Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:07:29.255Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The psychoses: Cluster 3 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11

Paper 4 of 7 of the thematic section: ‘A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2009

W. T. Carpenter Jr. ,
J. R. Bustillo ,
G. K. Thaker ,
J. van Os ,
R. F. Krueger  and
M. J. Green
W. T. Carpenter Jr.*
Affiliation:
Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VISN 5 Veterans Administration, Baltimore, MD, USA
J. R. Bustillo
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
G. K. Thaker
Affiliation:
Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VISN 5 Veterans Administration, Baltimore, MD, USA
J. van Os
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
R. F. Krueger
Affiliation:
Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
M. J. Green
Affiliation:
School of Psychiatry, Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
*
*Address for correspondence: Professor W. T. Carpenter Jr., Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

In an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of etiology, five clusters have been proposed. Here we consider the validity of the cluster comprising selected psychotic and related disorders.

Method

A group of diagnostic entities classified under schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in DSM-IV-TR were assigned to this cluster and the bordering disorders, bipolar (BD) and schizotypal personality disorders (SPD), were included. We then reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by the DSM-V Task Force Study Group.

Results

Relevant comparisons on the 11 spectrum criteria are rare for the included disorders except for schizophrenia and the two border conditions, BD and SPD. The core psychosis group is congruent at the level of shared psychotic psychopathology and response to antipsychotic medication. BD and SPD are exceptions in that psychosis is not typical in BD-II disorder and frank psychosis is excluded in SPD. There is modest similarity between schizophrenia and BD relating to risk factors, neural substrates, cognition and endophenotypes, but key differences are noted. There is greater support for a spectrum relationship of SPD and schizophrenia. Antecedent temperament, an important validator for other groupings, has received little empirical study in the various psychotic disorders.

Conclusions

The DSM-IV-TR grouping of psychotic disorders is supported by tradition and shared psychopathology, but few data exist across these diagnoses relating to the 11 spectrum criteria. The case for including BD is modest, and the relationship of BD to other mood disorders is addressed elsewhere. Evidence is stronger for inclusion of SPD, but the relationship with other personality disorders along the 11 criteria is not addressed and the absence of psychosis presents a conceptual problem. There are no data along the 11 spectrum criteria that are decisive for a cluster based on etiology, and inclusion of BD and SPD is questionable.

Keywords

BipolarDSM-Vmeta-structurepsychosisschizophrenia
Type
Thematic section: A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 39 , Issue 12 , December 2009 , pp. 2025 - 2042
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, CM, Holland, SK, Schmithorst, V, Wilke, M, Weiss, KL, Pan, H, Strakowski, SM (2004). Abnormal frontal white matter tracts in bipolar disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disorders 6, 197–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akbarian, S, Huang, H-S (2006). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of altered GAD1/GAD67 expression in schizophrenia and related disorders. Brain Research Reviews 52, 293–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, G, Goldberg, DP, Krueger, RF, Carpenter, WT Jr., Hyman, SE, Sachdev, P, Pine, DS (2009 a). Exploring the feasibility of a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: could it improve utility and validity? Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, G, Pine, DS, Hobbs, MJ, Anderson, TM, Sunderland, M (2009 b). Neurodevelopmental disorders: Cluster 2 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Antila, M, Tuulio-Henriksson, A, Kieseppa, T, Soronen, P, Palo, OM, Paunio, T, Haukka, J, Partonen, T, Lonnqvist, J (2007). Heritability of cognitive functions in families with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144B, 802–808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arango, C, Moreno, C, Martinez, S, Parellada, M, Desco, M, Moreno, D, Fraguas, D, Gogtay, N, James, A, Rapoport, J (2008). Longitudinal brain changes in early-onset psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 341–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arts, B, Jabben, N, Krabbendam, L, van Os, J (2007). Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine 37, 1–15.Google Scholar
Altshuler, LL, Bartzokis, G, Grieder, T, Curran, J, Mintz, J (1998). Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 663–664.Google ScholarPubMed
Avila, MT, Hong, LE, Moates, A, Turano, KA, Thaker, GK (2006). Role of anticipation in schizophrenia-related pursuit initiation deficits. Journal of Neurophysiology 95, 593–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badner, JA, Gershon, ES (2002). Meta-analysis of whole-genome linkage scans of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 7, 405–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benes, FM, Matzilevich, D, Burke, RE, Walsh, J (2006). The expression of proapoptosis genes is increased in bipolar disorder, but not in schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 11, 241–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berrettini, W (2003). Evidence for shared susceptibility in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics 123C, 59–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilder, RM, Lipschutz-Broch, L, Reiter, G, Geisler, S, Mayerhoff, D, Lieberman, JA (1991). Neuropsychological deficits in the early course of first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 5, 198–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birmaher, B, Axelson, D, Monk, K, Kalas, C, Goldstein, B, Hickey, MB, Obreja, M, Ehmann, M, Iyengar, S, Shamseddeen, W, Kupfer, D, Brent, D (2009). Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. The Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 287–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, J, Cohen, A (2006). The structure of negative symptoms within schizophrenia: implications for assessment. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 238–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleuler, E (1911). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (trans. J. Zinkin, 1950). International Universities Press: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Bora, E, Vahip, S, Akdeniz, F, Ilerisoy, H, Aldemir, E, Alkan, M (2008). Executive and verbal working memory dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research 161, 318–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braff, DL, Freedman, R, Schork, NJ, Gottesman, II (2007). Deconstructing schizophrenia: an overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 21–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braff, DL, Geyer, MA, Swerdlow, NR (2001). Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology 156, 234–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brambilla, P, Stanley, JA, Nicoletti, MA, Sassi, RB, Mallinger, AB, Frank, E, Kupfer, D, Keshavan, MS, Soares, JC (2005). 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 86, 61–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bramon, E, McDonald, C, Croft, RJ, Landau, S, Filbey, F, Gruzelier, JH, Sham, PC, Frangou, S, Murray, RM (2005). Is the P300 wave an endophenotype for schizophrenia? A meta-analysis and a family study. Neuroimage 27, 960–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bramon, E, Sham, PC (2001). The common genetic liability between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review. Current Psychiatry Reports 3, 332–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, AS, van Os, J, Driessens, C, Hoek, HW, Susser, ES (2000). Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 190–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burdick, KE, Goldberg, JF, Harrow, M, Faull, RN, Malhotra, AK (2006). Neurocognition as a stable endophenotype in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 255–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, T, Prudic, J, Peyser, S, Clark, J, Sackeim, H (2000). Learning and memory in bipolar and unipolar major depression: effects of aging. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology 13, 246–253.Google ScholarPubMed
Cadenhead, KS, Light, GA, Geyer, MA, McDowell, JE, Braff, DL (2002). Neurobiological measures of schizotypal personality disorder: defining an inhibitory endophenotype? American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 869–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, TD, Huttunen, MO, Lonnqvist, J, Tuulio-Henriksson, A, Pirkola, T, Glahn, D, Finkelstein, J, Hietanen, M, Kapiro, J, Koskenvuo, M (2000). The inheritance of neuropsychological dysfunction in twins discordant for schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 67, 369–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardno, AG, Rijsdijk, FV, Sham, PC, Murray, RM, McGuffin, P (2002). A twin study of genetic relationships between psychotic symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 539–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, WT Jr., Heinrichs, DW, Wagman, AM (1988). Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 578–583.Google ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, WT, Buchanan, RW (1989). Domains of psychopathology relevant to the study of etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia: Scientific Progress (ed. Schulz, S. C. and Tamminga, C. T.), pp. 13–22. Oxford University Press: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Carpenter, WT, Kirkpatrick, B (1988). The heterogeneity of the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 14, 645–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, L, Friedman, J, Ernst, T, Zhong, K, Tsopelas, ND, Davis, K (2007). Brain metabolite abnormalities in the white matter of elderly schizophrenic subjects: implication for glial dysfunction. Biological Psychiatry 62, 1396–1404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chapman, LJ, Chapman, JP, Raulin, ML (1976). Scales for physical and social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85, 374–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Claridge, G (1997). Schizotypy: Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford University Press: Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, MC, Harley, M, Cannon, M (2006). The role of obstetric events in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 3–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craddock, N, Owen, MJ (2005). The beginning of the end for the Kraepelinian dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 364–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dager, SR, Friedman, SD, Parow, A, Demopulos, C, Stoll, AL, Lyoo, IK, Dunner, DL, Renshaw, PF (2004). Brain metabolic alterations in medication-free patients with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 450–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawson, ME, Nuechterlein, KH, Schell, AM, Gitlin, M, Ventura, J (1994). Autonomic abnormalities in schizophrenia: state or trait indicators? Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 813–824.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deckersbach, T, Savage, CR, Reilly-Harrington, N, Clark, L, Sachs, G, Rauch, SL (2004). Episodic memory impairment in bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of memory strategies. Bipolar Disorders 6, 233–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLisi, LE (2008). The concept of progressive brain change in schizophrenia: implications for understanding schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 312–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLisi, LE, Sakuma, M, Tew, W, Kushner, M, Hoff, AL, Grimson, R (1997). Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 74, 129–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, D, Iannone, VN, Wilk, CM, Gold, JM (2004). General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 55, 826–833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickstein, DP, Rich, BA, Roberson-Nay, R, Berghorst, L, Vinton, D, Pine, DS, Leibenluft, E (2007). Neural activation during encoding of emotional faces in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 9, 679–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorph-Petersen, K-A, Pierri, JN, Perel, JM, Sun, Z, Sampson, AR, Lewis, DA (2005). The influence of chronic exposure to antipsychotic medications on brain size before and after tissue fixation: a comparison of haloperidol and olanzapine in macaque monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 30, 1649–1661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, MF, Goldberg, TE, Gscheidle, T, Weirich, M, Rawlings, R, Hyde, TM, Bigelow, L, Weinberger, DR (2001). Relative risk for cognitive impairments in siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 50, 98–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etain, B, Roy, I, Henry, C, Rousseva, A, Schürhoff, F, Leboyer, M, Bellivier, F (2007). No evidence for physical anhedonia as a candidate symptom or an endophenotype in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disorders 9, 706–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, BA, Carpenter, WT Jr. (2009). Will the Kraepelinian dichotomy survive DSM-V? Neuropsychopharmacology. Published online: 18 March 2009. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, JM (1999). Schizophrenia: the broken P300 and beyond. Psychophysiology 36, 667–682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frangou, S, Donaldson, S, Hadjulis, M, Landau, S, Goldstein, LH (2005). The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project: executive dysfunction in bipolar disorder I and its clinical correlates. Biological Psychiatry 58, 859–864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Getz, GE, DelBello, MP, Fleck, DE, Zimmerman, ME, Schwiers, ML, Strakowski, SM (2002). Neuroanatomic characterization of schizoaffective disorder using MRI: a pilot study. Schizophrenia Research 55, 5–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghaemi, SN, Hsu, DJ, Soldani, F, Goodwin, FK (2003). Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Disorders 5, 421–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giakoumaki, SG, Roussos, P, Rogdaki, M, Karli, C, Bitsios, P, Frangou, S (2007). Evidence of disrupted prepulse inhibition in unaffected siblings of bipolar disorder patients. Biological Psychiatry 62, 1418–1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glahn, DC, Almasy, L, Blangero, J, Burk, GM, Estrada, J, Peralta, JM, Meyenberg, N, Castro, MP, Barrett, J, Nicolini, H, Raventos, H, Escamilla, MA (2007). Adjudicating neurocognitive endophenotypes for schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144B, 242–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glahn, DC, Ragland, JD, Abramoff, A, Barrett, J, Laird, AR, Bearden, CE, Velligan, DI (2005). Beyond hypofrontality: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Human Brain Mapping 25, 60–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glantz, LA, Lewis, DA (2000). Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 65–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glatt, SJ, Stone, W, Faraone, SV, Seidman, LJ, Tsuang, MT (2006). Psychopathology, personality traits and social development of young first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 189, 337–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, DP, Andrews, G, Hobbs, MJ (2009 a). Where should bipolar disorder appear in the meta-structure? Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, DP, Krueger, RF, Andrews, G, Hobbs, MJ (2009 b). Emotional disorders: Cluster 4 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottesman, II, Gould, TD (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 636–645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, MF (2006). Cognitive impairment and functional outcome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67, 36–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Green, MF, Kern, RS, Braff, DL, Mintz, J (2000). Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the ‘right stuff’? Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 119–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, MJ, Boyle, GJ, Raine, A (2008). Schizotypy personality models. In The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment (ed. Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. and Saklofske, D. H.), pp. 399–419. Sage Publications: Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Green, MJ, Cahill, CM, Malhi, GS (2007). The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 103, 29–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gur, RE, Calkins, ME, Gur, RC, Horan, WP, Nuechterlein, KH, Seidman, LJ, Stone, WS (2007). The consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia: neurocognitive endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 49–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, M-H, Schulze, K, Sham, P, Kalidindi, S, McDonald, C, Bramon, E, Levy, DL, Murray, RM, Rijsdijk, F (2008). Further evidence for shared genetic effects between psychotic bipolar disorder and P50 suppression: a combined twin and family study. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147B, 619–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammersley, P, Dias, A, Todd, G, Bowen-Jones, K, Reilly, B, Bentall, RP (2003). Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: preliminary investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 543–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamshere, ML, Bennett, P, Williams, N, Segurado, R, Cardno, A, Norton, N, Lambert, D, Williams, H, Kirov, G, Corvin, A, Holmans, P, Jones, L, Jones, I, Gill, M, O'Donovan, MC, Owen, MJ, Craddock, N (2005). Genomewide linkage scan in schizoaffective disorder: significant evidence for linkage at 1q42 close to DISC1, and suggestive evidence at 22q11 and 19p13. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 1081–1088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harding, CM (1988). Course types in schizophrenia: an analysis of European and American studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 14, 633–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, PJ (1999). The neuropathology of schizophrenia: a critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 122, 593–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, P, Matochik, J, Altshuler, LL, Denicoff, KD, Conrad, A, Li, X, Post, RM (2000). MRI-based measurements of temporal lobe and ventricular structures in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 60, 25–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henquet, C, Krabbendam, L, de Graaf, R, Ten Have, M, van Os, J (2006). Cannabis use and expression of mania in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders 95, 103–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henquet, C, Murray, R, Linszen, D, van Os, J (2005). The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophrenia Bulletin 31, 608–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hermann, CS, Demiralp, T (2005). Human EEG gamma oscillations in neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology 116, 2719–2733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, SK, Beers, SR, Kmiec, JA, Keshavan, MS, Sweeney, JA (2004). Impairment of verbal memory and learning in antipsychotic-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 68, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, SK, Harris, MSH, Herbener, ES, Pavuluri, M, Sweeney, JA (2008). Neurocognitive allied phenotypes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 743–759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, B-C (2007). MRI brain volume abnormalities in young, nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia probands are associated with subsequent prodromal symptoms. Schizophrenia Research 96, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, B-C, Andreasen, NC, Nopoulos, P, Arndt, S, Magnotta, V, Flaum, M (2003). Progressive structural brain abnormalities and their relationship to clinical outcome: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study early in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 585–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoge, EA, Friedman, L, Schulz, SC (1999). Meta-analysis of brain size in bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 37, 177–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, DJ, Kunkel, L, Weiss, AP, Goff, DC, Wright, CI, Shin, LM, Rauch, SL, Hootnick, J, Heckers, S (2006). Increased medial temporal lobe activation during the passive viewing of emotional and neutral facial expressions in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 82, 