Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T10:35:51.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Post-illness-onset risk of offending across the full spectrum of psychiatric disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2015

H. Stevens ,
T. M. Laursen ,
P. B. Mortensen ,
E. Agerbo  and
K. Dean
H. Stevens
Affiliation:
National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
T. M. Laursen
Affiliation:
National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
P. B. Mortensen
Affiliation:
National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark CIRRAU–Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
E. Agerbo
Affiliation:
National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark CIRRAU–Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
K. Dean*
Affiliation:
School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, NSW, Australia
*
* Address for correspondence: K. Dean, MRCPsych, RANZCP, Ph.D., School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, C/- Justice Health & Forensic Mental Health Network, Roundhouse, Long Bay Complex, PO Box 150, Matraville, 2036, NSW, Australia. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The link between psychotic disorders and violent offending is well established; knowledge about risk of post-illness-onset offending across the full spectrum of psychiatric disorders is lacking. We aimed to compare rates of any offending and violent offending committed after the onset of illness, according to diagnostic group, with population controls.

Method

A 25% random sample of the Danish population (n = 521 340) was followed from their 15th birthday until offending occurred. Mental health status was considered as a time-varying exposure in a Poisson regression model used to examine the duration from service contact to the offence.

Results

Males with any psychiatric contact had an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.80–3.02] for any offending; 4.18 (95% CI 3.99–4.38) for violent offending. Associations were stronger for women (IRR 4.17, 95% CI 3.95–4.40 for any offending; 8.02, 95% CI 7.20–8.94 for violent offending). Risk was similar across diagnostic groups for any offending in males, while variation between diagnostic groups was seen for male violent and female offending, both any and violent.

Conclusions

Risk of offending, particularly violent offending, was elevated across a range of mental disorders following first contact with mental health services. The extent of variation in strength of effect across diagnoses differed by gender.

Keywords

Forensic mental healthoffendingpopulation-based studiespsychosisviolence
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 11 , August 2015 , pp. 2447 - 2457
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andersen, PK, Keiding, N (2002). Multi-state models for event history analysis. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 11, 91–115.Google Scholar
Andersen, TF, Madsen, M, Jørgensen, J, Mellemkjær, L, Olsen, JH (1999). The Danish National Hospital Register. A valuable source of data for modern health sciences. Danish Medical Bulletin 46, 263–268.Google Scholar
Arseneault, L, Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A, Taylor, PJ, Silva, PA (2000). Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: results from the Dunedin Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 979–986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, PA, Mednick, SA, Hodgins, S (2000). Major mental disorders and criminal violence in a Danish birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 494–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choe, JY, Teplin, LA, Abram, KM (2008). Perpetration of violence, violent victimization, and severe mental illness: balancing public health concerns. Psychiatric Services 59, 153–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clayton, D, Hills, M (1993). Statistical Models in Epidemiology. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Coid, JW, Ullrich, S, Kallis, C, Keers, R, Barker, D, Cowden, F, Stamps, R (2013). The relationship between delusions and violence: findings from the east London First Episode Psychosis Study. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 465–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalsgaard, S, Mortensen, PB, Frydenberg, M, Thomsen, PH (2013). Long-term criminal outcome of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH 23, 86–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, K, Mortensen, PB, Stevens, H, Murray, RM, Walsh, E, Agerbo, E (2012). Criminal conviction among offspring with parental history of mental disorder. Psychological Medicine 42, 571–581.Google Scholar
Dean, K, Stevens, H, Mortensen, PB, Murray, RM, Walsh, E, Pedersen, CB (2010). Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 822–829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elbogen, EB, Johnson, SC (2009). The intricate link between violence and mental disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 152–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fazel, S, Grann, M (2004). Psychiatric morbidity among homicide offenders: a Swedish population study. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 2129–2131.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Gulati, G, Linsell, L, Geddes, JR, Grann, M (2009 a). Schizophrenia and violence: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine 6, e1000120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fazel, S, Långström, N, Hjern, A, Grann, M, Lichtenstein, P, Langstrom, N (2009 b). Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA 301, 2016–2023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fazel, S, Lichtenstein, P, Grann, M, Goodwin, GM, Langstrom, N (2010). Bipolar disorder and violent crime: new evidence from population-based longitudinal studies and systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 931–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, DM, Horwood, LJ, Ridder, EM (2005). Show me the child at seven: the consequences of conduct problems in childhood for psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 46, 837–849.Google Scholar
Grann, M, Fazel, S (2004). Substance misuse and violent crime: Swedish population study. British Medical Journal 328, 1233–1234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenland, S (2008). Applications of stratified analysis methods. In Modern Epidemiology, 3rd edn. (ed. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S. and Lash, T. L.), pp. 283–302. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar
Hansen, SS, Munk-Jørgensen, P, Guldbaek, B, Solgård, T, Lauszus, KS, Albrechtsen, N, Borg, L, Egander, A, Faurholdt, K, Gilberg, A, Gosden, NP, Lorenzen, J, Richelsen, B, Weischer, K, Bertelsen, A (2000). Psychoactive substance use diagnoses among psychiatric in-patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102, 432–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgins, S, Janson, C-G (2002). Criminality and Violence Among the Mentally Disordered: The Stockholm Metropolitan Project, pp. 108–140. Cambridge University Press: West Nyack, NY.Google Scholar
Hodgins, S, Mednick, SA, Brennan, PA, Schulsinger, F, Engberg, M (1996). Mental disorder and crime: evidence from a Danish birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 489–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodgins, S, Tiihonen, J, Ross, D (2005). The consequences of conduct disorder for males who develop schizophrenia: associations with criminality, aggressive behavior, substance use, and psychiatric services. Schizophrenia Research 78, 323–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jakobsen, KD, Frederiksen, JN, Hansen, T, Jansson, LB, Parnas, J, Werge, T (2005). Reliability of clinical ICD-10 schizophrenia diagnoses. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 59, 209–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, MF, Greve, V, Høyer, G, Spencer, M (2006). The Principal Danish Criminal Acts, 3rd edn. DJØF Publishing: Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Kessing, LV (1998). Validity of diagnoses and other clinical register data in patients with affective disorder. European Psychiatry 13, 392–398.Google Scholar
Kooyman, I, Walsh, E, Stevens, H, Burns, T, Tyrer, P, Tattan, T, Dean, K (2012). Criminal offending before and after the onset of psychosis: examination of an offender typology. Schizophrenia Research 140, 198–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Látalová, K (2009). Bipolar disorder and aggression. International Journal of Clinical Practice 63, 889–899.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsay, WR, Dernevik, M (2013). Risk and offenders with intellectual disabilities: reappraising Hodgins (1992) classic study. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 23, 151–157.Google Scholar
Mors, O, Perto, GP, Mortensen, PB (2011). The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 39, 54–57.Google Scholar
Pedersen, CB, Gotzsche, H, Moller, JO, Mortensen, PB (2006). The Danish Civil Registration System. A cohort of eight million persons. Danish Medical Bulletin 53, 441–449.Google ScholarPubMed
Phung, TKT, Andersen, BB, Høgh, P, Kessing, LV, Mortensen, PB, Waldemar, G (2007). Validity of dementia diagnoses in the Danish hospital registers. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 24, 220–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, PC, Monahan, J, Silver, E (2003). Mental disorder, violence, and gender. Law and Human Behavior 27, 561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Statistics Denmark (2007). Integrated Database for Labour Market Research (IDA). Statistics Denmark Press: Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Stevens, H, Agerbo, E, Dean, K, Nordentoft, M, Nielsen, PR, Mortensen, PB (2012). Offending prior to first psychiatric contact: a population-based register study. Psychological Medicine 42, 2673–2684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swanson, JW, Holzer, CE, Ganju, VK, Jono, RT (1990). Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, 761–770.Google Scholar
Tiihonen, J, Isohanni, M, Räsänen, P, Koiranen, M, Moring, J, Rasanen, P (1997). Specific major mental disorders and criminality: a 26-year prospective study of the 1966 northern Finland birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 840–845.Google ScholarPubMed
Van Dorn, RA, Volavka, J, Johnson, N (2012). Mental disorder and violence: is there a relationship beyond substance use? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, 487–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, C, Mullen, PE, Burgess, P (2004). Criminal offending in schizophrenia over a 25-year period marked by deinstitutionalization and increasing prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 716–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessely, SC, Castle, D, Douglas, AJ, Taylor, PJ (1994). The criminal careers of incident cases of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 24, 483–502.Google Scholar
Winsper, C, Singh, SP, Marwaha, S, Amos, T, Lester, H, Everard, L, Jones, P, Fowler, D, Marshall, M, Lewis, S, Sharma, V, Freemantle, N, Birchwood, M (2013). Pathways to violent behavior during first-episode psychosis: a report from the UK National EDEN Study. JAMA Psychiatry 70, 1287–1293.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1982). Klassification af sygdomme, 8. revision (Classification of Diseases, 8th revision). Sundhedsstyrrelsen: Copenhagen.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar