Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-mggfc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-16T23:37:45.291Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Guideline concordant monitoring of metabolic risk in people treated with antipsychotic medication: systematic review and meta-analysis of screening practices

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2011

A. J. Mitchell ,
V. Delaffon ,
D. Vancampfort ,
C. U. Correll  and
M. De Hert
A. J. Mitchell*
Affiliation:
Psycho-oncology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicestershire Partnership Trust, Leicester, UK Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University of Leicester, UK
V. Delaffon
Affiliation:
Psycho-oncology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicestershire Partnership Trust, Leicester, UK
D. Vancampfort
Affiliation:
UPC KUL campus Kortenberg, Belgium Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
C. U. Correll
Affiliation:
The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
M. De Hert
Affiliation:
UPC KUL campus Kortenberg, Belgium
*
*Address for correspondence: A. J. Mitchell, Consultant in Psycho-oncology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester Partnership Trust, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Despite increased cardiometabolic risk in individuals with mental illness taking antipsychotic medication, metabolic screening practices are often incomplete or inconsistent.

Method

We undertook a systematic search and a PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) meta-analysis of studies examining routine metabolic screening practices in those taking antipsychotics both for patients in psychiatric care before and following implementation of monitoring guidelines.

Results

We identified 48 studies (n=290 534) conducted between 2000 and 2011 in five countries; 25 studies examined predominantly schizophrenia-spectrum disorder populations; 39 studies (n=218 940) examined routine monitoring prior to explicit guidelines; and nine studies (n=71 594) reported post-guideline monitoring. Across 39 studies, routine baseline screening was generally low and above 50% only for blood pressure [69.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 50.9–85.8] and triglycerides (59.9%, 95% CI 36.6–81.1). Cholesterol was measured in 41.5% (95% CI 18.0–67.3), glucose in 44.3% (95% CI 36.3–52.4) and weight in 47.9% (95% CI 32.4–63.7). Lipids and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were monitored in less than 25%. Rates were similar for schizophrenia patients, in US and UK studies, for in-patients and out-patients. Monitoring was non-significantly higher in case-record versus database studies and in fasting samples. Following local/national guideline implementation, monitoring improved for weight (75.9%, CI 37.3–98.7), blood pressure (75.2%, 95% CI 45.6–95.5), glucose (56.1%, 95% CI 43.4–68.3) and lipids (28.9%, 95% CI 20.3–38.4). Direct head-to-head pre–post-guideline comparison showed a modest but significant (15.4%) increase in glucose testing (p=0.0045).

Conclusions

In routine clinical practice, metabolic monitoring is concerningly low in people prescribed antipsychotic medication. Although guidelines can increase monitoring, most patients still do not receive adequate testing.

Keywords

Bipolar disordercardiovascular riskdiabetesdyslipidaemiaguidelinesmetabolic syndromemonitoringpost-interventionschizophreniascreening
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 42 , Issue 1 , January 2012 , pp. 125 - 147
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ADA/APA (2004). Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 27, 596–601.Google Scholar
Allen, MH, Forster, P, Zealberg, J, Currier, G (2002). Report and Recommendations Regarding Psychiatric Emergency and Crisis Services. A Review and Model Program Descriptions. APA Task Force on Psychiatric Emergency Services. American Psychiatric Association (www.psych.org/edu/otherres/libarchives/archives/tfr/tfr200201.pdf).Google Scholar
Amati, A, Biondi, M, Bogetto, F, Casacchia, M, Castrogiovanni, P, Giorgino, F, Muscettola, G, Placidi, G, Rossi, A, Ravizza, L (2006). Metabolic syndrome and related disorders in schizophrenia. Guidelines for medical monitoring [in Italian]. Giornale Italiano di Psicopatologia 12 (Suppl. 1), 5–14.Google Scholar
Arango, C, Bobes, J, Aranda, P, Carmena, R, Garcia-Garcia, M, Rejas, J; CLAMORS Study Collaborative Group (2008). A comparison of schizophrenia outpatients treated with antipsychotics with and without metabolic syndrome: findings from the CLAMORS study. Schizophrenia Research 104, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arce-Cordon, R, Perez-Rodriguez, MM, Baca-Baldomero, E, Oquendo, MA, Baca-Garcia, E (2007). Routine laboratory screening among newly admitted psychiatric patients: is it worthwhile? Psychiatric Services 58, 1602–1605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balf, G, Stewart, T, Whitehead, R, Baker, R (2008). Metabolic adverse events in patients with mental illness treated with antipsychotics: a primary care perspective. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 10, 15–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banta, J, Morrato, E, Lee, S, Haviland, M (2009). Retrospective analysis of diabetes care in California Medicaid patients with mental illness. Journal of General Internal Medicine 24, 802–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, TRE, Paton, C, Hancock, E, Cavanagh, MR, Taylor, D, Lelliott, P (2008). Screening for the metabolic syndrome in community psychiatric patients prescribed antipsychotics: a quality improvement programme. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118, 26–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnett, A, Mackin, P, Chaudhury, I, Farooqi, A, Gadsby, R, Heald, A, Hill, J, Millar, H, Peveler, R, Rees, A, Singh, V, Taylor, D, Vora, J, Jones, P (2007). Minimising metabolic and cardiovascular risk in schizophrenia, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia. Journal of Psychopharmacology 21, 357–373.Google Scholar
Batscha, C, Schneiderhan, M, Kataria, Y, Rosen, C, Marvin, R (2010). Treatment settings and metabolic monitoring for people experiencing first-episode psychosis. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 48, 44–49.Google Scholar
Bauer, M, Lecrubier, Y, Suppes, T (2008). Awareness of metabolic concerns in patients with bipolar disorder: a survey of European psychiatrists. European Psychiatry 23, 169–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begg, CB, Mazumdar, M (1994). Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 50, 1088–1101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, R, Farmer, S, Ries, R, Srebnik, D (2009). Metabolic risk factors among Medicaid outpatients with schizophrenia receiving second-generation antipsychotics. Psychiatric Services 60, 1686–1689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernardo, M, Cañas, F, Banegas, J, Casademont, J, Riesgo, Y, Varela, C; RICAVA Study Group (2009). Prevalence and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study in a low cardiovascular disease risk geographical area. European Psychiatry 24, 431–441.Google Scholar
Bobes, J, Alegría, A, Saiz-Gonzalez, M, Barber, I, Pérez, J, Saiz-Ruiz, J (2010). Change in psychiatrists' attitudes towards the physical health care of patients with schizophrenia coinciding with the dissemination of the consensus on physical health in patients with schizophrenia. European Psychiatry. Published online: 11 June 2010. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.04.004.Google ScholarPubMed
Boilson, M, Hamilton, R (2003). A survey of monitoring of weight and blood glucose in inpatients. Psychiatric Bulletin 27, 424–426.Google Scholar
Bresee, L, Majumdar, S, Patten, S, Johnson, J (2010 a). Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease in people with schizophrenia: a population-based study. Schizophrenia Research 117, 75–82.Google Scholar
Bresee, L, Majumdar, S, Patten, S, Johnson, J (2010 b). Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and health care use in people with and without schizophrenia. European Psychiatry. Published online: 13 July 2010. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.05.003.Google Scholar
Buckley, P, Miller, D, Singer, B, Arena, J, Stirewalt, E (2005). Clinicians' recognition of the metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. Schizophrenia Research 79, 281–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabana, M, Rand, C, Powe, N, Wu, A, Wilson, M, Abboud, P, Rubin, H (1999). Why don't physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. Journal of the American Medical Association 282, 1458–1465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cahn, W, Ramlal, D, Bruggeman, R, de Haan, L, Scheepers, F, van Soest, M, Assies, J, Slooff, C (2008). Prevention and treatment of somatic complications arising from the use of antipsychotics [in Dutch]. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 50, 579–591.Google Scholar
Chen, H, Reeves, J, Fincham, J, Kennedy, W, Dorfman, J, Martin, B (2006). Off-label use of antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic medications among Georgia Medicaid enrolees in 2001. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, 972–982.Google Scholar
Cochrane, L, Olson, C, Murray, S, Dupuis, M, Tooman, T, Hayes, S (2007). Gaps between knowing and doing, understanding and assessing the barriers to optimal health care. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 27, 94–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colton, C, Manderscheid, R (2006). Congruencies in increased mortality rates, years of potential life lost, and causes of death among public mental health clients in eight states. Preventing Chronic Disease 3, A42.Google Scholar
Copeland, L, Parchman, M, Zeber, J, Lawrence, V, Downs, J, Miller, A (2010). Prediabetes assessment and follow-up in older veterans with schizophrenia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18, 887–896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correll, C, Harris, J, Pantaleon Moya, R, Frederickson, A, Kane, J, Manu, P (2007). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics, missed targets and lost opportunities. Schizophrenia Research 92, 103–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crabb, J, McAllister, M, Blair, A (2009). Who should swing the stethoscope? An audit of baseline physical examination and blood monitoring on new patients accepted by an early intervention in psychosis team. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 3, 312–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crossley, NA, Constante, M, McGuire, P, Power, P (2010). Efficacy of atypical v. typical antipsychotics in the treatment of early psychosis: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 196, 434–439.Google Scholar
De Hert, M, Bobes, J, Cetkovich-Bakmas, M, Cohen, D, Leucht, S, Uwakwe, R, Bobes, J, Moller, H, Cetkovich-Bakmas, M, Ndetei, D, Newcomer, J, Asai, I, Gautman, S, Detraux, J (in press a). Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. II. Barriers to care, monitoring and treatment guidelines, and recommendations at the system and individual level. World Psychiatry 10, 138–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Hert, M, Correll, CU, Bobes, J, Cetkovich-Bakmas, M, Cohen, D, Asai, Y, Detraux, J, Gautam, S, Möller, H, Ndetei, D, Newcomer, J, Uwakwe, J, Leucht, S (2011). Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry 10, 52–77.Google Scholar
De Hert, M, Dekker, J, Wood, D, Kahl, K, Holt, R, Möller, H (2009). Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Psychiatry 24, 412–424.Google Scholar
De Hert, M, Falissard, B, Mauri, M, Shaw, K, Wetterling, T (2008). Epidemiological study for the evaluation of metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia: the METEOR study. European Neuropsychopharmacology 18, S444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Hert, M, Vancampfort, D, Correll, CU, Mercken, V, Peuskens, J, Sweers, K, van Winkel, R, Mitchell, AJ (in press b). A systematic evaluation and comparison of the guidelines for screening and monitoring of cardiometabolic risk in people with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
De Nayer, A, De Hert, M, Scheen, A, Van Gaal, L, Peuskens, J (2005). Belgian consensus on metabolic problems associated with atypical antipsychotics. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 9, 130–137.Google Scholar
Desai, M, Rosenheck, RA, Druss, BG, Perlin, JB (2002). Mental disorders and quality of diabetes care in the Veterans Health Administration. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1584–1590.Google Scholar
Dinan, T, Holt, R, Kohen, D, Thakore, J, Haddad, P, Baker, R, Peet, M, Gough, S (2004). ‘Schizophrenia and Diabetes 2003’ Expert Consensus Meeting, Dublin, 3–4 October 2003: consensus summary. British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement 47, S112–S114.Google Scholar
Dixon, LB, Kreyenbuhl, JA, Dickerson, FB, Donner, TW, Brown, CH, Wohlheiter, K, Postrado, L, Goldberg, RW, Fang, L, Marano, C, Messias, E (2004). A comparison of type II diabetes outcomes among persons with and without severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services 55, 892–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkis, H, Gama, C, Suplicy, H, Tambascia, M, Bressan, R, Lyra, R, Cavalcante, S, Minicucci, L (2008). Brazilian consensus on second-generation antipsychotics and metabolic disorders [in Portuguese]. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 30, 77–85.Google Scholar
Fleischhacker, W, Cetkovich-Bakmas, M, De Hert, M, Hennekens, C, Lambert, M, Leucht, S, Maj, M, McIntyre, R, Naber, D, Newcomer, J, Olfson, M, Osby, U, Sartorius, N, Lieberman, J (2008). Comorbid somatic illnesses in patients with severe mental disorders: clinical, policy, and research challenges. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, 514–519.Google Scholar
Forsner, T, Hansson, J, Brommels, M, Wistedt, AA, Forsell, Y (2010). Implementing clinical guidelines in psychiatry: a qualitative study of perceived facilitators and barriers. BMC Psychiatry 10, 8.Google Scholar
Francke, A, Smit, M, de Veer, A, Mistiaen, P (2008). Factors influencing the implementation of clinical guidelines for health care professionals: a systematic meta-review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 8, 38.Google Scholar
Frayne, S, Halanych, J, Miller, D, Wang, F, Lin, H, Pogach, L, Sharkansky, E, Keane, T, Skinner, K, Rosen, C, Berlowitz, D (2005). Disparities in diabetes care, impact of mental illness. Archives of Internal Medicine 165, 2631–2638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, R, Kreyenbuhl, J, Medoff, D, Dickerson, F, Wohlheiter, K, Fang, L, Brown, C, Dixon, L (2007). Quality of diabetes care among adults with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services 58, 536–543.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, C, Ahammed, N, Fisher, R (2010). Improving physical health monitoring for out-patients on antipsychotic medication. Psychiatric Bulletin 34, 91–94.Google Scholar
Gothefors, D, Adolfsson, R, Attvall, S, Erlinge, D, Jarbin, H, Lindström, K, von Hausswolff-Juhlin, YL, Morgell, R, Toft, E, Osby, U (2011). Swedish clinical guidelines: prevention and management of metabolic risk in patients with severe psychiatric disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 64, 294–302.Google Scholar
Grol, R (2001). Success and failures in the implementation of evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice. Medical Care 39, 1146–1154.Google Scholar
Gul, M, Nihgam, A, Broughton, N (2006). Clinical monitoring of patients on clozapine. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society 3, 90.Google Scholar
Gumber, R, Mizrab, A, Minajagiet, M (2010). Monitoring the metabolic side-effects of atypical antipsychotics. The Psychiatrist 34, 390–395.Google Scholar
Haupt, D, Rosenblatt, L, Kim, E, Baker, R, Whitehead, R, Newcomer, J (2009). Prevalence and predictors of lipid and glucose monitoring in commercially insured patients treated with second-generation antipsychotic agents. American Journal of Psychiatry 166, 345–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hetrick, S, Alvarez-Jiménez, M, Parker, A, Hughes, F, Willet, M, Morley, K, Fraser, R, McGorry, PD, Thompson, A (2010). Promoting physical health in youth mental health services: ensuring routine monitoring of weight and metabolic indices in a first episode psychosis clinic. Australasian Psychiatry 18, 451–455.Google Scholar
Holt, R, Abdelrahman, T, Hirsch, M, Dhesi, Z, George, T, Blincoe, T, Peveler, R (2009). The prevalence of undiagnosed metabolic abnormalities in people with serious mental illness. Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, 867–873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horvitz-Lennon, M, Kilbourne, AM, Pincus, HA (2006). From silos to bridges: meeting the general health care needs of adults with severe mental illnesses. Health Affairs 25, 659–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hsu, C, Ried, L, Bengtson, M, Garman, P, McConkey, J, Rahnavard, F (2008). Metabolic monitoring in veterans with schizophrenia-related disorders and treated with second-generation antipsychotics: findings from a Veterans Affairs-based population. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 48, 393–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jennex, A, Gardner, D (2008). Monitoring and management of metabolic risk factors in outpatients taking antipsychotic drugs: a controlled study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53, 34–42.Google Scholar
Jin, H, Meyer, J, Jeste, D (2004). Atypical antipsychotics and glucose dysregulation: a systematic review. Schizophrenia Research 71, 195–212.Google Scholar
Jones, L, Clarke, W, Carney, CP (2004). Receipt of diabetic services by insured adults with and without claims for mental disorders. Medical Care 42, 1167–1175.Google Scholar
Khatana, S, Kane, J, Taveira, T, Bauer, M, Wu, W (2011). Monitoring and prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome in military veterans with serious mental illness. PLoS One 6, e19298.Google Scholar
Kilbourne, A, Post, E, Bauer, M, Zeber, J, Copeland, L, Good, C, Pincus, H (2007). Therapeutic drug and cardiovascular disease risk monitoring in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 102, 145–151.Google Scholar
Krein, S, Bingham, R, McCarthy, J, Mitchinson, A, Payes, J, Valenstein, M (2006). Diabetes treatment among VA patients with comorbid serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services 57, 1016–1021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kreyenbuhl, J, Dickerson, F, Medoff, D, Brown, CH, Goldberg, RW, Fang, L, Wohlheiter, K, Mittal, LP, Dixon, L (2006). Extent and management of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and serious mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 404–410.Google Scholar
Lambert, T, Chapman, L (2004). Diabetes, psychotic disorders and antipsychotic therapy: a consensus statement. Medical Journal of Australia 181, 544–548.Google Scholar
Lambert, T, Newcomer, J (2009). Are the cardiometabolic complications of schizophrenia still neglected? Barriers to care. Medical Journal of Australia 190, S39–S41.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, N, Chereau, I, Schmitt, A, Llorca, P-M (2006). Comorbidités somatiques chez les patients souffrant de schizophrénie traitée. Recommandations actuelles. Annales Medico Psychologiques 164, 159–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leucht, S, Burkard, T, Henderson, J, Maj, M, Sartorius, N (2007). Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 317–333.Google Scholar
Lord, O, Malone, D, Mitchell, AJ (2010). Receipt of preventive medical care and medical screening for patients with mental illness: a comparative analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry 32, 519–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackin, P, Bishop, D, Watkinson, H (2007). A prospective study of monitoring practices for metabolic disease in antipsychotic-treated community psychiatric patients. BMC Psychiatry 25, 7–28.Google Scholar
Mangurian, C, Goss, E, Newcomer, J (2010). Metabolic screening and treatment references of Hispanic inpatients. Psychiatric Services 61, 1161–1162.Google Scholar
Marder, S, Essock, S, Miller, A, Buchanan, R, Casey, D, Davis, J, Kane, J, Lieberman, J, Schooler, N, Covell, N, Stroup, S, Weissman, E, Wirshing, D, Hall, C, Pogach, L, Pi-Sunyer, X, Bigger, J, Friedman, A, Kleinberg, D, Yevich, S, Davis, B, Shon, S (2004). Physical health monitoring of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 1334–1349.Google Scholar
McEvoy, J, Meyer, J, Goff, D, Nasrallah, H, Davis, S, Sullivan, L, Meltzer, H, Hsiao, J, Scott Stroup, T, Lieberman, J (2005). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophrenia Research 80, 19–32.Google Scholar
McIntyre, R, Leiter, L, Yale, J, Lau, D, Ur, E, Poulin, M, Cook, P, Konarski, J, McFarlane, J, Seguin, F (2005). Schizophrenia, glycemia and antipsychotic medications: an expert consensus review. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 29, 113–121.Google Scholar
Melkersson, K, Dahl, M, Hulting, A (2004). Guidelines for prevention and treatment of adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs on glucose–insulin homeostasis and lipid metabolism. Psychopharmacology 175, 1–6.Google Scholar
Meyer, J, Koro, C (2004). The effects of antipsychotic therapy on serum lipids: a comprehensive review. Schizophrenia Research 70, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, J, Nasrallah, H, McEvoy, J, Goff, D, Davis, S, Chakos, M, Patel, J, Keefe, R, Stroup, T, Lieberman, J (2005). The Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Schizophrenia Trial: clinical comparison of subgroups with and without the metabolic syndrome. Schizophrenia Research 80, 9–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millar, H (2010). Development of a health screening clinic. European Psychiatry 25 (Suppl. 2), 29–33.Google Scholar
Mitchell, AJ (2009). Do antipsychotics cost lives or save lives? Risks versus benefits from large epidemiological studies. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 29, 517–519.Google Scholar
Mitchell, AJ, Lord, O (2010). Do deficits in cardiac care influence high mortality rates in schizophrenia? A systematic review and pooled analysis. Journal of Psychopharmacology 24, 69–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, AJ, Malone, D (2006). Physical health and schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 19, 432–437.Google Scholar
Mitchell, AJ, Malone, D, Doebbeling, CC (2009). Quality of medical care for people with and without comorbid mental illness and substance misuse: systematic review of comparative studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 194, 491–499.Google Scholar
Moeller, KE, Rigler, SK, Mayorga, A, Nazir, N, Shireman, TI (2011). Quality of monitoring for metabolic effects associated with second generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia on public insurance. Schizophrenia Research 126, 117–123.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG; PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. British Medical Journal 339, b2535.Google Scholar
Morrato, EH, Cuffel, B, Newcomer, JW, Lombardo, I, Kamat, S, Barron, J (2009 a). Metabolic risk status and second-generation antipsychotic drug selection: a retrospective study of commercially insured patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 29, 26–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrato, EH, Druss, B, Hartung, D, Valuck, RJ, Allen, R, Campagna, E, Newcomer, J (2010). Metabolic testing rates in 3 state Medicaid programs after FDA warnings and ADA/APA recommendations for second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 17–24.Google Scholar
Morrato, EH, Newcomer, JW, Allen, RR, Valuck, RJ (2008). Prevalence of baseline serum glucose and lipid testing in users of second-generation antipsychotic drugs: a retrospective, population-based study of Medicaid claims data. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, 316–322.Google Scholar
Morrato, EH, Newcomer, JW, Kamat, S, Baser, O, Harnett, J, Cuffel, B (2009 b). Metabolic screening after the American Diabetes Association's consensus statement on antipsychotic drugs and diabetes. Diabetes Care 32, 1037–1042.Google Scholar
Motsinger, C, Slack, M, Weaver, M, Reed, M (2006). Physician patterns of metabolic screening for patients taking atypical antipsychotics: a retrospective database study. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 8, 220–223.Google Scholar
Murasaki, M, Koyama, T, Atsumi, Y, Kadowaki, T (2008). Proposal of monitoring guidance for blood glucose in patients treated with second generation (atypical) antipsychotics. Japanese Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 11, 1139–1148.Google Scholar
Nasrallah, H, Meyer, J, Goff, D, McEvoy, J, Davis, S, Stroup, T, Lieberman, J (2006). Low rates of treatment for hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes in schizophrenia: data from the CATIE schizophrenia trial sample at baseline. Schizophrenia Research 86, 15–22.Google Scholar
Natarajan, M, D'Silva, K (2007). Blood glucose monitoring in a regional secure unit. The Psychiatrist 31, 234. doi:10.1192/pb.31.5.234b.Google Scholar
Newcomer, J (2005). Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review. CNS Drugs 19, 1–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, D, Brakoulias, V, Boyce, P (2009). An evaluation of monitoring practices in patients on second generation antipsychotics. Australasian Psychiatry 17, 295–299.Google Scholar
Organ, B, Nicholson, E, Castle, D (2010). Implementing a physical health strategy in a mental health service. Australasian Psychiatry 18, 456–459.Google Scholar
Oriot, P, Feys, J, de Wilmars, S, Misson, A, Ayache, L, Fagnart, O, Gruson, D, Luts, A, Jamart, J, Hermans, M, Buysschaert, M (2008). Insulin sensitivity, adjusted beta-cell function and adiponectinaemia among lean drug-naive schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs: a nine-month prospective study. Diabetes and Metabolism 34, 490–496.Google Scholar
Paton, C, Esop, R, Young, C, Taylor, D (2004). Obesity, dyslipidaemias and smoking in an inpatient population treated with antipsychotic drugs. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 110, 299–305.Google Scholar
Pincus, H (2010). From PORT to policy to patient outcomes: crossing the quality chasm. Schizophrenia Bulletin 36, 109–111.Google Scholar
Poulin, M, Cortese, L, Williams, R, Wine, N, McIntyre, RS (2005). Atypical antipsychotics in psychiatric practice: practical implications for clinical monitoring. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, 555–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosack, J (2003). FDA to require diabetes warning on antipsychotics. Psychiatric News 38, 1.Google Scholar
Rummel-Kluge, C, Komossa, K, Schwarz, S, Hunger, H, Schmid, F, Lobos, CA, Kissling, W, Davis, JM, Leucht, S (2010). Head-to-head comparisons of metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 123, 225–233.Google Scholar
Saha, S, Chant, D, McGrath, J (2007). A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 1123–1131.Google Scholar
Saiz, J, Bobes, G, Vallejo, J, Giner, J, Garcia-Portilla, M (2008). Consensus on physical health of patients with schizophrenia from the Spanish Societies of Psychiatry and Biological Psychiatry [in Spanish]. Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria 36, 251–264.Google Scholar
Salokangas, RKR, Hirvonen, J, Honkonen, T, Jyväsjärvi, S, Koponen, H, Laukkale, T, Wahlbeck, K (2001). Schizophrenia treatment guideline update. Duodecim 117, 2640–2657.Google Scholar
Saravane, D, Feve, B, Frances, Y, Corruble, E, Lancon, C, Chanson, P, Maison, P, Terra, J, Azorin, J (2009). Drawing up guidelines for the attendance of physical health of patients with severe mental illness [in French]. L'Encéphale 35, 330–339.Google Scholar
Sheldon, TA, Cullum, N, Dawson, D, Lankshear, A, Lowson, K, Watt, I, West, P, Wright, D, Wright, J (2004). What's the evidence that NICE guidance has been implemented? Results from a national evaluation using time series analysis, audit of patients' notes and interviews. British Medical Journal 329, 999–1004.Google Scholar
Shi, L, Ascher-Svanum, H, Chiang, Y, Zhao, Y, Fonseca, V, Winstead, D (2009). Predictors of metabolic monitoring among schizophrenia patients with a new episode of second-generation antipsychotic use in the Veterans Health Administration. BMC Psychiatry 9, 80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M, Hopkins, D, Peveler, R, Holt, R, Woodward, M, Ismail, K (2008). First- versus second-generation antipsychotics and risk for diabetes in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 192, 406–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staller, J, Wade, M, Baker, M (2005). Current prescribing patterns in outpatient child and adolescent psychiatric practice in central New York. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 15, 57–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suppes, T, McElroy, S, Hirschfeld, R (2007). Awareness of metabolic concerns and perceived impact of pharmacotherapy in patients with bipolar disorder, a survey of 500 US psychiatrists. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 40, 22–37.Google Scholar
Szpakowicz, M, Herd, A (2008). ‘Medically cleared’: how well are patients with psychiatric presentations examined by emergency physicians? Journal of Emergency Medicine 35, 369–372.Google Scholar
Tarrant, C (2006). Blood glucose testing for adults prescribed atypical antipsychotics in primary and secondary care. Psychiatric Bulletin 30, 286–288.Google Scholar
Taylor, D, Young, C, Esop, R, Paton, C, Walwynt, R (2004). Testing for diabetes in hospitalised patients prescribed antipsychotic drugs. British Journal of Psychiatry 185, 152–156.Google Scholar
Taylor, D, Young, C, Mohamed, R, Paton, C, Walwyn, R (2005). Undiagnosed impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus amongst inpatients receiving antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Psychopharmacology 19, 182–186.Google Scholar
Usher, K, Foster, K, Park, T (2006). The metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia: the latest evidence and nursing guidelines for management. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 13, 730–734.Google Scholar
Verdoux, H, Boulon, S, Cougnard, A (2008). Gender differences in metabolic monitoring of second-generation antipsychotic prescriptions. Human Psychopharmacology 23, 471–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voruganti, LP, Punthakee, Z, Van Lieshout, RJ, MacCrimmon, D, Parker, G, Awad, AG, Gerstein, HC (2007). Dysglycemia in a community sample of people treated for schizophrenia: the Diabetes in Schizophrenia in Central-South Ontario (DiSCO) study. Schizophrenia Research 96, 215–222.Google Scholar
Weinmann, S, Read, J, Aderhold, V (2009). Influence of antipsychotics on mortality in schizophrenia: systematic review. Schizophrenia Research 113, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, A, Henderson, D, Weilburg, J, Goff, D, Meigs, J, Cagliero, E, Grant, R (2006). Treatment of cardiac risk factors among patients with schizophrenia and diabetes. Psychiatric Services 57, 1145–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissman, E, Zhu, C, Schooler, N, Goetz, R, Essock, SM (2006). Lipid monitoring in patients with schizophrenia prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. Clinical Psychiatry 67, 1323–1326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yood, M, Delorenze, G, Quesenberry, CP, Oliveria, S, Tsai, A, Willey, V, McQuade, R, Newcomer, J, L'Italien, G (2009). The incidence of diabetes in atypical antipsychotic users differs according to agent – results from a multisite epidemiologic study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 18, 791–799.Google Scholar