Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-08T20:29:00.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Distinguishing anxiety and depression with field survey data

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

William W. Eaton  and
Christian Ritter
William W. Eaton*
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Christian Ritter
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr William W. Eaton, The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Mental Hygiene, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

Data on self-reported symptoms collected in the East Baltimore site of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program are analysed in parallel fashion for the two syndromes of anxiety and depression. Patterns of relationships of anxiety and depression to sociodemographic factors, prior psychopathology, and life events fail markedly to distinguish the two syndromes.

Type
Research Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 18 , Issue 1 , February 1988 , pp. 155 - 166
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). APA: Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Anthony, J. C. A., Folstein, M., Romanoski, A. J, Von Korff, M. R., Nestadt, G. R., Chahal, R, Merchant, A., Brown, C. H., Shapiro, S, Kramer, M. & Gruenberg, E. M (1985). Comparison of the Lay Diagnostic Interview Schedule and a Standardized Psychiatric Diagnosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 667–675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, J. E. (ed.). (1979). Stress and Mental Disorders. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Bedford, A, Foulds, G. A. & Sheffield, B. F. (1976). A new personal disturbance scale (DDSI/SAD). British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychiatry 15, 387–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, J. H. & Weissman, M. M. (1981). Epidemiology of affective disorders: a reexamination and future directions Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 1039–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breslau, N. & Davis, G C. (1985) DSM-III generalized anxiety disorder: an empirical investigation of more stringent criteria. Psychiatry Research 14, 231–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Harris, T. (1978). Social Origins of Depression Free Press: New York.Google ScholarPubMed
Clogg, C. C. (1977). Unrestricted and Restricted Maximum Likelihood Latent Structure Analysis: A Manual for Users. (Unpublished manuscript.)Google Scholar
Comstock, G. W. & Helsing, K. J. (1976). Symptoms of depression in two communities. Psychological Medicine 6, 551–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, L. R., Klerman, G. L & Lipman, R. S. (1972 a) Anxiety states and depressive neurosis isues in nosologic discrimination. Journal of Nervous and Menial Disorders 155, 392–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R S., Covi, L. & Rickels, K. (1972 b). Factorial invariance of symptom dimension in anxious and depressed neuroses. Archives of General Psychiatry 27, 659–665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohrenwend, B. S. & Dohrenwend, B. P. (eds) (1981). Stressful Life Events and Their Contexts. Neale Watson Academic Publications. New York.Google Scholar
Duncan, O. D. (1969). Some linear models for two wave, two variable panel analysis Psychological Bulletin 72, 177–182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, W. W. & Kessler, L. G (eds.) (1986). Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry. The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W & Kessler, L. B. (1981). Rates of symptoms of depression in a national sample. American Journal of Epidemiology 114, 528–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, W. W., Regier, D. A., Locke, B. Z. & Taube, C. A. (1981). The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program of the National Institute of Mental Health Public Health Reports 96, 319–325.Google ScholarPubMed
Finlay-Jones, R & Brown, G. W. (1981). Types of stressful life events and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine 11, 803–815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joreskog, K. G & Sorbom, D. (1979) Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models Abt Associates Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S, Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G. & Eaves, L. J. (1987). Symptom of anxiety and depression: same genes, different environments? Archives of General Psychiatry 44, 451–457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, L. G., Folson, R., Royall, R., Forsythe, A., McEvoy, L., Holzer, C. E., Rae, D. S. & Woodbury, M (1985). Parameter and variance estimation. In Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (ed. Eaton, W. W. and Kessler, L. G.), pp. 327–349. Academic Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C & Greenberg, D. F. (1981). Linear Panel Analysis: Models of Quantitative Change. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Klein, D. F. (1981). Anxiety reconceptualized. In Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts (ed. Klein, D. F. and Rabkin, J. G.), pp. 235–263. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Kline, N. S. (1967). Drug treatment of phobic disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 123, 1447–1450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leckman, J. F., Weissman, M. M., Merikangas, K. R., Pauls, D L. & Prusoff, B. A. (1983). Panic disorder and major depression increased risk of major depression, alcoholism, panic and phobic disorders in families with depressed probands with panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 40, 1055–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendels, J, Weinstein, N & Cochrane, C (1972) The relationship between depression and anxiety Archives of General Psychiatry 27, 649–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mullaney, J. A. (1984). The relationship between anxiety and depression: a review of some principal component analytic studies. Journal of Affective Disorders 7, 139–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prusoff, B & Klerman, G. L. (1974). Differentiating depressed from anxious neurotic outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 30, 302–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depressive scale for research in the general population. Journal of Applied Psychological Measurement 1, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J. & Ratcliff, K. S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 381–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, M., Gurney, C., Garside, R. F. & Kerr, T. A. (1972). Studies in the classification of affective disorders: the relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry 121, 147–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alta, California.Google Scholar
Stavrakaki, C. & Vargo, B. (1986). The relationship of anxiety and depression: a review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry 149, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torgersen, S. (1985). Developmental differentiation of anxiety and affective neuroses. Acta Physiatrica Scandinavica 71, 304–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, P. (1985). Neurosis divisible? Lancet i, 685–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Korff, M., Cottler, L., George, L. K., Eaton, W. W., Leaf, P. J. & Burnam, A. (1985). Non-response and non-response bias in the ECA surveys. In Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (ed. Eaton, W. W. and Kessler, L G.), pp. 85–98. Academic Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, M. M. & Merikangas, K. R. (1986). The epidemiology of anxiety and panic disorders: an update. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 47, (6 Suppl.), 11–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. N. & Myers, J. K. (1978). Rates and risks of depressive symptoms in a United States urban community Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 57, 219–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar