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Increased MRI-based cortical grey/white-matter contrast in sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2016

K. N. Jørgensen ,
S. Nerland ,
L. B. Norbom ,
N. T. Doan ,
R. Nesvåg ,
L. Mørch-Johnsen ,
U. K. Haukvik ,
I. Melle ,
O. A. Andreassen  and
L. T. Westlye
...Show all authors
K. N. Jørgensen*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
S. Nerland
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
L. B. Norbom
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
N. T. Doan
Affiliation:
NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
R. Nesvåg
Affiliation:
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
L. Mørch-Johnsen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
U. K. Haukvik
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
I. Melle
Affiliation:
NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
O. A. Andreassen
Affiliation:
NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
L. T. Westlye
Affiliation:
NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
I. Agartz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway NORMENT and K. G. Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
*
*Address for correspondence: K. N. Jørgensen, Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, N-0319 Oslo, Norway. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder share genetic risk factors and one possible illness mechanism is abnormal myelination. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tissue intensities are sensitive to myelin content. Therefore, the contrast between grey- and white-matter intensities may reflect myelination along the cortical surface.

Method

MRI images were obtained from patients with schizophrenia (n = 214), bipolar disorder (n = 185), and healthy controls (n = 278) and processed in FreeSurfer. The grey/white-matter contrast was computed at each vertex as the difference between average grey-matter intensity (sampled 0–60% into the cortical ribbon) and average white-matter intensity (sampled 0–1.5 mm into subcortical white matter), normalized by their average. Group differences were tested using linear models covarying for age and sex.

Results

Patients with schizophrenia had increased contrast compared to controls bilaterally in the post- and precentral gyri, the transverse temporal gyri and posterior insulae, and in parieto-occipital regions. In bipolar disorder, increased contrast was primarily localized in the left precentral gyrus. There were no significant differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Findings of increased contrast remained after adjusting for cortical area, thickness, and gyrification. We found no association with antipsychotic medication dose.

Conclusions

Increased contrast was found in highly myelinated low-level sensory and motor regions in schizophrenia, and to a lesser extent in bipolar disorder. We propose that these findings indicate reduced intracortical myelin. In accordance with the corollary discharge hypothesis, this could cause disinhibition of sensory input, resulting in distorted perceptual processing leading to the characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Keywords

Bipolar disordercerebral cortexmyelintissue contrastschizophrenia
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 46 , Issue 9 , July 2016 , pp. 1971 - 1985
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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