Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-09T14:02:36.595Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chronic fatigue syndrome and depression: conceptual and methodological ambiguities1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Colette Ray
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , February 1991 , pp. 1 - 9
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

References

Albrecht, J., Helderman, J. H., Schlesser, M. A. & Rush, J. (1985). A controlled study of cellular immune function in affective disorders before and during somatic therapy. Psychiatry Research 15, 185–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3rd edn, revised. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Angell, M. (1985). Disease as a reflection of the psyche. New England Journal of Medicine 312, 1570–1572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antoni, M. H. (1987). Neuroendocrine influences in psycho-immunology and neoplasia: a review. Psychology and Health 1, 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, M. I. (1987). The post-viral syndrome: a review. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 37, 212–214.Google ScholarPubMed
Bannister, B. A. (1988). Post-infectious disease syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal 64, 559–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. Harper and Row: New York.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1978). Depression Inventory. Center for Cognitive Therapy: Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, M. D. (1971). Heterogeneity and research on depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 24, 524–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadie, M., Nye, F. J. & Storey, P. (1976). Anxiety and depression after infectious mononucleosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 128, 559–564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cadoret, R. J., Widmer, R. B. & Troughton, E. P. (1980). Somatic complaints: harbinger of depression in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders 2, 61–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canter, A. (1972). Changes in mood during incubation of acute febrile disease and effects of pre-exposure psychologic status. Psychosomatic Medicine 34, 424–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J. (1982). The dexamethasone suppression test for melancholia. British Journal of Psychiatry 140, 292–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassem, N. H. (1987). Depression. In Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of General Hospital Psychiatry (ed. Hackett, T. P. and Cassem, N. H.), pp. 227–260. PSG: Littleton, MA.Google Scholar
Cavanaugh, S., Clark, D. & Gibbons, R. (1983). Diagnosing depression in the hospitalised medically ill using the Beck Depression Inventory. Psychosomatics 24, 809–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlton, B. G. & Ferrier, I. N. (1989). Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis abnormalities in depression: a review and a model. Psychological Medicine 19, 331–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, M. K. (1986). The epidemiology of self perceived fatigue among adults. Preventive Medicine 15, 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christie, J. E., Whalley, L. J., Dick, H., Blackwood, D. H. R., Blackburn, I. M. & Fink, G. (1986). Raised plasma cortisol concentrations a feature of drug-free psychotics and not specific to depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 148, 58–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, D. C., Cavanaugh, S. & Gibbons, R. D. (1983). The core symptoms of depression in medical and psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 171, 705–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cox, T. (1984). Stress: a psychophysiological approach to cancer. In Psychosocial Stress and Cancer (ed. Cooper, C. L.), pp. 149–169. Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Cunningham, A. J. (1981). Mind, body and immune response. In Psychoneuroimmunology (ed. Ader, R.), pp. 609–617. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
David, A., Wessely, S. & Pelosi, A. (1988 a). Myalgic encephalomyelitis, or what? Lancet ii, 100–101.Google Scholar
David, A. S., Wessely, S. & Pelosi, A. J. (1988 b). Postviral fatigue syndrome: time for a new approach. British Medical Journal 296, 696–699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demitrack, M. A., Dale, J. K., Gold, P. W., Chrousos, G. P. & Straus, S. E. (1989). Neuroendocrine abnormalities in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Research 37, 532A.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L. R. (1977). The SCL-90 Manual I: Scoring, Administration and Procedures for the SCL-90. Clinical Psychometric Research: Baltimore.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L. R. & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory. Psychological Medicine 13, 595–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, L. R. & Wise, T. N. (1989). Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in the Medical Patient. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L. R., Rickels, K. & Rock, A. F. (1976). The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A step in the validation of a new self report scale. British Journal of Psychiatry 128, 280–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, L. R., Morrow, G. R., Fetting, J., Penman, D., Piasetsky, S., Schmale, A. M., Henricks, M. & Counicke, C. L. (1983). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cancer patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 249, 751–757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endicott, J. (1984). Measurement of depression in patients with cancer. Cancer 53, 2243–2248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engel, G. L. (1962). Psychological Development in Health and Disease. W. S. Saunders: Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Evans, A. S. (1978). Causation and disease: a chronological journal American Journal of Epidemiology 108, 249–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadd, R. (1989). Can psychologists help ME? The Psychologist 2, 17–19.Google Scholar
Hall, J. G. (1985). Emotion and immunity. Lancet ii, 325–327.Google Scholar
Hall, J. G. (1987). Depression, stress and immunity. Lancet ii, 221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellinger, W., Smith, T., Van Scoy, R., Spitzer, P., Forgacs, P. & Edson, R. (1988). Chronic fatigue syndrome and the diagnostic utility of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen. Journal of the American Medical Association 260, 971–973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendler, N. (1987). Infectious mononucleosis and psychiatric disorders. In Viruses, Immunity and Mental Disorders (ed. Kurstak, E., Lipowski, Z. J. and Morozov, P. V.), pp. 81–94. Plenum: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendler, N. & Leahy, W. (1978). Psychiatric and neurologic sequelae of infectious mononucleosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 135, 842–844.Google ScholarPubMed
Holmes, G. P., Kaplan, J. E., Gantz, N. M., Komaroff, A. L., Schonberger, L. B., Straus, S. E., Jones, J. F., Dubois, R. E., Cunningham-Rundles, C., Pahwa, J., Tosato, G., Zegans, L. S., Purtilo, D. T., Brown, N., Schooley, R. T. & Brus, I. (1988). Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition. Annals of Internal Medicine 108, 387–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imboden, J. B., Canter, A. & Cluff, L. E. (1961). Convalescence from influenza: a study of the psychological and clinical determinants. Archives of Internal Medicine 108, 115–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imboden, J. B., Canter, A., Cluff, L. E. & Trever, R. W. (1959). Brucellosis III. Psychologic aspects of delayed convalescence. Archives of Internal Medicine 103, 406–414.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, E. J. (1988). Chronic mononucleosis – it almost never happens. Postgraduate Medicine 83, 53–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kathol, R. G. & Delahunt, J. W. (1986). The relationship of anxiety and depression to symptoms of hyperthyroidism using operational criteria. General Hospital Psychiatry 8, 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kathol, R. G., Turner, R. & Delahunt, J. W. (1986). Depression and anxiety associated with hyperthyroidism: response to antithyroid therapy. Psychosomatics 27, 501–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katon, W., Kleinman, A. & Rosen, G. (1982). Depression and somatization: a review. American Journal of Medicine 72, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. (1976). The classification of depression: a review of the contemporary confusion. British Journal of Psychiatry 129, 15–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, D. J. & Cooper, S. J. (1989). Viruses, immunity and mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 154, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroenke, K., Wood, D. R., Mangelsdorff, A. D., Meier, N. J. & Powell, J. B. (1988). Chronic fatigue in primary care. Journal of the American Medical Association 260, 929–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kronfol, Z., Quinn, J., House, J. D. & Nasrallah, H. A. (1987). Immunologic abnormalities in depressive illness. In Viruses, Immunity and Mental Disorders (ed. Kurstak, E., Liposwki, Z. J. and Morosov, P. V.), pp. 363–372. Plenum: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruesi, M. J. P., Dale, J. & Straus, S. E. (1989). Psychiatric diagnoses in patients who have chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 50, 53–56.Google ScholarPubMed
Langosch, W. (1984). Behavioural interventions in cardiac rehabilitation. In Health Care and Human Behaviour (ed. Steptoe, A. and Mathews, A.), pp. 301–324. Academic Press: London.Google Scholar
Lipowski, Z. J. (1986). What does the word ‘psychosomatic’ really mean? A historical and semantic inquiry. In The Psychosomatic Approach: Contemporary Practice of Whole-person Care (ed. Christie, M. J. and Mellett, P. G.), pp. 17–38. Wiley: London.Google Scholar
Lloyd, A., Wakefield, D., Boughton, C. & Dwyer, J. (1988). What is myalgic encephalomyelitis? Lancet i, 1286–1287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lobstein, D. D., Rasmussen, C. L., Dunphy, D. E. & Dunphy, M. J. (1989). Beta-endorphin and components of depression as powerful discriminators between joggers and sedentary middle-aged men. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 33, 293–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). Profile of Mood States. Educational and Industrial Testing Service: San Diego.Google Scholar
Maguire, P. (1984). The recognition and treatment of affective disorder in cancer patients. International Review of Applied Psychology 33, 479–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manu, P., Lane, T., & Matthews, D. (1988). The frequency of chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with symptoms of persistent fatigue. Annals of Internal Medicine 109, 554–556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, A. H., Silberstein, C., Asnis, G. M., Munk, G., Rubinson, E., Spigland, I. & Norin, A. (1986). Epstein-Barr virus infection and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 47, 529.Google ScholarPubMed
Millon, C., Salvato, F., Blaney, N., Morgan, R., Mantero-Atienza, E., Klimas, N. & Fletcher, M. A. (1989). A psychological assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome/chronic Epstein-Barr virus patients. Psychology and Health 3, 131–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, G. (1983). Uncommon tiredness among undergraduates. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51, 517–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, J. D. (1980). Fatigue as a persisting complaint in family practice. Journal of Family Practice 10, 795–801.Google Scholar
Murphy, D., Gardner, R., Greden, G. F. & Carroll, B. (1987). Lymphocyte numbers in endogenous depression. Psychological Medicine 17, 381–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, S. (1984). The social and emotional consequences of head injury. International Review of Applied Psychology 33, 427–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oken, D. (1987). Coping and psychosomatic illness. In Handbook of Psychology and Health. Vol. 5. Stress (ed. Baum, A. and Singer, J. E.), pp. 109–135. Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Popkin, M. K., Callies, A. L. & Colon, E. A. (1987). A framework for the study of medical depression. Psychosomatics 28, 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsay, A. M. (1988). Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Postviral Fatigue States: The Saga of Royal Free Disease. Gower Medical Publications: London.Google Scholar
Ray, C. & Baum, M. (1985). Psychological Aspects of Early Breast Cancer. Springer Verlag: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachar, E. J. (1975). Evaluating depression in the medical patient. In The Psychological Care of the Medically Ill: A Primer in Liaison Psychiatry (ed. Strain, J. J. and Grossman, S.), pp. 64–75. Appleton Century Crofts: New York.Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J. (1980). Hormonal changes in stress and mental illness. In The Interrelationship of the Body's Two Major Integrative Systems (ed. Krieger, D. T. and Hughes, J. C.), pp. 177–183. Sinaver Associates: Sunderland, Mass.Google Scholar
Schleifer, S. J., Keller, S. E., Meyerson, A. T., Raskin, M. J., Davis, K. L. & Stein, M. (1984). Lymphocyte function in major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 484–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schleifer, S. J., Keller, S. E., Bond, R. N., Cohen, J. & Stein, M. (1989). Major depressive disorder and immunity: role of age, sex, severity and hospitalisation. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 81–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalit, B. (1977). Structural ambiguity and limits to coping. Journal of Human Stress 3, 32–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, R. (1987). The concept of mild depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 150, 387–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 773–782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straus, S. E. (1988). The chronic mononucleosis syndrome. Journal of Infectious Diseases 157, 405–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straus, S. E., Tosato, G., Armstrong, G., Lawley, T., Preble, O. T., Henle, W., Davey, R., Pearson, G., Epstein, J., Brus, I. & Blaese, R. M. (1985). Persisting illness and fatigue in adults with evidence of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 102, 7–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Straus, S. E., Dale, J. K., Tobi, M., Lawley, T., Preble, O., Blaese, M., Hallahan, C. & Henle, W. (1988). Acyclovir treatment of the chronic fatigue syndrome: lack of efficacy in a placebo-controlled trial. New England Journal of Medicine 319, 1692–1698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swartz, M. N. (1988). The chronic fatigue syndrome one entity or many? New England Journal of Medicine 319, 1726–1728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taerk, G. S., Toner, B. B., Salit, I. E., Garfinkel, P. E. & Ozersky, S. (1987). Depression in patients with neuro-myasthenia (benign myalgic encephalomyelitis). International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 17, 49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wessely, S. (1989). Myalgic encephalomyelitis – a warning: discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82, 215–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wessely, S., David, A., Butler, S. & Chalder, T. (1989). Management of chronic (post-viral) fatigue syndrome. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 39, 26–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Wessely, S. & Powell, R. (1989). Fatigue syndrome: a comparison of ‘postviral’ fatigue with neuromuscular and affective disorder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 52, 940–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittenborn, J. & Buhler, R. (1979). Somatic discomforts among depressed women. Archives of General Psychiatry 36, 465–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigmund, A. S. & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67, 361–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar