Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T20:45:06.080Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neuroendocrine tests of monoamine function in man: a review of basic theory and its application to the study of depressive illness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

S. A. Checkley
S. A. Checkley*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr S. A. Checkley, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

Neuroendocrine tests are now available for studying monoamine function in the brains of patients with mental illness. Great care is required in the selection of drugs which act upon specific monoamine receptors to produce specific hormonal responses. Equal care is required in the control of biological variables which may influence hormonal release.

Recently reported neuroendocrine studies of depressive illness are assessed in these terms. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that there is defective noradrenergic function in the brains of some patients with depressive illness.

Type
Research Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , February 1980 , pp. 35 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acs, Z. & Stark, E. (1978). Possible role of gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis in the mechanism of dexamethasone feedback action. Journal of Endocrinology 77, 137–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahlqvist, R. P. (1948). A study of the adrenotrophic receptors. American Journal of Physiology 153 586–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altman, N., Sachar, E. J., Gruen, P. H., Halpern, F. & Eto, S. (1975). Reduced plasma LH concentration in postmenopausal depressed women. Psychosomatic Medicine 37, 274–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barraclough, C. A. & Sawyer, C. H. (1959). Induction of pseudopregnancy in the rat by reserpine and chlorpromazine. Endocrinology 65, 563–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, W., Hancke, J. L. & Wittke, W. (1978). Increased sensitivity of dopaminergic inhibition of luteinising hormone release in immature and castrated female rats. Endocrinology 102, 837–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benkert, O., Laakmann, G., Souvotzoglou, A. & von Werder, K. (1973). Missing indicator function of growth hormone and luteinising hormone blood levels for dopamine and serotonin concentration in human brain. Journal of Neural Transmission 34, 291–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besser, G. M. & Edwards, C. R. W. (1972). Cushing's syndrome. Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism 1, 451–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besser, G. M., Butler, P. W. P., Landon, J. & Rees, L. (1969). Influence of amphetamines on plasma corticosteroid and growth hormone levels in man. British Medical Journal iv, 528–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besser, G. M., Parke, L., Edwards, C. R. W., Forsyth, I. A. & McNeilly, A. S. (1972). Galactorrhoea: successful treatment with reduction of plasma prolactin levels by bromo-ergocryptine. British Medical Journal iii, 669–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bevan, P., Bradshaw, C. M. & Szabadi, E. (1977). The pharmacology of adrenergic neuronal responses in the cerebral cortex: evidence of excitatory and inhibitory receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology 59, 635–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bivens, C. H., Lebovitz, H. E. & Feldman, J. M. (1973). Inhibition of hypoglycaemia-induced growth hormone secretion by the serotonin antagonists cyproheptidine and methysergide. New England Journal of Medicine 289, 236–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackard, W. G. & Heidingsfelder, S. A. (1968). Adrenergic receptor control mechanism for growth hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Investigation 47, 1407–1414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackard, W. G. & Waddel, C. C. (1969). Cholinergic blockade and growth hormone responsiveness to insulin hypoglycaemia. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 131, 192–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, A. E., Lebovitz, H. E. & Pfeiffer, J. B. (1970). Stimulation of human growth hormone secretion by L-dopa. New England Journal of Medicine 283, 1425–1429.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brauman, H. & Gregoire, F. (1975). The growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in anorexia nervosa and control underweight normal subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 5, 289–295.Google ScholarPubMed
Bray, G. A., Whipp, B. J., Koyal, S. N. & Wasserman, K. (1977). Some respiratory and metabolic effects of exercise in moderately obese men. Metabolism 26, 403–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridges, P. K. (1973). Methods of assessing patients for psychosurgery and their outcome after operation. Psychiatria, Neurologia, Neurochirugia 76, 335–344.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. M., Seggie, J. A., Chambers, J. W. & Ettigi, P. G. (1978). Psychoneuroendocrinology and growth hormone: a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 3, 131–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, W. A., Corriveau, D. P. & Ebert, M. H. (1978). Acute psychologic and neuroendocrine effects of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacology 58, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, W. A., Johnston, R. & Mayfleld, D. (1979). The 24-hour dexamethasone suppression test in a clinical setting: relationship to diagnosis, symptoms and response to treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 136, 543–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckler, J. H. M., Hold, A. M., Taberner, M. & London, D. R. (1969). Modification of normal responses to arginine by alpha-adrenergic blockade. British Medical Journal iii, 153–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, J. K. (1976). Plasma ACTH levels during human pregnancy. Journal of Physiology (London) 259, 51P–52P.Google ScholarPubMed
Burrow, G. N., May, P. B., Spaulding, S. W. & Donabedian, R. K. (1977). TRH and dopamine interactions affecting pituitary hormone Secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 45, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, P. W. P. & Besser, G. M. (1968). Pituitary adrenal function in severe depressive illness. Lancet i, 1234–1236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, P. W. P., Besser, G. M. & Steinberg, H. (1968). Changes in plasma cortisol induced by dexamphetamine and chlordiazepoxide given alone and in combination in man. Journal of Endocrinology 40, 391–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camanni, F., Massara, F., Belforte, L. & Molinatti, G. M. (1975). Changes in plasma growth hormone levels in normal and acromegalic subjects following administration of 2-bromo-α-ergocryptine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 40, 363–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Camanni, F., Massara, F., Belforte, L., Rosatello, A. & Molinatti, G. M. (1977). Effect of dopamine on growth hormone and prolactin levels in normals and acromegalic subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 44, 465–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, H. E. & Ippoliti, A. F. (1977). Cimetidine, an H2-antihistamine stimulates prolactin secretion in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 45, 367–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, M. W. P., Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1965). The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. British Journal of Psychiatry 111, 659–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, W. T. Jr & Bunney, W. E. Jr (1971). Adrenal cortical activity in depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 128, 31–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J. (1969). Hypothalamic–pituitary function in depressive illness: insensitivity to hypoglycaemia. British Medical Journal iii, 27–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, B. J. (1972). The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in depression. In Depressive Illness: Some Research Studies (ed. Davis, B., Carroll, B. J. and Mowbray, R. M.), pp. 23–201. Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, Ill.Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J. (1976). Limbic system – adrenal cortex regulation in depression and schizophrenia. Psychosomatic Medicine 38, 106–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J. (1978). Neuroendocrine function in psychiatric disorders. In Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress (ed. Lipton, M. A., DiMascio, A. and Killam, K. F.), pp. 487–497. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J. & Mendels, J. (1976). Neuroendocrine regulation in affective disorders, In Hormones, Behaviour and Psychopathology (ed. Sachar, E. J.), pp. 193–224. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Carroll, B. J., Martin, F. I. R. & Davies, B. M., (1968). Resistance to suppression by dexamethasone of plasma 11-OHCS levels in severe depressive illness. British Medical Journal iii, 285–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, B. J., Curtis, G. C.Davies, B. M., Mendels, J. & Sugerman, A. A. (1976 a). Urinary free cortisol excretion in depression. Psychological Medicine 6, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J., Curtis, G. C. & Mendels, J. (1976 b). Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. I. Limbic system – adrenocortical dysfunction. Archives of General Psychiatry 33, 1039–1044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J., Curtis, G. C. & Mendels, J. (1976 c). Neuroendocrine regulation in depression. II. Discrimination of depressed from non-depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 33, 1051–1058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, B. J., Greden, J. F., Rubin, R. T., Haskett, E., Feinberg, M. & Schteingart, D. (1978). Neurotransmitter mechanism of neuroendocrine disturbance in depression. Acta Endocrinologica Supplement no. 220, 14.Google Scholar
Cashmore, G. C., Davies, C. T. M. & Few, J. D. (1977). Relationship between increases in cortisol concentration and rate of cortisol secretion during exercise in man. Journal of Endocrinology 72, 109–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspar, R. C., Davis, J. M., Pandey, G. N., Garver, D. L. & Dekirmenjian, H. (1977). Neuroendocrine and amine studies in affective illness. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2, 105–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavagnini, F., Pontiroli, A. E., Raggi, U., Peracchi, M. & Malinverni, A. (1973). Failure of amantidine to modify serum growth hormone and insulin levels. Experientia 29, 573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavagnini, F., Panerai, A. E., Valentini, F., Bulgheroni, P., Peracchi, M. & Pinto, M. (1975). Inhibition of ACTH response to oral and intravenous metyrapone by antiserotoninergic treatment in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 41, 143–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cavagnini, F., Raggi, U., Micossi, P., di Landro, A. & Invitti, C. (1976). Effect of an antiserotonergic drug metergoline on the ACTH and cortisol response to insulin hypoglycaemia and lysine-vasopressin in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 43, 306–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavagnini, F., Di Landro, A., Invitti, C., Raggi, V., Alessandrini, P., Pinto, M., Girotti, G. & Vigo, P. (1977 a). Effects of acetylsalicyclic acid and indomethacin on growth hormone secretion in man. Metabolism 26, 193–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavagnini, F., Invitti, C., di Landro, A., Tenconi, L., Maraschini, C. & Girotti, G. (1977 b). Effects of a gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative, baclofen, on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 45, 579–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chalmers, R. J., Bennie, E. H., Johnson, R. H. & Kinnell, H. G. (1977). The growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in alcoholics. Psychological Medicine 6, 607–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J. W. & Brown, G. M. (1976). Neurotransmitter regulation of growth hormone and ACTH in the rhesus monkey: effects of biogenic amines. Endocrinology 98, 420–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checkley, S. A. (1978). A new distinction between the euphoric and the antidepressant effects of methylamphetamine. British Journal of Psychiatry 133 416–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checkley, S. A. (1979). Corticosteroid and growth hormone responses to methylamphetamine in depressive illness. Psychological Medicine 9, 107–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checkley, S. A. & Crammer, J. L. (1977). Hormonal responses to methylamphetamine in depression: a new approach to the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry 131, 582–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chihara, K., Kato, Y., Maeda, K., Matsukura, S. & Imura, H. (1976). Suppression by cyproheptidine of human growth hormone and cortisol secretion during sleep. Journal of Clinical Investigation 57, 1393–1402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collu, I., Jequier, J.-C., Leboeuf, G., Letarte, J. & Ducharme, J. R. (1975). Endocrine effects of pimozide, a specific dopaminergic blocker. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 41, 981–984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, C. K., Gore, M. B. R., Stanley, N. & Wills, M. R. (1968). Single dose dexamethasone suppression in normal subjects and hospital patients. British Medical Journal ii, 665–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppen, A. & Ghose, K. (1978). Peripheral α adrenoceptor and central dopamine receptor activity in depressive patients. Psychopharmacology 59, 171–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppola, J. A., Lenoard, R. G., Lippman, W., Perrini, J. & Ringler, I. (1965). Induction of pseudopregnancy in rats by depletors of endogenous catecholamines. Endocrinology 77, 485–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costain, D. W. & Green, A. R. (1978). β-Adrenoceptor antagonists inhibit the behavioural responses of rats to increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. British Journal of Pharmacology 64, 193–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, M., Cederbaum, J. M., Aghajanian, G. K. & Gendèlman, D. S. (1977). Effects of clonidine on habituation and sensitization of acoustic startle in normal, decerebrate and locus coeruleus lesioned rats. Psychopharmacology 51, 243–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deakin, J. F. W. & Green, A. R. (1978). The effects of putative 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists on the behaviour produced by administration of tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan or tranylcypromine and L-dopa in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 64, 201–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Freites, F. G., van Kammen, D. P. & Bunney, W. E. (1978). Acute neuroendocrine effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Presented at the 9th Congress of the International Society of Psychoendocrinology, Dublin.Google Scholar
Delitala, G., Masala, A., Alagna, S. & Devilla, L. (1975). Effect of cyproheptadine on the spontaneous diurnal variations of plasma ACTH-cortisol and ACTH-GH secretion induced by L-dopa. Biomedical Express 23, 406–409.Google ScholarPubMed
Edwards, C. R. W. (1977). Vasopressin. In Clinical Neuroendocrinology (ed. Martini, L. and Besser, G. M.), pp. 527–568. Academic Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrensing, R. H., Kastin, A. J., Schalch, D. S., Friesen, H. G., Vargas, J. R. & Schally, A. V. (1974). Affective states and thyrotropin and prolactin responses after repeated injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 131, 714–778.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endo, M., Endo, J., Nishikubo, M., Yamaguchi, T.,&Hototani, N. (1974). Endocrine studies in depression. In Psychoneuroendocrinology.Workshop Conference of the International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology (ed. Hatotani, N.), pp. 22–31. S. Karger: Basel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enjalbert, A., Hamon, M., Bourgoin, S. & Brockaert, J. (1978). Post-synaptic serotonin sensitive adenylate cyclase in central nervous system. II. Comparison with dopamine and isoproterenol-sensitive adenylates in rat brain. Molecular Pharmacology 14, 11–23.Google Scholar
Estler, C. J. (1975). Effect of amphetamine-type psychostimulants on brain metabolism. Advances in Pharmacology and Therapeutics 13, 305–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrari, C., Caldara, R., Romussi, M., Rampini, P., Telloli, P., Zaatar, S. & Curtarelli, G. (1978). Prolactin suppression by serotonin antagonists in man; further evidence for serotonergic control of prolactin secretion. Neuroendocrinology 25, 319–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finch, L., Harvey, C. A., Hicks, P. E. & Owen, D. A. A. (1978). Clonidine-induced hypotension: further evidence for a central interaction with histamine H2 receptor antagonists in the rat. Neuropharmacology 17, 307–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelstein, J. W., Roffwarg, H. P., Boyar, R. M., Kream, J. & Hellman, L. (1972). Age related change in the twenty-four hour spontaneous secretion of growth hormone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 35, 665–670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frantz, A. G., Kleinberg, D. L. & Noel, G. L. (1972). Studies on prolactin in man. Recent Progress in Hormone Research 28, 527–559.Google ScholarPubMed
Frazer, A. (1975). Adrenergic responses in depression: implications for a receptor defect. In Biological Psychiatry (ed. Mendels, J.), pp. 7–26. Wiley: New York.Google Scholar
Friedhoff, A. J. & Alpert, M. (1978). Receptor sensitivity modification: a new treatment. In Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress (ed. Lipton, M. A., Di Mascio, A. and Killam, K. F.), pp. 797–802. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Fuxe, K., Butcher, L. L. & Engel, J. (1971). DL-5-hydroxy-tryptophan induced changes in central monoamine neurons after peripheral decarboxylase inhibition. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 23, 420–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genazzani, A. R., Lemarchand-Beraud, T., Aubert, M. C. & Felber, J. P. (1975). Pattern of plasma ACTH, GH and cortisol during menstrual cycle. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 41, 431–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, W. F., Husain, M., Lock, J. P. & Katz, F. H. (1976). Failure of cyproheptadine to inhibit vasopressinstimulated cortisol release in a patient with Cushing's disease. Hormone Research 7, 308–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, J. L. (1964). Cortisol secretion rate in depressive illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 10, 572–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, J. L. (1966). The secretion rate of corticosterone in depressive illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 10, 263–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, J. C. & Goldberg, L. I. (1975). Characterization by cyproheptadine of the dopamine-induced contraction of canine isolated arteries. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 193, 435–442.Google ScholarPubMed
Gnodde, H. P. & Schuiling, G. A. (1976). Involvement of catecholaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the pulsatile release of LH in the long term ovariectomized rat. Neuroendocrinology 20, 212–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gold, P. W., Goodwin, F. K., Wehr, T., Rebar, R. & Sack, R. (1976). Growth hormone and prolactin response to L-dopa in affective illness. Lancet ii, 1308–1309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, W., Conran, G., Schalch, D. & Schreiner, B. F. (1970). Psychological correlates of growth hormone and adrenal secretory responses in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Psychosomatic Medicine 32, 599–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregoire, F., Brauman, H., de Buck, R. & Corvilain, J. (1977). Hormone release in depressed patients before and after recovery. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2, 303–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruen, P. H., Sachar, E. J., Altman, N. & Sassin, J. (1975). Growth hormone responses to hypoglycaemia in post- menopausal depressed women. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 31–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haefely, W. E. (1978). Central actions of benzodiazepines: general introduction. British Journal of Psychiatry 133, 231–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haigler, H. J. & Aghajanian, G. K. (1977). Serotonin receptors in the brain. Federation Proceedings 36, 2159–2164.Google ScholarPubMed
Handwerger, S., Plonk, J. W., Lebovitz, H. E., Bivens, C. H. & Feldman, J. M. (1975). Failure of 5-hydroxytryptophan to stimulate prolactin and growth hormone secretion in man. Hormone Research 6, 214–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayek, A. & Crawford, J. D. (1972). L-dopa and pituitary hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 34, 764–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heidingsfelder, G. V. & Blackard, W. G. (1968). Adrenergic control mechanism of vasopressin-induced plasma growth hormone response. Metabolism 17, 1019–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hetzel, W. D. & Laepple, H. D. (1978). The effect of combined administration of sulpiride and bromocryptine on the hypophyseal–gonadal feedback mechanism in healthy males. Acta Endocrinologica Scandinavica Supplement 215, 94–95.Google Scholar
Imura, H., Nakai, Y., Kato, Y., Hoshimoto, Y. & Moridera, K. (1973 a). Effect of adrenergic drugs on growth hormone and ACTH secretion. In Endocrinology.Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Endocrinology (ed. Scow, R. O.), pp. 156–162. Excerpta Medica: New York.Google Scholar
Imura, H., Nakai, V. & Yoshimi, T. (1973 b). Effect of 5- hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on growth hormone and ACTH release in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 36, 204–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, H., Momose, G., Katayama, T., Tagashi, H., Ito, L., Nakajima, H. & Nakai, V. (1971). Effect of prostaglandin on the secretion of human growth hormone. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, 857–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacoby, J. H., Poulakos, J. J. & Bryce, G. F. (1978). On the central anti-serotonergic actions of cyproheptidine and methysergide. Psychopharmacology 17, 299–306.Google Scholar
Kamberi, I. A., Mical, R. S. & Porter, J. C. (1970). Prolactin inhibiting activity in hypophysial stalk blood and elevation of dopamine. Experientia 26, 1150–1151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kansal, P. C., Buse, J., Talbert, O. R. & Buse, M. G. (1972). The effect of L-dopa on plasma growth hormone, insulin and thyroxine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 34, 99–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kato, Y., Nakai, Y., Imura, H., Chihara, K. & Ohgo, S. (1974). Effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on plasma prolactin levels in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 38, 695–697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kierkegaard, C., Norlem, N., Lauridson, U. B. & Bjorum, N. (1975). Prognostic value of the thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 52, 170–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, S., Sherman, L., Kolodny, H. D., Benjamin, F. & Singh, A. (1972). Attenuation by haloperidol of human serum growth hormone response to insulin. Clinical Research 19, 718.Google Scholar
Krieger, D. T. (1975). Rhythms of ACTH and corticosteroid secretion in health and disease and their experimental modification. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 6, 785–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krieger, D., Allen, W., Rizzo, F. & Krieger, H. P. (1971). Characterization of the normal temporal pattern of plasma corticosteroid levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, 266–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuku, S. F., Child, D. F., Nader, S. & Frazer, T. A. (1975). Thyrotropin and prolactin responsiveness to thyrotropin releasing hormone in Cushing's disease. Clinical Endocrinology 4, 437–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laakmann, von G. & Benkert, O. (1978). Neuroendokrinologie und Psychopharmaka. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research 28, 1277–1280.Google Scholar
Laakmann, von G., Benkert, O., Neulinger, E., Werder, K. V. & Erhardt, F. (1978). Beeinflussung der Hypophysen-Vorderlappen-hormon-Sekretion nach akuter und chronischer Gabe von Desipramin. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research 28, 1292–1294.Google Scholar
Lachelin, G. G. L., Leblanc, H. & Yen, S. S. C. (1977). The inhibitory effect of dopamine agonists on LH release in women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 44, 728–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, S., de la Vega, S. E., Sourkes, T. L. & Friesen, H. G. (1973). Effect of apomorphine on growth hormone, prolactin, luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone levels in human serum. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 37, 719–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, S., Tolis, G., Martin, J. B., Brown, G. M. & Guyda, H. (1975). Effect of clonidine on growth hormone, prolactin, luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone in the serum of normal men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 41, 827–832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, S., Guyda, H. & Bikadoroff, S. (1977). Effect of methysergide and pimozide on apomorphine-induced growth hormone secretion in men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 44, 766–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lancranjan, I. & Marbach, P. (1977). New evidence for growth hormone modulation by the α-adrenergic system in man. Metabolism 26, 1225–1230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lancranjan, I., del Pozo, E. & Ohnhaus, E. (1978). Inhibitory effect of guanfacine, a central α-adrenoceptor agonist, on prolactin secretion stimulated by insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 47, 671–674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langer, G., Heinze, C., Reim, B. & Matussek, N. (1976). Reduced growth hormone responses to amphetamine in ‘endogenous’ depressive patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 33, 1471–1475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langer, G., Sachar, E. J., Halpern, F. S., Gruen, P. H. & Solomon, M. (1977). The prolactin response to neuroleptic drugs; a test of dopaminergic blockade: neuroendocrine studies in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 45, 996–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langer, G., Sachar, E. J. & Halpern, F. S. (1978). Effect of dopamine and neuroleptics on plasma growth hormone and prolactin in normal men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 3, 165–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lasagna, L., von Felsinger, J. M. & Beecher, H. K. (1955). Drug-induced mood changes in man. I. Observations on healthy subjects, chronically ill patients and ‘post-addicts’. Journal of the American Medical Association 157, 1006–1020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leblanc, H., Lachelin, G. C. L., Abu-Fadil, S. & Yen, S. S. C. (1976). Effect of dopamine infusion on pituitary hormone secretion in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 43, 668–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leebaw, W. F., Lee, L. A. & Woolf, P. D. (1978). Dopamine affects basal and augmented pituitary hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 47, 480–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leppaluoto, J., Mannisto, P., Ranta, T. & Linnoila, M. (1976). Inhibition of mid-cycle gonadotrophin release in healthy women by pimozide and fusaric acid. Acta Endocrinologica (Copenhagen) 81, 455–460.Google ScholarPubMed
Loosen, P. J., Prange, A. J., Wilson, I. C., Lara, P. P. & Pettus, C. (1977). Thyroid-stimulating hormone response after thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depressed, schizophrenic and normal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2, 137–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lucke, C. & Glick, S. (1971). Experimental modification of the sleep-induced peak of growth hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 32, 729–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maclndoe, J. H. & Turkington, R. W. (1973). Stimulation of human prolactin secretion by intravenous infusion of L-tryptophan. Journal of Clinical Investigation 52, 1972–1978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macleod, R. M. & Lehemeyer, J. E. (1974). Studies on the mechanism of the dopamine-mediated inhibition of prolactin secretion. Endocrinology 94, 1077–1085.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maeda, K., Kato, Y., Ongo, S., Chihara, K., Yoshimoto, Y., Yamaguchi, N., Kuromaru, S. & Imura, H. (1975). Growth hormone and prolactin release after injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in patients with depression. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 40, 501–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marantz, R., Sachar, E. J., Weitzman, E. & Sassin, J. (1977). Cortisol and GH responses to D- and L-amphetamine in monkeys. Endocrinology 99, 459–465.Google Scholar
Martin, J. B. (1976). Brain regulation of growth hormone secretion. In Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (ed. Martini, L. and Ganong, W. F.), pp. 129–168. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Martini, L. & Besser, G. M. (eds.) (1977). Clinical Neuroendocrinology. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Masala, A., Delitala, G., Alagna, S. & Devilla, L. (1977). Effect of pimozide on levodopa-induced growth hormone release in man. Clinical Endocrinology 7, 253–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masala, A., Delitala, G., Alagna, S., Devilla, L., Rovasio, P. P. & Lotti, G. (1978 a). Effect of dopaminergic blockade on the secretion of growth hormone and prolactin in man. Metabolism 27, 921–926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masala, A., Delitala, G., Devilla, L., Alagna, S. & Rovasio, P. P. (1978 b). Effects of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin secretion in man. IRCS Medical Science: Endocrine System 6, 200.Google Scholar
Mason, J. W. (1968). A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary–adrenal cortical system. Psychosomatic Medicine 30, 576–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massara, F., Camanni, F., Belforte, L. & Molinatti, G. M. (1976). Dopamine induced inhibition of prolactin and growth hormone secretion in acromegely. Lancet i, 485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matussek, N. (1978). Neuroendokrinologische Untersuchungen bei depressiven Syndromen. Der Nervenarzt 49, 569–575.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H. Y., Goode, D. G. & Fang, V. S. (1978). The effects of psychotropic drugs on endocrine function. I. Neuroleptics, precursors and agonists. In Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress (ed. Lipton, M. A., Mascio, A. Di and Killam, K. F.), pp. 509–529. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Mendelson, W. B., Jacobs, L. S., Reichman, J. D., Othmer, E., Cryer, P. E., Trivedi, B. & Daughaday, W. H. (1975). Suppression of sleep related prolactin secretion and enhancement of sleep related growth hormone secretion by methysergide. Journal of Clinical Investigation 56, 690–697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merimee, T. J., Rabinovitz, D. & Fineberg, S. E. (1969). Arginine initiated release of growth hormone. New England Journal of Medicine 280, 1434–1438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, K. E. (1977). The actions of amphetamines on neurotransmitters: a brief review. Biological Psychiatry 12, 451–462.Google ScholarPubMed
Mueller, G. P., Simpkins, J., Meites, J. & Moore, K. E. (1976). Differential effects of dopamine agonists and haloperidol on release of prolactin thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone and luteinizing hormone in rats. Neuroendocrinology 20, 121–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, E. E., Brambilla, F., Cavagnini, F., Peracchi, M. & Panerai, A. (1974). Slight effect of L-tryptophan on growth hormone release in normal human subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 39, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muller, E. E., Nistoco, G. & Scapagnini, U. (1977). Neurotransmitters and Pituitary Function. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Nakai, Y., Imura, H., Yoshimi, T. & Matsukura, S. (1973). Adrenergic control mechanism for ACTH secretion in man. Acta Endocrinologica 74, 263–270.Google ScholarPubMed
Nakai, Y., Imura, H., Sakurai, H., Kurahachi, H. & Yoshimi, T. (1974). Effect of cyproheptidine on human growth hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 38, 446–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nistico, G., Trimarchi, F. & Consolo, F. (1977). Prolactin rise after fall in blood-pressure. Lancet ii, 1364–1365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noel, G. L., Suh, H. K., Stone, J. G. & Frantz, A. G. (1972). Human prolactin and growth hormone release during surgery and other conditions of stress. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 35, 840–851.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ojeda, S. R., Harms, P. G. & McCann, S. M. (1974). Effect of blockade of dopaminergic receptors on prolactin and LH release: median eminence and pituitary sites of action. Endocrinology 94, 1650–1657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otsuki, M., Dakoda, M. & Baba, S. (1973). Influence of glucocorticoids on TRF-induced TSH response in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 36, 95–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmblad, J., Levi, L. & Bergen, A. (1977). Effect of total energy withdrawal (fasting) on the levels of growth hormone, thyrotrophin, cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline, T4, T3 and RT3 in healthy males. Acta Medica Scandinavica 201, 15–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez-Reyes, M. (1972). Differences in the capacity of the sympathetic and endocrine systems of depressed patients to react to a physiological stress. In Recent Advances in the Psychobiology of the Depressive Illnesses (ed. Williams, T., Katz, M. and Shield, J. Jr), pp. 131–135. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Platman, S. R. & Fieve, R. R. (1968). Lithium carbonate and plasma cortisol response in the affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 18, 591–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plonk, J. W., Bivens, C. H. & Feldman, J. M. (1974). Inhibition of hypoglycaemia induced cortisol secretion by the serotonin antagonist cyproheptidine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 38, 836–840.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plotnik, L. P., Thompson, R. G., Kowarski, A., De Larcerda, L., Migeon, C. J. & Blizzard, R. M. (1975). Integrated concentrations of growth hormone correlated with stage of puberty and estrogen levels in girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 38, 436–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pontiroli, A. E., Viberti, G. G., Vicari, A. & Pozza, G. (1976). Effect of antihistamine agents meclastine and dexchlorphreniramine on the response of human growth hormone to arginine infusion and insulin hypoglycaemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 43, 582–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randrup, A. & Braestrup, P. (1977). Uptake inhibitions of biogenic amines by newer antidepressant drugs: relevance to the dopamine hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology 53,309–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, L., Butler, P. W. P., Gosling, C. & Besser, G. M. (1970). Adrenergic blockade and the corticosteroid and growth hormone responses to methylamphetamine. Nature 228, 565–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinberg, A., Apfelbaum, M., Assan, R. & Lacatis, D. (1974). Persisting circadian rhythm in insulin, glucagon, cortisol, etc. of healthy women during caloric restriction (protein diet). In Chronobiology (ed. Scheving, L., Halber, F. and Pauly, J. E.), pp. 88–93. Igaku Shoin: Tokyo.Google ScholarPubMed
Rieder, J. & Wendt, G. (1973). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the hypnotic nitrazepam. In The Benzodiazepines (ed. Garattini, S., Mussini, E. and Randall, L. O.), pp. 99–128. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Rinieris, P. M., Christodoulou, G. N., Souvatzoglou, A. M., Koutras, D. A. & Stephanis, C. N. (1978). Free thyroxine index in psychotic and neurotic depression. Acta Pscychiatrica Scandinavica 58, 56–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachar, E. J. (1978). Neuroendocrine responses to psychotropic drugs. In Psychopharmacology: a Generation of Progress (ed. Lipton, M. A., Di Mascio, A. and Killam, K. F.), pp. 499–507. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Finkelstein, J. & Hellman, L. (1971). Growth hormone responses in depressive illness. I. Responses to insulin tolerance test. Archives of General Psychiatry 25, 263–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Hellman, L., Roffwarg, H., Halpern, F., Fukushima, S. & Gallagher, T. (1973 a). Disrupted 24-hour patterns of cortisol secretion in psychotic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 28, 29–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachar, E. J., Frantz, A. B., Altman, N. & Sassin, J. (1973 b). Growth hormone and prolactin in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients. Responses to hypoglycaemia and L-dopa. American Journal of Psychiatry 130, 1362–1367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachar, E. J., Altman, N., Gruen, P. H., Glassman, A., Halpern, F. S. & Sassin, J. (1975). Human growth hormone response to L-dopa in relation to menopause, depression and plasma level of L-dopa. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 502–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachar, E. J., Gruen, P. H., Altman, N., Halpern, F. S. & Frantz, A. G. (1976). Use of neuroendocrine techniques in psychopharmacological research. In Hormones, Behaviour and Psychopathology (ed. Sachar, E. J.), pp. 161–176. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Sakuma, M. & Knobil, E. (1970). Inhibition of endogenous growth hormone secretion by exogenous growth hormone infusion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 86, 890–894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santen, R. J. & Bardin, C. W. (1913). Episodic luteinizing hormone secretion in man: pulse analysis, clinical interpretation, physiologic mechanisms. Journal of Clinical Investigation 52, 2617–2628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlesser, M. A., Winokur, G. & Sherman, B. M. (1979). Genetic subtypes of unipolar primary depressive illness distinguished by hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity. Lancet i, 739–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, J. C., Costentin, J., Martres, M. P., Protais, P. & Baudry, M. (1978). Modulation of receptor mechanisms in the CNS hyper- and hypo-sensitivity to catecholamines. Neuropharnacology 17, 665–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwinn, C., Schwark, H., McIntosh, C., Milstrey, H. R., Wills, B. & Kobberling, J. (1976). Effect of dopamine receptor blocking agent pimozide on the growth hormone response to arginine and exercise and the spontaneous growth hormone fluctuations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 43, 1183–1185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sfakinakis, G. N., George, J. M. & Riccobond, X. J. (1975). Effect of illness on growth hormone response to intravenous glucose. Journal of Chronic Diseases 28, 91–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shopsin, B. & Gershon, S. (1971). Plasma cortisol response to dexamethasone in depressed and control patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 24, 320–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smalstig, E. B., Sawyer, B. D. & Clemens, J. A. (1974). Inhibition of rat prolactin release by apomorphine in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 95, 123–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smythe, G. A. (1977). The role of serotonin and dopamine in hypothalamic pituitary function. Clinical Endocrinology 7, 325–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smythe, G. A. & Lazarus, L. (1974). Suppression of human growth hormone secretion by melatonin and cyproheptidine. Journal of Clinical Investigation 54, 116–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smythe, G. A., Compton, P. J. & Lazarus, L. (1976). Serotonergic control of human growth hormone secretion: the actions of L-dopa and 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine. In Growth Hormone and Related Peptides (ed. Pecile, A. and Muller, E. E.), pp. 222–225. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Stone, C. L., Wenger, H. C., Ludden, C. T., Stravorski, J. M. & Ross, C. A. (1961). Antiserotonin–antihistaminic properties of cyproheptidine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 131, 73–84.Google Scholar
Strauch, G., Valcke, J. C., Mahoudeau, J. A. & Bricaire, H. (1977). Hormonal changes induced by bromocriptine (CB-154) at the early stage of treatment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 44, 588–590.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, W. A., Delitala, G., Jones, A., Jeffcoate, W. J., Edwards, C. R. W. & Ratter, S. J. (1978). Hormonal and metabolic responses to an enkephalin analogue in normal man. Lancet ii, 1225–1227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulser, F., Vetulani, J. & Mobley, P. L. (1978). Mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Biochemical Pharmacology 27, 257–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahara, J., Yunoki, S., Yakushiji, W., Yamanchi, J., Yamane, Y. & Ofuji, T. (1977). Stimulatory effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on growth hormone and prolactin release in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 44, 1014–1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, S., Kondo, H., Yoshimura, M. & Ochi, Y. (1974). Growth hormone responses to administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in manic-depressive psychoses. In Psychoneuroendocrinology.Workshop Conference of the International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology (ed. Hatotani, N.), pp. 32–38. S. Karger: Basel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, S., Kondo, H. & Yoshimura, M. (1975). Enhanced growth hormone responses to TRH injection in bipolar depressed patients. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica 29, 215–220.Google ScholarPubMed
Thompson, R. G., Rodriguez, A., Kowarski, A. & Blizzard, R. M. (1972). Growth hormone: metabolic clearance rates, integrated concentrations and productive rates in normal adults and the effect of prednisone. Journal of Clinical Investigation 51, 3193–3199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorner, M. O. (1977). Prolactin: clinical physiology and the significance and management of hyperprolactinemia. In Clinical Neuroendocrinology (ed. Martini, L. and Besser, G. M.), pp. 320–363. Academic Press: New York.Google Scholar
Thorner, M. O., Wass, J. A. H., Jones, A., Bloom, S. R. & MacLeod, R. M. (1976). Abstract 5th International Congress of Endocrinology. Abstract No. 860.Google Scholar
Thorner, M. O., Ryan, S. M., Wass, J. A. H., Jones, A., Bouloux, J. P., Williams, S. & Besser, G. M. (1978). Effect of the dopamine agonist lergotrile mesylate, on circulating anterior pituitary hormones in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 47, 372–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolis, G., Hickey, J. & Guyda, H. (1975). Effects of morphine on serum growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 41, 797–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolis, G., Dent, R. & Guyda, H. (1978). Opiates, prolactin and the dopamine receptor. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 47, 200–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Thiel, D. H., Lester, R. & Vaitukaitis, J. (1978). Evidence for a defect in pituitary secretion of luteinising hormone in chronic alcoholic men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 47, 499–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verghese, A., Matthew, J., Mathai, G., Kothoor, A., Saxena, B. & Koshy, T. (1973). Plasma cortisol in depressive illness. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 15, 372–379.Google Scholar
Vigas, M., Wiederman, V., Nemeth, S., Jurcovicova, J. & Zigo, L. (1976). Alpha-adrenergic regulation of growth hormone release after electroconvulsive therapy in man. Neuroendocrinology 21, 42–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vijayan, E. & McCann, S. M. (1978). Re-evaluation of the role of catecholamines in control of gonadotrophin and prolactin release. Neuroendocrinology 25, 150–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weick, R. F. (1978). Acute effects of adrenergic receptor blocking drugs and neuroleptic agents on pulsatile discharges of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rat. Neuroendocrinology 26, 108–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, R. I. & Ganong, W. F. (1978). Role of monoamines and histamine in regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Physiological Reviews 58, 905–976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiebe, R. H., Handwerger, S. & Hammond, C. B. (1977). Failure of L-tryptophan to stimulate prolactin secretion in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 45, 1310–1312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wirz-Justice, A., Puhringer, W., Lacoste, V.Graw, P. & Gastpar, M. (1976). Intravenous L-5-hydroxytryptophan in normal subjects: an interdisciplinary precursor loading study. Pharmakopsychiatrie Neuropsychopharmakologie (Stuttgart) 9, 277–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woolf, P. D. & Lee, L. (1977). Effect of serotonin precursor on pituitary hormone secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 45, 123–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yen, S. S. C. (1977). Neuroendocrine aspects of the regulation of cyclic gonadotrophin release in women. In Clinical Neuroendocrinology (ed. Martini, L. and Besser, G. M.), pp. 175–196. Academic Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar