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Dimensional structure and course of post-traumatic stress symptomatology in World Trade Center responders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2013

R. H. Pietrzak ,
A. Feder ,
C. B. Schechter ,
R. Singh ,
L. Cancelmo ,
E. J. Bromet ,
C. L. Katz ,
D. B. Reissman ,
F. Ozbay  and
V. Sharma
...Show all authors
R. H. Pietrzak*
Affiliation:
National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
A. Feder
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
C. B. Schechter
Affiliation:
Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
R. Singh
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
L. Cancelmo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
E. J. Bromet
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
C. L. Katz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
D. B. Reissman
Affiliation:
Office of the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC, USA
F. Ozbay
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
V. Sharma
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
M. Crane
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
D. Harrison
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center/New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
R. Herbert
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
S. M. Levin
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
B. J. Luft
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
J. M. Moline
Affiliation:
Department of Population Health, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Great Neck, NY, USA
J. M. Stellman
Affiliation:
Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
I. G. Udasin
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
R. El-Gabalawy
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
P. J. Landrigan
Affiliation:
Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
S. M. Southwick
Affiliation:
National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: R. H. Pietrzak, Ph.D., M.P.H., National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Yale University School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Avenue 151E, West Haven, CT, 06516,USA. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11) is one of the most prevalent and persistent health conditions among both professional (e.g. police) and non-traditional (e.g. construction worker) WTC responders, even several years after 9/11. However, little is known about the dimensionality and natural course of WTC-related PTSD symptomatology in these populations.

Method

Data were analysed from 10 835 WTC responders, including 4035 police and 6800 non-traditional responders who were evaluated as part of the WTC Health Program, a clinic network in the New York area established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to evaluate structural models of PTSD symptom dimensionality; and autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) panel regressions were used to examine the prospective interrelationships among PTSD symptom clusters at 3, 6 and 8 years after 9/11.

Results

CFAs suggested that five stable symptom clusters best represent PTSD symptom dimensionality in both police and non-traditional WTC responders. This five-factor model was also invariant over time with respect to factor loadings and structural parameters, thereby demonstrating its longitudinal stability. ARCL panel regression analyses revealed that hyperarousal symptoms had a prominent role in predicting other symptom clusters of PTSD, with anxious arousal symptoms primarily driving re-experiencing symptoms, and dysphoric arousal symptoms primarily driving emotional numbing symptoms over time.

Conclusions

Results of this study suggest that disaster-related PTSD symptomatology in WTC responders is best represented by five symptom dimensions. Anxious arousal symptoms, which are characterized by hypervigilance and exaggerated startle, may primarily drive re-experiencing symptoms, while dysphoric arousal symptoms, which are characterized by sleep disturbance, irritability/anger and concentration difficulties, may primarily drive emotional numbing symptoms over time. These results underscore the importance of assessment, monitoring and early intervention of hyperarousal symptoms in WTC and other disaster responders.

Keywords

Confirmatory factor analysisdisasterpost-traumatic stress disorder
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 44 , Issue 10 , July 2014 , pp. 2085 - 2098
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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