & Watson, S. J. (1988). Distribution of opioid peptides in the pre-optic region: immunohistochemical evidence for a steroid-sensitive enkephalin sexual dimorphism. Journal of Comparative Neurology 276, 442459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaab, D. F. & Fliers, E. (1985). A sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science 228, 11121114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaab, D. F. & Hofman, M. A. (1990). An enlarged suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men. Brain Research 537, 141148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaab, D. F., Gooren, L. J. G. & Hofman, M. A. (1992). The human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation. Progress in Brain Research 93, 205219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaab, D. F., Hofman, M. A., Lucassen, P. J., Purba, J. S., Raadshher, F. C. & Van de Nes, J. A. P. (1993). Functional neuroanatomy and neuropathology of the human hypothalamus. Anatomy and Embryology 187, 317330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, R. N. (1981). Effects of environmental complexity and deprivation on brain anatomy and histology: a review. International Journal of Neuroscience 12, 3351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Witelson, S. F. & Nowakowski, R. S. (1991). Left out axons make men right: a hypothesis for the origin of handedness and functional asymmetry. Neuropsychologica 29, 327333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed