Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T02:00:30.481Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Validity of LIDAS (LIfetime Depression Assessment Self-report): a self-report online assessment of lifetime major depressive disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2016

M. Bot ,
C. M. Middeldorp ,
E. J. C. de Geus ,
H. M. Lau ,
M. Sinke ,
B. van Nieuwenhuizen ,
J. H. Smit ,
D. I. Boomsma  and
B. W. J. H. Penninx
M. Bot*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
C. M. Middeldorp
Affiliation:
Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Biological Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
E. J. C. de Geus
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
H. M. Lau
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
M. Sinke
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
B. van Nieuwenhuizen
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
J. H. Smit
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
D. I. Boomsma
Affiliation:
Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Biological Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
B. W. J. H. Penninx
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
*
*Address for correspondence: M. Bot, Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

There is a paucity of valid, brief instruments for the assessment of lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) that can be used in, for example, large-scale genomics, imaging or biomarker studies on depression. We developed the LIfetime Depression Assessment Self-report (LIDAS), which assesses lifetime MDD diagnosis according to DSM criteria, and is largely based on the widely used Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Here, we tested the feasibility and determined the sensitivity and specificity for measuring lifetime MDD with this new questionnaire, with a regular CIDI as reference.

Method

Sensitivity and specificity analyses of the online lifetime MDD questionnaire were performed in adults with (n = 177) and without (n = 87) lifetime MDD according to regular index CIDIs, selected from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) and Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). Feasibility was tested in an additional non-selective, population-based sample of NTR participants (n = 245).

Results

Of the 753 invited persons, 509 (68%) completed the LIDAS, of which 419 (82%) did this online. User-friendliness of the instrument was rated high. Median completion time was 6.2 min. Sensitivity and specificity for lifetime MDD were 85% [95% confidence interval (CI) 80–91%] and 80% (95% CI 72–89%), respectively. This LIDAS instrument gave a lifetime MDD prevalence of 20.8% in the population-based sample.

Conclusions

Measuring lifetime MDD with an online instrument was feasible. Sensitivity and specificity were adequate. The instrument gave a prevalence of lifetime MDD in line with reported population prevalences. LIDAS is a promising tool for rapid determination of lifetime MDD status in large samples, such as needed for genomics studies.

Keywords

Composite International Diagnostic Interviewlifetime depressionmajor depressive disorderonline questionnaires
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 47 , Issue 2 , January 2017 , pp. 279 - 289
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Boomsma, DI, Vink, JM, van Beijsterveldt, TCEM, de Geus, EJC, Beem, AL, Mulder, EJCM, Derks, EM, Riese, H, Willemsen, GAHM, Bartels, M, van den Berg, M, Kupper, NHM, Polderman, TJC, Posthuma, D, Rietveld, MJH, Stubbe, JH, Knol, LI, Stroet, T, van Baal, GCM (2002). Netherlands Twin Register: a focus on longitudinal research. Twin Research 5, 401–406.Google Scholar
Boomsma, DI, Wijmenga, C, Slagboom, EP, Swertz, MA, Karssen, LC, Abdellaoui, A, Ye, K, Guryev, V, Vermaat, M, van, DF, Francioli, LC, Hottenga, JJ, Laros, JF, Li, Q, Li, Y, Cao, H, Chen, R, Du, Y, Li, N, Cao, S, van, SJ, Menelaou, A, Pulit, SL, Hehir-Kwa, JY, Beekman, M, Elbers, CC, Byelas, H, de Craen, AJ, Deelen, P, Dijkstra, M, den Dunnen, JT, de, KP, Houwing-Duistermaat, J, Koval, V, Estrada, K, Hofman, A, Kanterakis, A, Enckevort, D, Mai, H, Kattenberg, M, van Leeuwen, EM, Neerincx, PB, Oostra, B, Rivadeneira, F, Suchiman, EH, Uitterlinden, AG, Willemsen, G, Wolffenbuttel, BH, Wang, J, de Bakker, PI, van Ommen, GJ, van Duijn, CM (2014). The Genome of the Netherlands: design, and project goals. European Journal of Human Genetics 22, 221–227.Google Scholar
Boomsma, DI, Willemsen, G, Sullivan, PF, Heutink, P, Meijer, P, Sondervan, D, Kluft, C, Smit, G, Nolen, WA, Zitman, FG, Smit, JH, Hoogendijk, WJ, van, DR, de Geus, EJ, Penninx, BW (2008). Genome-wide association of major depression: description of samples for the GAIN major depressive disorder study: NTR and NESDA biobank projects. European Journal of Human Genetics 16, 335–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromet, EJ, Dunn, LO, Connell, MM, Dew, MA, Schulberg, HC (1986). Long-term reliability of diagnosing lifetime major depression in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 435–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlbring, P, Forslin, P, Ljungstrand, P, Willebrand, M, Strandlund, C, Ekselius, L, Andersson, G (2002). Is the Internet-administered CIDI-SF equivalent to a Clinician-Administered SCID Interview? Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 31, 183–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuijpers, P, Vogelzangs, N, Twisk, J, Kleiboer, A, Li, J, Penninx, BW (2014). Comprehensive meta-analysis of excess mortality in depression in the general community versus patients with specific illnesses. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 453–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Graaf, R, tenHave, M, vanGool, C, van Dorsselaer, S (2012). Prevalence of mental disorders and trends from 1996 to 2009. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, 203–213.Google Scholar
Donker, T, van, SA, Marks, I, Cuijpers, P (2009). A brief web-based screening questionnaire for common mental disorders: development and validation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 11, e19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farvolden, P, McBride, C, Bagby, RM, Ravitz, P (2003). A web-based screening instrument for depression and anxiety disorders in primary care. Journal of Medical Internet Research 5, e23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, CM, Strader, LC, Pratt, JG, Maiese, D, Hendershot, T, Kwok, RK, Hammond, JA, Huggins, W, Jackman, D, Pan, HQ, Nettles, DS, Beaty, TH, Farrer, LA, Kraft, P, Marazita, ML, Ordovas, JM, Pato, CN, Spitz, MR, Wagener, D, Williams, M, Junkins, HA, Harlan, WR, Ramos, EM, Haines, J (2011). The PhenX toolkit: get the most from your measures. American Journal of Epidemiology 174, 253–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, KS, Myers, J, Potter, J, Opalesky, J (2009). A web-based study of personality, psychopathology and substance use in twin, other relative and relationship pairs. Twin Research and Human Genetics 12, 137–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Amminger, GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Lee, S, Ustun, TB (2007 a). Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20, 359–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC, Andrews, G, Mroczek, D, Ustun, B, Ittchen, HU (1998). The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form (CIDI-SF). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 7, 171–185.Google Scholar