153–162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holzman, PS, Proctor, LR, Levy, DL, Yasillo, NJ, Meltzer, HY, Hurt, SW (1974). Eye-tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Archives of General Psychiatry 31, 143–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, LE, Avila, M, Adami, H, Elliott, A, Thaker, GK (2003). Components of the smooth pursuit function in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 63, 39–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, LE, Mitchell, BD, Avila, MT, Adami, H, McMahon, RP, Thaker, GK (2006). Familial aggregation of eye-tracking endophenotypes in families of schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 259–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, LE, Summerfelt, A, McMahon, R, Adami, H, Francis, G, Eliott, A, Buchanan, RW, Thaker, GK (2004). Evoked gamma band synchronization and the liability for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 70, 293–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, LE, Summerfelt, A, Wonodi, I, Adami, H, Buchanan, RW, Thaker, GK (2007). Independent domains of inhibitory gating in schizophrenia and the effect of stimulus interval. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 61–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, LE, Turano, KA, O'Neill, H, Hao, L, Wonodi, I, McMahon, RP, Elliott, A, Thaker, GK (2008). Refining the predictive pursuit endophenotype in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 63, 458–464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulsoff Pol, HE, Kahn, RS (2008). What happens after the first episode? A review of progressive brain changes in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 354–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaspers, K (1962). General Psychopathology (trans. J. Hoenig and M. W. Hamilton). University of Chicago Press: Chicago.Google Scholar
Johnstone, EC, Crow, TJ, Frith, CD, Owens, DG (1988). The Northwick Park ‘functional’ psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment response. Lancet 2, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapur, S, Mizrahi, R, Li, M (2005). From dopamine to salience to psychosis – linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 79, 59–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kathmann, N, Hochrein, A, Uwer, R, Bondy, B (2003). Deficits in gain of smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenia and affective disorder patients and their unaffected relatives. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 696–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katsanis, J, Iacono, WG, Beiser, M, Lacey, L (1992). Clinical correlates of anhedonia and perceptual aberration in first-episode patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101, 184–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaymaz, N, Krabbendam, L, de Graaf, R, Nolen, W, Ten Have, M, van Os, J (2006). Evidence that the urban environment specifically impacts on the psychotic but not the affective dimension of bipolar disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, 679–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, KS, Gardner, CO (1997). The risk for psychiatric disorders in relatives of schizophrenic and control probands: a comparison of three independent studies. Psychological Medicine 27, 411–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, N, Boydell, J, Kalidindi, S, Fearon, P, Jones, PB, van Os, J, Murray, RM (2005 a). Gender differences in incidence and age at onset of mania and bipolar disorder over a 35-year period in Camberwell, England. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 257–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, N, Everitt, B, Boydell, J, van Os, J, Jones, PB, Murray, RM (2005 b). Incidence and distribution of first-episode mania by age: results from a 35-year study. Psychological Medicine 35, 855–863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkpatrick, B, Buchanan, RW, Ross, DE, Carpenter, WT Jr. (2001). A separate disease within the syndrome of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 165–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knable, MB, Barci, BM, Webster, MJ, Meador-Woodruff, J, Torrey, EF (2004). Molecular abnormalities of the hippocampus in severe psychiatric illness: postmortem findings from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Molecular Psychiatry 9, 609–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krabbendam, L, Arts, B, van Os, J, Aleman, A (2005). Cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a quantitative review. Schizophrenia Research 80, 137–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krabbendam, L, van Os, J (2005). Schizophrenia and urbanicity: a major environmental influence – conditional on genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 31, 795–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraepelin, E (1917). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (trans. R. M. Bradley, 1971). Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.: New York, NY.Google Scholar
Krueger, RF, South, SC (2009). Externalizing disorders: Cluster 5 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumari, V, Das, M, Zachariah, E, Ettinger, U, Sharma, T (2005). Reduced prepulse inhibition in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Psychophysiology 42, 588–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, JS, O'Donnell, BF, Wallenstein, GV, Greene, RW, Hirayasu, Y, Nestor, PG, Hasselmo, ME, Potts, GF, Shenton, ME, McCarley, RW (1999). Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 1001–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laursen, TM, Labouriau, R, Licht, RW, Bertelsen, A, Munk-Olsen, T, Mortensen, PB (2005). Family history of psychiatric illness as a risk factor for schizoaffective disorder: a Danish register-based cohort study. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 841–848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laursen, TM, Munk-Olsen, T, Nordentoft, M, Mortensen, PB (2007). A comparison of selected risk factors for unipolar depressive disorder, bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia from a Danish population-based cohort. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, 1673–1681.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrie, SM, McIntosh, AM, Hall, J, Owens, DGC, Johnstone, EC (2008). Brain structure and function changes during the development of schizophrenia: the evidence from studies of subjects at increased genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 330–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrie, SM, Whalley, HC, Abukmeil, SS, Kestelman, JN, Donnelly, L, Miller, P, Best, JJ, Owens, DG, Johnstone, EC (2001). Brain structure, genetic liability, and psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 49, 811–823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leboyer, M, Meyer-Lindenberg, A, Stefanis, N, Rutten, BP, Arango, C, Jones, P, Kapur, S, Lewis, S, Murray, R, Owen, MJ, Linszen, D, Kahn, R, van Os, J, Wiersma, D, Bruggeman, R, Cahn, W, Germeys, I, de Haan, L, Krabbendam, L; European Network of Schizophrenia Networks for the Study of Gene-Environment Interactions (2008). Schizophrenia aetiology: do gene–environment interactions hold the key? Schizophrenia Research 102, 21–26.Google Scholar
