Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T16:46:43.221Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dysphoric mood and symptomatology in schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Ross M. G. Norman*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario; Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
Ashok K. Malla
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario; Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr Ross M. G. Norman, Room 130, WMCH Building, Community Rehabilitation Program, Victoria Hospital, 375 South Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 4G5.

Synopsis

The relationships between depression, anxiety and positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia were examined in a study of 95 schizophrenic patients who were receiving out-patient care. Various measures of depression and anxiety showed a pattern of interrelationships which suggested that they were measuring a general state of dysphoria rather than separate dimensions of anxiety and depression. Dysphoria was found to be more reliably related to level of positive symptomatology than to negative symptoms.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, T. E. & Argus, B. (1968). Hyperventilation leading to hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry 125, 632637.Google Scholar
Andreason, N. C. (1983). The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). The University of Iowa: Iowa City.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1984). The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). The University of Iowa: Iowa City.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1985). Positive vs. negative symptoms: a critical evaluation. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 380389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N. C., Flaum, M., Swayze, V. W., Tyrrell, G. & Arndt, S. (1990). Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 615621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angrist, B., Rotrosen, J. & Gershon, S. (1980). Differential effects of amphetamine and neuroleptics on negative vs. positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 72, 1719.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. R., Curson, D. A., Liddle, P. F. & Patel, M. (1989 a). The nature and prevalence of depression in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 486491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, T. R., Liddle, P. F., Curson, D. A. & Patel, M. (1989 b). Negative symptoms, tardive dyskinesia and depression in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 155, (suppl. 7), 99103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1978). Beck Depression Inventory. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: New York.Google Scholar
Breier, A., Wolkowitz, O. M., Doren, A. R., Roy, M. B., Boronow, J., Hommer, D. W. & Pickar, D. (1987). Neuroleptic responsivity of negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 144, 15491555.Google ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, W. T., Heinrichs, D. W. & Alphs, L. D. (1985 a). Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 440452.Google Scholar
Carpenter, W. T., Heinrichs, D. W. & Wagman, A. M. I. (1985 b). On the heterogeneity of schizophrenia. In Controversies in Schizophrenia: Changes and Constancies (ed. Alpert, M.), pp. 2537. Guildford: New York.Google Scholar
Craig, T. J., Richardson, M. A., Pass, R. & Bregman, Z. (1985). Measurement of mood and affect in schizophrenic inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 142, 12721277.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1980). Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? British Medical Journal 280, 6668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1980). The two-syndrome concept: origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 471486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donlon, P. T., Roda, R. T. & Arora, K. K. (1976). Depression and the reintegration phase of acute schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 133, 12651268.Google Scholar
Foulds, G. & Bedford, A. (1975). Hierarchy of classes of personal illness. Psychological Medicine 5, 181192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, D. (1978). Manual of the General Health Questionnaire, NFER-Nelson: Windsor.Google Scholar
Green, M. F., Neuchterlein, K. H., Ventura, J. & Mintz, J. (1990). The temporal relationship between depressive and psychotic symptoms in recent onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 147, 179182.Google ScholarPubMed
Hardesty, J., Falloon, I. R. H. & Shirin, K. (1985). The impact of life events, stress and coping on the morbidity of schizophrenia. In Family Management of Schizophrenia: A Study of Clinical, Family and Economic Benefits (ed. Falloon, I. R. H. and others), pp. 137152. Johns Hopkins University: Baltimore.Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. R. & Jolley, A. G. (1989). The dysphoric syndrome in schizophrenia and its implications for relapse. British Journal of Psychiatry 155, (Suppl. 5), 4650.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Carney, M. W. P. & Price, J. S. (1978 a). Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of schizophrenia. Lancet i, 848851.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Stevens, M., Kreel, L. & Husband, J. (1978 b). The dementia of dementia praecox. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 57, 305324.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Owens, D. G. C., Frith, C. D. & Crow, T. J. (1987). The relative stability of positive and negative features in chronic schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 150, 6064.Google Scholar