Kessler, RC, Angermeyer, M, Anthony, JC, de, GR, Demyttenaere, K, Gasquet, I, de, GG, Gluzman, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Kawakami, N, Karam, A, Levinson, D, Medina Mora, ME, Oakley Browne, MA, Posada-Villa, J, Stein, DJ, Adley Tsang, CH, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Alonso, J, Lee, S, Heeringa, S, Pennell, BE, Berglund, P, Gruber, MJ, Petukhova, M, Chatterji, S, Ustun, TB (2007 b). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative. World Psychiatry 6, 168–176.Google Scholar
Lee, SH, Ripke, S, Neale, BM, Faraone, SV, Purcell, SM, Perlis, RH, Mowry, BJ, Thapar, A, Goddard, ME, Witte, JS, Absher, D, Agartz, I, Akil, H, Amin, F, Andreassen, OA, Anjorin, A, Anney, R, Anttila, V, Arking, DE, Asherson, P, Azevedo, MH, Backlund, L, Badner, JA, Bailey, AJ, Banaschewski, T, Barchas, JD, Barnes, MR, Barrett, TB, Bass, N, Battaglia, A, Bauer, M, Bayes, M, Bellivier, F, Bergen, SE, Berrettini, W, Betancur, C, Bettecken, T, Biederman, J, Binder, EB, Black, DW, Blackwood, DH, Bloss, CS, Boehnke, M, Boomsma, DI, Breen, G, Breuer, R, Bruggeman, R, Cormican, P, Buccola, NG, Buitelaar, JK, Bunney, WE, Buxbaum, JD, Byerley, WF, Byrne, EM, Caesar, S, Cahn, W, Cantor, RM, Casas, M, Chakravarti, A, Chambert, K, Choudhury, K, Cichon, S, Cloninger, CR, Collier, DA, Cook, EH, Coon, H, Cormand, B, Corvin, A, Coryell, WH, Craig, DW, Craig, IW, Crosbie, J, Cuccaro, ML, Curtis, D, Czamara, D, Datta, S, Dawson, G, Day, R, de Geus, EJ, Degenhardt, F, Djurovic, S, Donohoe, GJ, Doyle, AE, Duan, J, Dudbridge, F, Duketis, E, Ebstein, RP, Edenberg, HJ, Elia, J, Ennis, S, Etain, B, Fanous, A, Farmer, AE, Ferrier, IN, Flickinger, M, Fombonne, E, Foroud, T, Frank, J, Franke, B, Fraser, C, Freedman, R, Freimer, NB, Freitag, CM, Friedl, M, Frisen, L, Gallagher, L, Gejman, PV, Georgieva, L, Gershon, ES, Geschwind, DH, Giegling, I, Gill, M, Gordon, SD, Gordon-Smith, K, Green, EK, Greenwood, TA, Grice, DE, Gross, M, Grozeva, D, Guan, W, Gurling, H, de, HL, Haines, JL, Hakonarson, H, Hallmayer, J, Hamilton, SP, Hamshere, ML, Hansen, TF, Hartmann, AM, Hautzinger, M, Heath, AC, Henders, AK, Herms, S, Hickie, IB, Hipolito, M, Hoefels, S, Holmans, PA, Holsboer, F, Hoogendijk, WJ, Hottenga, JJ, Hultman, CM, Hus, V, Ingason, A, Ising, M, Jamain, S, Jones, EG, Jones, I, Jones, L, Tzeng, JY, Kahler, AK, Kahn, RS, Kandaswamy, R, Keller, MC, Kennedy, JL, Kenny, E, Kent, L, Kim, Y, Kirov, GK, Klauck, SM, Klei, L, Knowles, JA, Kohli, MA, Koller, DL, Konte, B, Korszun, A, Krabbendam, L, Krasucki, R, Kuntsi, J, Kwan, P, Landen, M, Langstrom, N, Lathrop, M, Lawrence, J, Lawson, WB, Leboyer, M, Ledbetter, DH, Lee, PH, Lencz, T, Lesch, KP, Levinson, DF, Lewis, CM, Li, J, Lichtenstein, P, Lieberman, JA, Lin, DY, Linszen, DH, Liu, C, Lohoff, FW, Loo, SK, Lord, C, Lowe, JK, Lucae, S, MacIntyre, DJ, Madden, PA, Maestrini, E, Magnusson, PK, Mahon, PB, Maier, W, Malhotra, AK, Mane, SM, Martin, CL, Martin, NG, Mattheisen, M, Matthews, K, Mattingsdal, M, McCarroll, SA, McGhee, KA, McGough, JJ, McGrath, PJ, McGuffin, P, McInnis, MG, McIntosh, A, McKinney, R, McLean, AW, McMahon, FJ, McMahon, WM, McQuillin, A, Medeiros, H, Medland, SE, Meier, S, Melle, I, Meng, F, Meyer, J, Middeldorp, CM, Middleton, L, Milanova, V, Miranda, A, Monaco, AP, Montgomery, GW, Moran, JL, Moreno-De-Luca, D, Morken, G, Morris, DW, Morrow, EM, Moskvina, V, Muglia, P, Muhleisen, TW, Muir, WJ, Muller-Myhsok, B, Murtha, M, Myers, RM, Myin-Germeys, I, Neale, MC, Nelson, SF, Nievergelt, CM, Nikolov, I, Nimgaonkar, V, Nolen, WA, Nothen, MM, Nurnberger, JI, Nwulia, EA, Nyholt, DR, O'Dushlaine, C, Oades, RD, Olincy, A (2013). Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs. Nature Genetics 45, 984–994.Google ScholarPubMed
Lin, CC, Bai, YM, Liu, CY, Hsiao, MC, Chen, JY, Tsai, SJ, Ouyang, WC, Wu, CH, Li, YC (2007). Web-based tools can be used reliably to detect patients with major depressive disorder and subsyndromal depressive symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 7, 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium, Ripke, S, Wray, NR, Lewis, CM, Hamilton, SP, Weissman, MM, Breen, G, Byrne, EM, Blackwood, DH, Boomsma, DI, Cichon, S, Heath, AC, Holsboer, F, Lucae, S, Madden, PA, Martin, NG, McGuffin, P, Muglia, P, Noethen, MM, Penninx, BP, Pergadia, ML, Potash, JB, Rietschel, M, Lin, D, Müller-Myhsok, B, Shi, J, Steinberg, S, Grabe, HJ, Lichtenstein, P, Magnusson, P, Perlis, RH, Preisig, M, Smoller, JW, Stefansson, K, Uher, R, Kutalik, Z, Tansey, KE, Teumer, A, Viktorin, A, Barnes, MR, Bettecken, T, Binder, EB, Breuer, R, Castro, VM, Churchill, SE, Coryell, WH, Craddock, N, Craig, IW, Czamara, D, De Geus, EJ, Degenhardt, F, Farmer, AE, Fava, M, Frank, J, Gainer, VS, Gallagher, PJ, Gordon, SD, Goryachev, S, Gross, M, Guipponi, M, Henders, AK, Herms, S, Hickie, IB, Hoefels, S, Hoogendijk, W, Hottenga, JJ, Iosifescu, DV, Ising, M, Jones, I, Jones, L, Jung-Ying, T, Knowles, JA, Kohane, IS, Kohli, MA, Korszun, A, Landen, M, Lawson, WB, Lewis, G, MacIntyre, D, Maier, W, Mattheisen, M, McGrath, PJ, McIntosh, A, McLean, A, Middeldorp, CM, Middleton, L, Montgomery, GM, Murphy, SN, Nauck, M, Nolen, WA, Nyholt, DR, O'Donovan, M, Oskarsson, H, Pedersen, N, Scheftner, WA, Schulz, A, Schulze, TG, Shyn, SI, Sigurdsson, E, Slager, SL, Smit, JH, Stefansson, H, Steffens, M, Thorgeirsson, T, Tozzi, F, Treutlein, J, Uhr, M, van den Oord, EJ, Van Grootheest, G, Völzke, H, Weilburg, JB, Willemsen, G, Zitman, FG, Neale, B, Daly, M, Levinson, DF, Sullivan, PF (2013). A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 18, 497–511.Google ScholarPubMed
Mezuk, B, Eaton, WW, Albrecht, S, Golden, SH (2008). Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 31, 2383–2390.Google Scholar
Middeldorp, CM, Birley, AJ, Cath, DC, Gillespie, NA, Willemsen, G, Statham, DJ, de Geus, EJ, Andrews, JG, van, DR, Beem, AL, Sullivan, PF, Martin, NG, Boomsma, DI (2005 a). Familial clustering of major depression and anxiety disorders in Australian and Dutch twins and siblings. Twin Research and Human Genetics 8, 609–615.Google Scholar
Middeldorp, CM, Cath, DC, van den Berg, M, Beem, AL, Van Dyck, R, Boomsma, DI (2005 b). The Association of Personality with Anxious and Depressive Psychopathology. In Biology of Personality and Individual Differences, chapter 12 (ed. Canli, T), pp. 251–272. The Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Milaneschi, Y, Lamers, F, Peyrot, WJ, Abdellaoui, A, Willemsen, G, Hottenga, JJ, Jansen, R, Mbarek, H, Dehghan, A, Lu, C, CHARGE inflammation working group, Boomsma, DI, Penninx, BW (2016). Polygenic dissection of major depression clinical heterogeneity. Molecular Psychiatry 21, 516–522. CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, CJL, Vos, T, Lozano, R, AlMazroa, MA, Memish, ZA (2013). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 381, 2197–2223.Google Scholar
Nguyen, DP, Klein, B, Meyer, D, Austin, DW, Abbott, JA (2015). The diagnostic validity and reliability of an Internet-based clinical assessment program for mental disorders. Journal of Medical Internet Research 17, e218.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A, Kuper, H, Hemingway, H (2006). Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies. European Heart Journal 27, 2763–2774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penninx, BWJH, Beekman, ATF, Smit, JH, Zitman, FG, Nolen, WA, Spinhoven, P, Cuijpers, P, De Jong, PJ, Van Marwijk, HWJ, Assendelft, WJJ, Van der Meer, K, Verhaak, P, Wensing, M, De Graaf, R, Hoogendijk, WJ, Ormel, J, Van Dyck, R (2008). The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): rationale, objectives and methods. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 17, 121–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakado, K, Sato, T, Uehara, T, Sato, S, Kameda, K (1996). Discriminant validity of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, lifetime version. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93, 257–260.Google Scholar
Sanders, AR, Levinson, DF, Duan, J, Dennis, JM, Li, R, Kendler, KS, Rice, JP, Shi, J, Mowry, BJ, Amin, F, Silverman, JM, Buccola, NG, Byerley, WF, Black, DW, Freedman, R, Cloninger, CR, Gejman, PV (2010). The Internet-based MGS2 control sample: self report of mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 167, 854–865.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheehan, DV, Lecrubier, Y, Sheehan, KH, Amorim, P, Janavs, J, Weiller, E, Hergueta, T, Baker, R, Dunbar, GC (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59 (Suppl. 20), 22–33.Google Scholar
Shimoda, H, Inoue, A, Tsuno, K, Kawakami, N (2015). One-year test–retest reliability of a Japanese web-based version of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) for major depression in a working population. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 24, 204–212.Google Scholar
Simon, GE, Von Korff, M (1995). Recall of psychiatric history in cross-sectional surveys: implications for epidemiologic research. Epidemiologic Reviews 17, 221–227.Google Scholar
Streiner, DL, Patten, SB, Anthony, JC, Cairney, J (2009). Has ‘lifetime prevalence’ reached the end of its life? An examination of the concept. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 18, 221–228.Google Scholar
Verduijn, J, Milaneschi, Y, Peyrot, WJ, Hottenga, JJ, Abdellaoui, A, de Geus, EJ, Smit, JH, Breen, G, Lewis, CM, Boomsma, DI, Beekman, AT, Penninx, BW (2016). Using clinical characteristics to identify which patients with major depressive disorder have a higher genetic load for three psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry. Published online 10 June 2016. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.05.024.Google Scholar
Wittchen, HU (1994). Reliability and validity studies of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) – a critical-review. Journal of Psychiatric Research 28, 57–84.Google Scholar
Youden, WJ (1950). Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 3, 32–35.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhernakova, D, Deelen, P, Vermaat, M, van Iterson, M, van Galen, M, Arindrato, W, van t Hof, P, Mei, H, van Dijk, F, Westra, HJ, Bonder, MJ, van Rooij, J, Verkerk, M, Jhamai, PM, Moed, M, Kielbasa, SM, Bot, J, Nooren, I, Pool, R, van Dongen, J, Hottenga, JJ, Stehouwer, CDA, van der Kallen, CJH, Schalkwijk, CG, Zhernakova, A, Li, Y, Tigchelaar, EF, Beekman, M, Deelen, J, van Heemst, D, van den Berg, LH, Hofman, A, Uitterlinden, A, van Greevenbroek, MMJ, Veldink, JH, Boomsma, DI, van Duijn, CM, Slagboom, EP, Swertz, MA, Isaacs, A, van Meurs, JB, Jansen, R, Heijmans, BT, Hoen, PAC, Franke, L (2015). Hypothesis-free identification of modulators of genetic risk factors. bioRxiv. Published online 30 November 2015. doi:10.1101/ 033217.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M, Coryell, W (1987). The Inventory to Diagnose Depression, lifetime version. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 75, 495–499.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Bot supplementary material S1

Supplementary Table

Download Bot supplementary material S1(File)
File 17.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Bot supplementary material S2

Supplementary Table

Download Bot supplementary material S2(File)
File 14.6 KB