Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T21:39:01.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conduct disorder among Asians and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders in the USA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2007

J. T. Sakai ,
N. K. Risk ,
C. A. Tanaka  and
R. K. Price
J. T. Sakai*
Affiliation:
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
N. K. Risk
Affiliation:
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
C. A. Tanaka
Affiliation:
Asian Pacific Development Center, Denver, CO, USA
R. K. Price
Affiliation:
Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: J. T. Sakai, M.D., 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box C268-35, Denver CO 80262, USA. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Conduct disorder (CD) is a relatively common disorder of childhood and adolescence in the USA with substantial associated morbidity, yet little has been published on CD among Asians and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NH/PI) in the USA.

Method

We used the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) to examine the prevalence and correlates of retrospectively reported CD within Asians and NH/PI (18 years and older). We also completed logistic regressions to explore factors associated with CD within Asians (n=1093) and, separately, NH/PI (n=139) and to explain racial differences in CD prevalence.

Results

Asians were about a third as likely [odds ratio (OR) 0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22–0.58] whereas NH/PI were about two and half times more likely (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.31–5.06) to have had CD compared with Caucasian respondents. Within Asians and NH/PI, CD was strongly associated with adult antisocial behavior, substance use and affective disorders. Demographic factors, the age that subjects came to the USA, measures of family environment and family history could not explain the observed differences in prevalence of CD for NH/PI relative to Caucasians.

Conclusions

Asian and NH/PI youth with CD represent a subgroup of Asian youth at very high risk for a number of serious psychiatric disorders. Further investigation is needed to explain the high CD prevalence among NH/PI.

Keywords

Conduct problemsdelinquencydisparitiesminority
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 38 , Issue 7 , July 2008 , pp. 1013 - 1025
Copyright
Copyright © 2007 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrade, NN, Hishinuma, ES, McDermott, JF Jr., Johnson, RC, Goebert, DA, Makini, GK Jr., Nahulu, LB, Yuen, NY, McArdle, JJ, Bell, CK, Carlton, BS, Miyamoto, RH, Nishimura, ST, Else, RN, Guerrero, AP, Darmal, A, Yates, A, Waldron, JA (2006). The National Center on Indigenous Hawaiian Behavioral Health study of prevalence of psychiatric disorders in native Hawaiian adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 45, 26–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assanangkornchai, S, Geater, AF, Saunders, JB, McNeil, DR (2002). Effects of paternal drinking, conduct disorder and childhood home environment on the development of alcohol use disorders in a Thai population. Addiction 97, 217–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamber, D (1975). The area above the ordinal dominance graph and the area below the receiver operating characteristic graph. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 12, 387–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, KL, Look, MA, Tsark, JA (1995). High mortality rates in Native Hawaiians. Hawaii Medical Journal 54, 723–729.Google ScholarPubMed
Canino, G, Bravo, M, Ramirez, R, Febo, VE, Rubio-Stipec, M, Fernandez, RL, Hasin, D (1999). The Spanish Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS): reliability and concordance with clinical diagnoses in a Hispanic population. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60, 790–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Census Bureau (2000). The Asian Population: 2000. Census Information Center Program. Census Bureau (http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-16.pdf).Google Scholar
Chatterji, S, Saunders, JB, Vrasti, R, Grant, BF, Hasin, D, Mager, D (1997). Reliability of the alcohol and drug modules of the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule – Alcohol/Drug-Revised (AUDADIS-ADR): an international comparison. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 47, 171–185.Google Scholar
Chen, CC, Tsai, SY, Su, LW, Yang, TW, Tsai, CJ, Hwu, HG (1999). Psychiatric co-morbidity among male heroin addicts: differences between hospital and incarcerated subjects in Taiwan. Addiction 94, 825–832.Google Scholar
Cohen, J, Cohen, P, West, SG, Aiken, LS (2003). Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 3rd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ.Google Scholar
Compton, WM, Conway, KP, Stinson, FS, Grant, BF (2006). Changes in the prevalence of major depression and comorbid substance use disorders in the United States between 1991–1992 and 2001–2002. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 2141–2147.Google Scholar
Costello, EJ, Compton, SN, Keeler, G, Angold, A (2003). Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: a natural experiment. Journal of the American Medical Association 290, 2023–2029.Google Scholar
Cottler, LB, Compton, WM, Ridenour, TA, Ben Abdallah, A, Gallagher, T (1998). Reliability of self-reported antisocial personality disorder symptoms among substance abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 49, 189–199.Google Scholar
Crowley, TJ, Riggs, PD (1995). Adolescent substance use disorder with conduct disorder and comorbid conditions. NIDA Research Monograph 156, 49–111.Google Scholar
Fergusson, DM, Horwood, LJ, Lynskey, MT (1994). Parental separation, adolescent psychopathology, and problem behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 1122–1133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, BF, Dawson, DA, Stinson, FS, Chou, PS, Kay, W, Pickering, R (2003 a). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-IV (AUDADIS-IV): reliability of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, family history of depression and psychiatric diagnostic modules in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 71, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, BF, Harford, TC, Dawson, DA, Chou, PS, Pickering, RP (1995). The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview schedule (AUDADIS): reliability of alcohol and drug modules in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 39, 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, BF, Hasin, DS, Stinson, FS, Dawson, DA, Chou, SP, Ruan, WJ, Pickering, RP (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, 948–958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, BF, Kaplan, K, Shepard, J, Moore, T (2003 b). Source and Accuracy Statement: for Wave 1 of the 2001–2002 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
Grant, BF, Stinson, FS, Dawson, DA, Chou, SP, Ruan, WJ (2005). Co-occurrence of DSM-IV personality disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Comprehensive Psychiatry 46, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, AM, Eley, TC, Plomin, R (2004). Exploring the association between anxiety and conduct problems in a large sample of twins aged 2–4. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 32, 111–122.Google Scholar
Grucza, RA, Abbacchi, AM, Przybeck, TR, Gfroerer, JC (2007). Discrepancies in estimates of prevalence and correlates of substance use and disorders between two national surveys. Addiction 102, 623–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasin, D, Carpenter, KM, McCloud, S, Smith, M, Grant, BF (1997). The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule (AUDADIS): reliability of alcohol and drug modules in a clinical sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 44, 133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicks, BM, Krueger, RF, Iacono, WG, McGue, M, Patrick, CJ (2004). Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: a twin-family study. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 922–928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, SY, Locke, J, Lowers, L, Connolly, J (1999). Psychopathology and achievement in children at high risk for developing alcoholism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 883–891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hishinuma, ES, Andrade, NN, Johnson, RC, McArdle, JJ, Miyamoto, RH, Nahulu, LB, Makini, GK Jr., Yuen, NY, Nishimura, ST, McDermott, JF Jr., Waldron, JA, Luke, KN, Yates, A (2000). Psychometric properties of the Hawaiian Culture Scale – Adolescent Version. Psychological Assessment 12, 140–157.Google Scholar
Hishinuma, ES, Johnson, RC, Kim, SP, Nishimura, ST, Makini, GK Jr., Andrade, NN, Yates, A, Goebert, DA, Mark, GY, Mayeda, DT, Revilla, LA (2005). Prevalence and correlates of misconduct among ethnically diverse adolescents of Native Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian ancestry. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 51, 242–258.Google Scholar
Isaacowitz, DM, Smith, J (2003). Positive and negative affect in very old age. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 58, P143–P152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joe, KA (1993). Getting into the gang: methodological issues in studying ethnic gangs. NIDA Research Monograph 130, 234–257.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, DB, Oyama, N, LeMarchand, L, Wilkens, L (2004). Native Hawaiians mortality, morbidity, and lifestyle: comparing data from 1982, 1990, and 2000. Pacific Health Dialog 11, 120–130.Google ScholarPubMed
Jolliffe, D, Farrington, DP, Hawkins, JD, Catalano, RF, Hill, KG, Kosterman, R (2003). Predictive, concurrent, prospective and retrospective validity of self-reported delinquency. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 13, 179–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, SP, Ando, M, Hishinuma, ES, Nishimura, ST, Winterheld, HA, So, JH, Miyamoto, RH, Else, IRN (2001). A Pilot Study on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youth at the Hawai'i Youth Correctional Facility. Office of Youth Services, State of Hawai'i: Honolulu.Google Scholar
Kitano, HHL (1973). Japanese-American crime and delinquency. In Asian-Americans: Psychological Perspectives (ed.Sue, S. and Wagner, N. N.), pp. 253–263. Science & Behavior Books: Palo Alto, CA.Google Scholar
Le, T, Arifuku, I, Louie, C, Krisberg, M, Tang, E (2001). Not Invisible: Asian Pacific Islander Arrests in Alameda County. National Council on Crime and Delinquency: Oakland, CA.Google Scholar
Le, TN, Monfared, G, Stockdale, GD (2005). The relationship of school, parent, and peer contextual factors with self-reported delinquency for Chinese, Cambodian, Laotian or Mien, and Vietnamese youth. Crime and Delinquency 51, 192–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le, TN, Stockdale, GD (2005). Individualism, collectivism, and delinquency in Asian American adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 34, 681–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luczak, SE, Wall, TL, Cook, TA, Shea, SH, Carr, LG (2004). ALDH2 status and conduct disorder mediate the relationship between ethnicity and alcohol dependence in Chinese, Korean, and White American college students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113, 271–278.Google Scholar
Maughan, B, Rowe, R, Messer, J, Goodman, R, Meltzer, H (2004). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 45, 609–621.Google Scholar
Mayeda, DT, Hishinuma, ES, Nishimura, ST, Garcia-Santiago, O, Mark, GY (2006). Asian/Pacific Islander youth violence prevention center: interpersonal violence and deviant behaviors among youth in Hawai'i. Journal of Adolescent Health 39, 276.e1–11.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, R, Qian, Z, Wong, P (2001). Theory of segmented assimilation and the adoption of marijuana use and delinquent behavior by Asian Pacific youth. Sociological Quarterly 42, 351–372.Google Scholar
Nock, MK, Kazdin, AE, Hiripi, E, Kessler, RC (2006). Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of DSM-IV conduct disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine 36, 699–710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, RK, Risk, NK (2001). Pathways from childhood conduct syndrome to substance abuse: international comparisons using latent transition analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 63 (Suppl. 1), S126.Google Scholar
Research Triangle Institute (2001). SUDAAN User's Manual: Release 8.0. Research Triangle Institute: , NC.Google Scholar
Rhee, SH, Waldman, ID (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin 128, 490–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robins, LN, Price, RK (1991). Adult disorders predicted by childhood conduct problems: results from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area project. Psychiatry 54, 116–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samaniego, RY, Gonzales, NA (1999). Multiple mediators of the effects of acculturation status on delinquency for Mexican American adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology 27, 189–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schuckit, MA, Tipp, JE, Bergman, M, Reich, W, Hesselbrock, VM, Smith, TL (1997). Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorders in 2,945 alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 948–957.Google Scholar
Stallings, MC, Cherny, SS, Young, SE, Miles, DR, Hewitt, JK, Fulker, DW (1997). The familial aggregation of depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and alcohol abuse. American Journal of Medical Genetics 74, 183–191.Google Scholar
Stinson, FS, Grant, BF, Dawson, DA, Ruan, WJ, Huang, B, Saha, T (2005). Comorbidity between DSM-IV alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 80, 105–116.Google Scholar
Tilove, J (2007). Some Korean-Americans Fearful of Racial Backlash (www.newhouse.com/we-do-know-that-he-was-an-asian-male.html). Accessed 19 April 2007.Google Scholar
Turner, RJ, Lloyd, DA, Taylor, J (2006). Stress burden, drug dependence and the nativity paradox among U.S. Hispanics. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 83, 79–89.Google Scholar
U.S. Surgeon General (2001). Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=hstat5.section.1898). Accessed 20 June 2006.Google Scholar
Wells, EA, Morrison, DM, Gillmore, MR, Catalano, RF, Iritani, B, Hawkins, JD (1992). Race differences in antisocial behaviors and attitudes and early initiation of substance use. Journal of Drug Education 22, 115–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werner, EE (1987). Vulnerability and resiliency in children at risk for delinquency: a longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. In Prevention of Delinquent Behavior (Primary Prevention of Psychopathology) (ed.Burchard, J. D. and Burchard, S. N.), pp. 16–43. Sage: Newbury Park, CA.Google Scholar
Wong, SK (1999). Acculturation, peer relations, and delinquent behavior of Chinese-Canadian youth. Adolescence 34, 107–119.Google ScholarPubMed
Wyrick, PA (2000). Vietnamese Youth Gang Involvement (www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/fs200001.pdf). Accessed 20 September 2006.Google Scholar