Kay, S. R. & Singh, M. M. (1989). The positive-negative distinction in drug-free schizophrenia patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 711718.Google Scholar
Knights, A. & Hirsch, S. R. (1981). ‘Revealed’ depression and drug treatment for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 806811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulhara, P., Avasthi, A., Chadda, R., Chandiramani, K., Mattoo, S. K. & Joseph, S. (1989). Negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 207211Google Scholar
Lindenmayer, J.-P. & Kay, S. R. (1989). Depression, affect and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 155 (Suppl. 7), 108114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGlashen, T. H. & Carpenter, W. T. (1976). An investigation of the post-psychotic depressive syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 133, 1419Google Scholar
McKenna, P. J., Lund, C. E. & Mortimer, A. M. (1989). Negative symptoms: relationships to other schizophrenic symptom classes. British Journal of Psychiatry 155 (Suppl. 7), 104107.Google Scholar
Norman, R. M. G. & Malla, A. K. (1990). Stress and symptomatology in schizophrenic patients.Paper presented at Schizophrenia 1990: An International Conference.Vancouver, BC.Google Scholar
Owens, D. G. C. & Johnstone, E. C. (1980). The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia – their nature and the factors contributing to their development. British Journal of Psychiatry 136, 384395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogue-Geile, M. F. & Harrow, M. (1984). Negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia and depression: a follow-up. Schizophrenia Bulletin 10, 371381.Google Scholar
Pogue-Geile, M. F., Harrow, M. & Marengo, J. (1983). Negative symptoms and intellectual deficit in chronic schizophrenia.Presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association,Chicago.Google Scholar
Prosser, E. S., Csernansky, J. G., Kaplan, J., Thiemann, S., Becker, T. J. & Hollister, L. E. (1987). Depression, Parkinsonian symptoms, and negative symptoms in schizophrenics treated with neuroleptics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 175, 100105.Google Scholar
Ramamathan, A. (1986). An exploratory study on the relation between neuroticism and certain aspects of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 6972.Google Scholar
Schwartz, C. C. & Myers, J. K. (1977). Life events and schizophrenia: II. Impact of life events on symptom configuration. Archives of General Psychiatry 34, 12421245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanfield, S., Tucher, G. J., Harrow, M. & Detre, T. (1970). The schizophrenic patient and depressive symptomatology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 151, 203210.Google Scholar
Siris, S. G., Adam, F., Cohen, M., Mandeli, J., Aronson, A. & Casey, E. (1988). Postpsychotic depression and negative symptoms: an investigation of syndromal overlap. American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 15321537.Google Scholar
Siris, S. G., Cutler, J., Owen, K., Mason, S., Gingerich, S. & Lang, M. P, (1989). Adjunctive imipramine maintenance treatment in schizophrenic patients with remitted postpsychotic depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 146, 14951497.Google Scholar
Sommers, A. A. (1985). ‘Negative symptoms’: conceptual and methodological problems. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 364379.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. & Lushene, R. (1968). Self-Evaluation Questionnaire, Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W. & Gibbon, M. (1985). Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York.Google Scholar
Subotnik, K. L. & Nuechterlein, K. H. (1988). Prodromal signs and symptoms of schizophrenic relapse. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97, 405412.Google Scholar
Tarrier, N. (1987). An investigation of residual psychotic symptoms in discharged schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 26, 141143.Google Scholar
Watson, D. & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: the disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin 96, 465490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. K. & Brown, G. W. (1970). Institutionalization and Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, V. V., Finch, A. J. Jr., Saylor, C. F., Blount, R. L., Pallmeyer, T. P. & Carek, D. J. (1987). Negative affectivity in children: a multitrait-multimethod investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychological 55, 245250.Google Scholar
Zubin, J. (1955). Negative symptoms: Are they indigenous to schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 461470.Google Scholar
Zubin, J. & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability – a view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88, 103126.Google Scholar