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Do shared etiological factors contribute to the relationship between sexual orientation and depression?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2011

B. P. Zietsch ,
K. J. H. Verweij ,
A. C. Heath ,
P. A. F. Madden ,
N. G. Martin ,
E. C. Nelson  and
M. T. Lynskey
B. P. Zietsch*
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
K. J. H. Verweij
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
A. C. Heath
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
P. A. F. Madden
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
N. G. Martin
Affiliation:
Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
E. C. Nelson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
M. T. Lynskey
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr B. P. Zietsch, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072 Australia. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Gays, lesbians and bisexuals (i.e. non-heterosexuals) have been found to be at much greater risk for many psychiatric symptoms and disorders, including depression. This may be due in part to prejudice and discrimination experienced by non-heterosexuals, but studies controlling for minority stress, or performed in very socially liberal countries, suggest that other mechanisms must also play a role. Here we test the viability of common cause (shared genetic or environmental etiology) explanations of elevated depression rates in non-heterosexuals.

Method

A community-based sample of adult twins (n=9884 individuals) completed surveys investigating the genetics of psychiatric disorder, and were also asked about their sexual orientation. Large subsets of the sample were asked about adverse childhood experiences such as sexual abuse, physical abuse and risky family environment, and also about number of older brothers, paternal and maternal age, and number of close friends. Data were analyzed using the classical twin design.

Results

Non-heterosexual males and females had higher rates of lifetime depression than their heterosexual counterparts. Genetic factors accounted for 31% and 44% of variation in sexual orientation and depression respectively. Bivariate analysis revealed that genetic factors accounted for a majority (60%) of the correlation between sexual orientation and depression. In addition, childhood sexual abuse and risky family environment were significant predictors of both sexual orientation and depression, further contributing to their correlation.

Conclusions

Non-heterosexual men and women had elevated rates of lifetime depression, partly due to shared etiological factors, although causality cannot be definitively resolved.

Keywords

Childhood abusedepressiongeneticssexual orientationtwins
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 42 , Issue 3 , March 2012 , pp. 521 - 532
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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