Lewis, CM, Levinson, DF, Wise, LH, DeLisi, LE, Straub, RE, Hovatta, I, Williams, NM, Schwab, SG, Pulver, AE, Faraone, SV, Brzustowicz, LM, Kaufmann, CA, Garver, DL, Gurling, HM, Lindholm, E, Coon, H, Moises, HW, Byerley, W, Shaw, SH, Mesen, A, Sherrington, R, O'Neill, FA, Walsh, D, Kendler, KS, Ekelund, J, Paunio, T, Lönnqvist, J, Peltonen, L, O'Donovan, MC, Owen, MJ, Wildenauer, DB, Maier, W, Nestadt, G, Blouin, JL, Antonarakis, SE, Mowry, BJ, Silverman, JM, Crowe, RR, Cloninger, CR, Tsuang, MT, Malaspina, D, Harkavy-Friedman, JM, Svrakic, DM, Bassett, AS, Holcomb, J, Kalsi, G, McQuillin, A, Brynjolfson, J, Sigmundsson, T, Petursson, H, Jazin, E, Zoëga, T, Helgason, T (2003). Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Part II: Schizophrenia. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 34–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, P, Yip, BH, Bjork, C, Pawitan, Y, Cannon, TD, Sullivan, PF, Hultman, CM (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 373, 234–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, J, Chakos, M, Wu, H, Alvir, J, Hoffman, E, Robinson, D, Bilder, R (2001). Longitudinal study of brain morphology in first episode schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 49, 487–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, JA, Tollefson, GD, Charles, C, Zipursky, R, Sharma, T, Kahn, RS, Keefe, RS, Green, AI, Gur, RE, McEvoy, J, Perkins, D, Hamer, RM, Gu, H, Tohen, M; HGDH Study Group (2005). Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 361–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Light, GA, Braff, DL (2001). Measuring P50 suppression and prepulse inhibition in a single recording session. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 2066–2068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magno, E, Yeap, S, Thakore, JH, Garavan, H, De Sanctis, P, Foxe, JJ (2008). Are auditory-evoked frequency and duration mismatch negativity deficits endophenotypic for schizophrenia? High-density electrical mapping in clinically unaffected first-degree relatives and first-episode and chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 64, 385–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maharajh, K, Abrams, D, Rojas, DC, Teale, P, Reite, ML (2007). Auditory steady state and transient gamma band activity in bipolar disorder. International Congress Series 1300, 707–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malhi, GS, Green, MJ, Fagiolini, A, Peselow, ED, Kumari, V (2008). Schizoaffective disorder: diagnostic issues and future recommendations. Bipolar Disorders 10, 215–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malhi, GS, Ivanovski, B, Szekeres, V, Olley, A (2004). Bipolar disorder: it's all in your mind? The neuropsychological profile of a biological disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49, 813–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez-Aran, A, Vieta, E, Colom, F, Torrent, C, Sanchez-Moreno, J, Reinares, M, Benabarre, A, Goikolea, JM, Brugue, E, Daban, C, Salamero, M (2004). Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome. Bipolar Disorders 6, 224–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathalon, DH, Sullivan, EV, Lim, KO, Pfefferbaum, A (2001). Progressive brain volume changes and the clinical course of schizophrenia in men: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 148–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarley, RW, Wible, CG, Frumin, M, Hirayasu, Y, Levitt, JJ, Fischer, IA, Shenton, ME (1999). MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 45, 1099–1119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, C, Bullmore, E, Sham, P, Chitnis, X, Suckling, J, MacCabe, J, Walshe, M, Murray, RM (2006). Regional volume deviations of brain structure in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder: computational morphometry study. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 369–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, C, Zanelli, J, Rabe-Hesketh, S, Ellison-Wright, I, Sham, P, Kalidindi, S, Murray, RM, Kennedy, N (2004). Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging brain morphometry studies in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 56, 411–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntosh, AM, Job, DE, Moorhead, TW, Harrison, LK, Lawrie, SM, Johnstone, EC (2005). White matter density in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Biological Psychiatry. 58, 254–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntosh, AM, Job, DE, Moorhead, TW, Harrison, LK, Whalley, HC, Johnstone, EC, Lawrie, SM (2006). Genetic liability to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and its relationship to brain structure. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 141B, 76–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntosh, AM, Whalley, HC, McKirdy, J, Hall, J, Sussmann, JE, Shankar, P, Johnstone, EC, Lawrie, SM (2008). Prefrontal function and activation in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 378–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michie, PT, Innes-Brown, H, Todd, J, Jablensky, AV (2002). Duration mismatch negativity in biological relatives of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry 52, 749–758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortensen, PB, Nørgaard-Pedersen, B, Waltoft, BL, Sørensen, T, Hougaard, D, Yolken, RH (2007). Early infections of Toxoplasma gondii and the later development of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 741–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mortensen, PB, Pedersen, CB, Melbye, M, Mors, O, Ewald, H (2003). Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 1209–1215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mur, M, Portella, MJ, Martinez-Aran, A, Pifarre, J, Vieta, E (2008). Long-term stability of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: a 2-year follow-up study of lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 69, 712–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, RM, Sham, P, van Os, J, Zanelli, J, Cannon, M, McDonald, C (2004). A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research 71, 405–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Donnell, BF, Hetrick, WP, Vohs, JL, Krishnan, GP, Carroll, CA, Shekhar, A (2004). Neural synchronization deficits to auditory stimulation in bipolar disorder. NeuroReport 15, 1369–1372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Driscoll, GA, Florencio, PS, Gagnon, D, Wolff, AV, Benkelfat, C, Mikula, L, Lal, S, Evans, AC (2001). Amygdala-hippocampal volume and verbal memory in first-degree relatives of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research 107, 75–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olincy, A, Martin, L (2005). Diminished suppression of the P50 auditory evoked potential in bipolar disorder subjects with a history of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 43–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ongur, D, Drevets, WC, Price, J (1998). Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95, 13290–13295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen, MJ, Craddock, N, Jablensky, A (2007). The genetic deconstruction of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 905–911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavuluri, MN, O'Connor, MM, Harral, EM, Sweeney, JA (2008). An fMRI study of the interface between affective and cognitive neural circuitry in pediatric bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research 162, 244–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pavuluri, MN, Schenkel, KS, Aryal, S, Harral, EM, Hill, SK, Herbener, ES, Sweeney, JA (2006). Neurocognitive function in unmedicated manic and medicated euthymic pediatric bipolar patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 286–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearlson, GD, Folley, BS (2008). Schizophrenia, psychiatric genetics, and Darwinian psychiatry: an evolutionary framework. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 722–733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrin, MC, Brown, AS, Malaspina, D (2007). Aberrant epigenetic regulation could explain the relationship of paternal age to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 1270–1273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, W, Minassian, A, Feifel, D, Braff, DL (2001). Sensorimotor gating deficits in bipolar disorder patients with acute psychotic mania. Biological Psychiatry 50, 418–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, ML, Vieta, E (2007). Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: toward DSM-V. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 893–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pierson, A, Jouvent, R, Quintin, P, Perez-Diaz, F, Leboyer, M (2000). Information processing deficits in relatives of manic depressive patients. Psychological Medicine 30, 545–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potash, JB, Willour, VL, Chiu, YF, Simpson, SG, MacKinnon, DF, Pearlson, GD, Depaulo, JR Jr., McInnis, MG (2001). The familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder pedigrees. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1258–1264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quraishi, S, Frangou, S (2002). Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review. Journal of Affective Disorders 72, 209–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A (2006). Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2, 291–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rais, M, Cahn, W, Van-Haren, N, Schnack, H, Caspers, E, Hulshoff Pol, H, Kahn, A (2008). Excessive brain volume loss over time in cannabis-using first episode schizophrenia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 490–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rajkowska, G, Halaris, A, Selemon, LD (2001). Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry 49, 741–752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapoport, JL, Giedd, JN, Blumenthal, J, Hamburger, S, Jeffries, N, Fernandez, T, Nicolson, R, Bedwell, J, Lenane, M, Zijdenbos, A, Paus, T, Evans, A (1999). Progressive cortical change during adolescence in childhood-onset schizophrenia: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 649–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Read, J, van Os, J, Morrison, AP, Ross, CA (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112, 330–350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, LJ, Thompson, JM, Gallagher, P, Goswami, U, Young, AH, Ferrier, IN, Moore, PB (2006). A meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 93, 105–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, DR, Sweeney, JA, Squires-Wheeler, E, Keshavan, MS, Cornblatt, BA, Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L (1997). Eye-tracking dysfunction in offspring from the New York High-Risk Project: diagnostic specificity and the role of attention. Psychiatry Research 66, 121–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rund, BR (1998). A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24, 425–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P, Andrews, G, Hobbs, MJ, Sunderland, M, Anderson, TM (2009). Neurocognitive disorders: Cluster 1 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11. Psychological Medicine. doi:10.1017/S0033291709990262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sánchez-Morla, EM, García-Jiménez, MA, Barabash, A, Martínez-Vizcaíno, V, Mena, J, Cabranes-Díaz, JA, Baca-Baldomero, E, Santos, JL (2008). P50 sensory gating deficit is a common marker of vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 117, 313–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassi, RB, Nicoleeti, M, Brambilla, P, Mallinger, AG, Frank, E, Kupfer, DJ, Keshavan, MS, Soares, JC (2002). Increased gray matter volume in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients. Neuroscience Letters 329, 243–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saykin, AJ, Gur, RC, Gur, RE, Mozley, PD, Mozley, LH, Resnick, SM, Kester, DB, Stafiniak, P (1991). Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Selective impairment in memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 618–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherk, H, Kemmer, C, Usher, J, Reith, W, Falkai, P, Gurber, O (2008). No change to grey and white matter volumes in bipolar I disorder patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 258, 345–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulze, KK, Hall, M-H, McDonald, C, Marshall, N, Walshe, M, Murray, RM, Bramon, E (2007). P50 auditory evoked potential suppression in bipolar disorder patients with psychotic features and their unaffected relatives. Biological Psychiatry 62, 121–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J, McNeill, Y, Cavanagh, J, Cannon, M, Murray, R (2006). Exposure to obstetric complications and subsequent development of bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 189, 3–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segurado, R, Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Levinson, DF, Lewis, CM, Gill, M, Nurnberger, JI Jr., Craddock, N, DePaulo, JR, Baron, M, Gershon, ES, Ekholm, J, Cichon, S, Turecki, G, Claes, S, Kelsoe, JR, Schofield, PR, Badenhop, RF, Morissette, J, Coon, H, Blackwood, D, McInnes, LA, Foroud, T, Edenberg, HJ, Reich, T, Rice, JP, Goate, A, McInnis, MG, McMahon, FJ, Badner, JA, Goldin, LR, Bennett, P, Willour, VL, Zandi, PP, Liu, J, Gilliam, C, Juo, SH, Berrettini, WH, Yoshikawa, T, Peltonen, L, Lönnqvist, J, Nöthen, MM, Schumacher, J, Windemuth, C, Rietschel, M, Propping, P, Maier, W, Alda, M, Grof, P, Rouleau, GA, Del-Favero, J, Van Broeckhoven, C, Mendlewicz, J, Adolfsson, R, Spence, MA, Luebbert, H, Adams, LJ, Donald, JA, Mitchell, PB, Barden, N, Shink, E, Byerley, W, Muir, W, Visscher, PM, Macgregor, S, Gurling, H, Kalsi, G, McQuillin, A, Escamilla, MA, Reus, VI, Leon, P, Freimer, NB, Ewald, H, Kruse, TA, Mors, O, Radhakrishna, U, Blouin, JL, Antonarakis, SE, Akarsu, N (2003). Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Part III: Bipolar disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics 73, 49–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidman, LJ, Faraone, SV, Goldstein, JM, Goodman, JM, Kremen, WS, Tommey, R, Tourville, J, Kennedy, D, Makris, N, Caviness, VS, Tsuang, MT (1999). Thalamic and amygdala-hippocampal volume reductions in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: an MRI-based morphometric analysis. Biological Psychiatry 46, 941–954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selemon, LD, Rajkowska, G, Goldman-Rakic, PS, Watson, SJ, Meador-Woodruff, JH (1995). Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex. A morphometric analysis of prefrontal area 9 and occipital area 17. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 805–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simonsen, C, Sundet, K, Vaskinn, A, Birkenaes, AB, Engh, JA, Hansen, CF, Jonsdottir, H, Ringen, PA, Opjordsmoen, S, Friis, S, Andreassen, OA (2008). Neurocognitive profiles in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: differences in pattern and magnitude of dysfunction. Bipolar Disorders 10, 245–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siris, SG, Bermanzohn, PC, Mason, SE, Shuwall, MA (1994). Maintenance imipramine therapy for secondary depression in schizophrenia. A controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 109–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sklar, P, Smoller, JW, Fan, J, Ferreira, MA, Perlis, RH, Chambert, K, Nimgaonkar, VL, McQueen, MB, Faraone, SV, Kirby, A, de Bakker, PI, Ogdie, MN, Thase, ME, Sachs, GS, Todd-Brown, K, Gabriel, SB, Sougnez, C, Gates, C, Blumenstiel, B, Defelice, M, Ardlie, KG, Franklin, J, Muir, WJ, McGhee, KA, Macintyre, DJ, McLean, A, Vanbeck, M, McQuillin, A, Bass, NJ, Robinson, M, Lawrence, J, Anjorin, A, Curtis, D, Scolnick, EM, Daly, MJ, Blackwood, DH, Gurling, HM, Purcell, SM (2008). Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 13, 558–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slaghuis, WL, Bowling, AC, French, RV (2005). Smooth-pursuit eye movement and directional motion-contrast sensitivity in schizophrenia. Experimental Brain Research 166, 89–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snitz, BE, MacDonald, AW, Carter, CS (2006). Cognitive deficits in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analytic review of putative endophenotypes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 179–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Souza, VBN, Muir, WJ, Walker, MT, Glabus, MF, Roxborough, HM, Sharp, CW, Dunan, JR, Blackwood, DHR (1995). Auditory P300 event-related potentials and neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry 37, 300–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steen, RG, Mull, C, McClure, R, Hamer, RM, Lieberman, JA (2006). Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 510–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stip, E, Sepehry, AA, Prouteau, A, Briand, C, Nicole, L, Lalonde, P, Lesage, A (2005). Cognitive discernible factors between schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Brain and Cognition 59, 292–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strakowski, SM, DelBello, MP, Adler, C (2005). The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings. Molecular Psychiatry 10, 105–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strakowski, SM, DelBello, MP, Sax, KW, Zimmerman, ME, Shear, PK, Hawkins, JM, Larson, ER (1999). Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 254–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strakowski, SM, DelBello, MP, Zimmerman, ME, Getz, GE, Mills, NP, Ret, J, Shear, P, Adler, CM (2002). Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1841–1847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, JS, Carpenter, WT Jr., Bartko, JJ (1974). The diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia. Part III. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 61–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, PF (2007). Spurious genetic associations. Biological Psychiatry 61, 1121–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Susser, E, Neugebauer, R, Hoek, HW, Brown, AS, Lin, S, Labovitz, D, Gorman, JM (1996). Schizophrenia after prenatal famine. Further evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swerdlow, NR, Light, GA, Cadenhead, KS, Sprock, J, Hsieh, MH, Braff, DL (2006). Startle gating deficits in a large cohort of patients with schizophrenia: relationship to medications, symptoms, neurocognition, and level of function. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 1325–1335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tackett, J, Silberschmidt, A, Krueger, RF, Sponheim, S (2008). A dimensional model of personality disorder: incorporating DSM Cluster A characteristics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, 454–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaker, GK (2008). Neurophysiological endophenotypes across bipolar and schizophrenia psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 760–773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thaker, GK, Avila, MT, Hong, E, Medoff, DR, Ross, DE, Adami, HM (2003). A model of smooth pursuit eye movement deficit associated with the schizophrenia phenotype. Psychophysiology 40, 277–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaker, GK, Ross, DE, Cassady, SL, Adami, HM, LaPorte, D, Medoff, DR, Lahti, A (1998). Smooth pursuit eye movements to extraretinal motion signals: deficits in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 830–836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theberge, J, Bartha, R, Drost, DJ, Menon, RS, Malla, A, Takhar, J, Neufeld, RW, Rogers, J, Pavlosky, W, Schaefer, B, Densmore, M, Al-Semaan, Y, Williamson, PC (2002). Glutamate and glutamine measured with 4.0 T proton MRS in never-treated patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1944–1946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Theberge, J, Williamson, KE, Aoyama, N, Drost, DJ, Manchandra, R, Malla, AK, Northcott, S, Menon, RS, Neufeld, RW, Rajakumar, N, Pavlosky, W, Densmore, M, Schaefer, B, Williamson, PC (2007). Longitudinal grey-matter and glutamatergic losses in first-episode schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 325–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tibbo, P, Hanstock, C, Valiakalayil, A, Allen, P (2004). 3-T proton MRS investigation of glutamate and glutamine in adolescents at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 1116–1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomppo, L, Hennah, W, Miettunen, J, Järvelin, MR, Veijola, J, Ripatti, S, Lahermo, P, Lichtermann, D, Peltonen, L, Ekelund, J (2009). Association of variants in DISC1 with psychosis-related traits in a large population cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 134–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torrent, C, Martinez-Aran, A, Amann, B, Daban, C, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Gonzalez-Pinto, A, Reinares, M, Benabarre, A, Salamero, M, McKenna, P, Vieta, E (2007). Cognitive impairment in schizoaffective disorder: a comparison with non-psychotic bipolar and healthy subjects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 116, 453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, EF, Barci, BM, Webster, MJ, Bartko, JJ, Meador-Woodruff, JH, Knable, MB (2005). Neurochemical markers for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression in postmortem brains. Biological Psychiatry 57, 252–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, EF, Bartko, JJ, Lun, Z-R, Yolken, RH (2007). Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 729–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, EF, Yolken, RH (2007). Schizophrenia and toxoplasmosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 727–728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trivedi, JK, Goel, D, Dhyani, M, Sharma, S, Singh, AP, Sinha, PK, Tandon, R (2008). Neurocognition in first-degree healthy relatives (siblings) of bipolar affective disorder patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 62, 190–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turetsky, BI, Calkins, ME, Light, GA, Olincy, A, Radant, AD, Swerdlow, NR (2007). Neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia: the viability of selected candidate measures. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 69–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turetsky, BI, Cannon, TD, Gur, RE (2000). P300 subcomponent abnormalities in schizophrenia: III. Deficits in unaffected siblings of schizophrenic probands. Biological Psychiatry 47, 380–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Umbricht, D, Koller, R, Schmid, L, Skrabo, A, Grübel, C, Huber, T, Stassen, H (2003). How specific are deficits in mismatch negativity generation to schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry 53, 1120–1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Umbricht, D, Krljes, S (2005). Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 76, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urban, A, Kremlácek, J, Masopust, J, Libiger, J (2008). Visual mismatch negativity among patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 102, 320–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Beijsterveldt, CEM, van Baal, GCM, Molenaar, PCM, Boomsma, DI, de Geus, EJC (2001). Stability of genetic and environmental influences on P300 amplitude: a longitudinal study in adolescent twins. Behavior Genetics 31, 533–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Haren, NEM, Cahn, W, Hulshoff Pol, HE, Schnack, HG, Caspers, E, Lemstra, A, Sitskoom, MM, Wiersma, D, van den Bosch, RJ, Dingemans, PM, Schene, AH, Kahn, RS (2003). Brain volumes as predictor of outcome in recent-onset schizophrenia: a multi-center MRI study. Schizophrenia Research 64, 41–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J, Hanssen, M, Bijl, R-V, Ravelli, A (2000). Straus (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research 45, 11–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Os, J, Jones, P, Sham, P, Bebbington, P, Murray, RM (1998). Risk factors for onset and persistence of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, 596–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J, Kapur, S (in press). Schizophrenia – linking biology, epidemiology and pharmacology. Lancet.Google Scholar
van Os, J, Linscott, RJ, Myin-Germeys, I, Delespaul, P, Krabbendam, L (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine 39, 179–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Os, J, Rutten, BP, Poulton, R (2008). Gene–environment interactions in schizophrenia: review of epidemiological findings and future directions. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 1066–1082.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D, Clark, LA, Chmielewski, M (2008). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology: II. Further articulation of a comprehensive unified trait structure. Journal of Personality 76, 1545–1585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007). Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447, 661–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widiger, TA, Simonsen, E, Krueger, RF, Livesley, JW, Verheul, R (2005). Personality disorder research agenda for the DSM-V. Journal of Personality Disorders 19, 315–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winterer, G, Egan, MF, Raedler, T, Sanchez, C, Jones, DW, Coppola, R, Weinberger, DR (2003). P300 and genetic risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 1158–1167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, SJ, Pantelis, C, Velakoulis, D, Yucel, M, Fornito, A, McGorry, PD (2008). Progressive changes in the development toward schizophrenia: studies in subjects at increased symptomatic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 322–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodberry, KA, Guiliano, AJ, Seidman, LJ (2008). Premorbid IQ in schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 579–587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodruff, PWR, McManus, IC, David, AS (1995). Meta-analysis of corpus callosum size in schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 58, 457–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, BT (1998). Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenic mechanism. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 1661–1670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, IC, Rabe-Hesketh, S, Woodruff, PWR, David, AS, Murray, RM, Bullmore, ET (2000). Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 16–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yildiz-Yesiloglu, A, Ankerst, DP (2006). Neurochemical alterations of the brain in bipolar disorder and their implications for pathophysiology: a systematic review of the in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30, 969–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yolken, RH, Torrey, EF (2008). Are some cases of psychosis caused by microbial agents? A review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry 13, 470–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yurgelun-Todd, DA, Silveri, MM, Gruber, SA, Rohan, ML, Pimentel, PJ (2007). White matter abnormalities observed in bipolar disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disorders 9, 504–512.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zakzanis, KK, Hansen, KT (1998). Dopamine D2 densities and the schizophrenic brain. Schizophrenia Research 32, 201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zalla, T, Joyce, C, Szoke, A, Schurhoff, F, Pillon, B, Komano, O, Perez-Diaz, F, Bellivier, F, Alter, C, Dubois, B, Rouillon, F, Houde, O, Leboyer, M (2004). Executive dysfunctions as potential markers of familial vulnerability to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 121, 207–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar