Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T04:08:55.345Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Neurobiological mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression: a systematic review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 September 2015

Y. Noda ,
W. K. Silverstein ,
M. S. Barr ,
F. Vila-Rodriguez ,
J. Downar ,
T. K. Rajji ,
P. B. Fitzgerald ,
B. H. Mulsant ,
S. N. Vigod  and
Z. J. Daskalakis
...Show all authors
Y. Noda
Affiliation:
Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
W. K. Silverstein
Affiliation:
Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M. S. Barr
Affiliation:
Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
F. Vila-Rodriguez
Affiliation:
Non-Invasive Neurostimulation Therapies Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
J. Downar
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
T. K. Rajji
Affiliation:
Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
P. B. Fitzgerald
Affiliation:
Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
B. H. Mulsant
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
S. N. Vigod
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Reproductive Life Stages Program, Women's Mental Health Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Z. J. Daskalakis
Affiliation:
Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
D. M. Blumberger*
Affiliation:
Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
*
*Address for correspondence: D. M. Blumberger, M.D., M.Sc., F.R.C.P.C., Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1001 Queen Street West, Unit 4-115, Toronto, ON, CanadaM6J 1H4. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Depression is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses worldwide and a leading cause of disability, especially in the setting of treatment resistance. In recent years, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has emerged as a promising alternative strategy for treatment-resistant depression and its clinical efficacy has been investigated intensively across the world. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of rTMS are still not fully understood. This review aims to systematically synthesize the literature on the neurobiological mechanisms of treatment response to rTMS in patients with depression. Medline (1996–2014), Embase (1980–2014) and PsycINFO (1806–2014) were searched under set terms. Three authors reviewed each article and came to consensus on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All eligible studies were reviewed, duplicates were removed, and data were extracted individually. Of 1647 articles identified, 66 studies met both inclusion and exclusion criteria. rTMS affects various biological factors that can be measured by current biological techniques. Although a number of studies have explored the neurobiological mechanisms of rTMS, a large variety of rTMS protocols and parameters limits the ability to synthesize these findings into a coherent understanding. However, a convergence of findings suggest that rTMS exerts its therapeutic effects by altering levels of various neurochemicals, electrophysiology as well as blood flow and activity in the brain in a frequency-dependent manner. More research is needed to delineate the neurobiological mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of rTMS. The incorporation of biological assessments into future rTMS clinical trials will help in this regard.

Keywords

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortexneurobiological mechanismsrepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationtreatment-resistant depression
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 45 , Issue 16 , December 2015 , pp. 3411 - 3432
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baeken, C, De Raedt, R (2011). Neurobiological mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the underlying neurocircuitry in unipolar depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 13, 139–145.Google Scholar
Baeken, C, De Raedt, R, Leyman, L, Schiettecatte, J, Kaufman, L, Poppe, K, Vanderhasselt, MA, Anckaert, E, Bossuyt, A (2009 a). The impact of one HF-rTMS session on mood and salivary cortisol in treatment resistant unipolar melancholic depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 113, 100–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baeken, C, De Raedt, R, Van Hove, C, Clerinx, P, De Mey, J, Bossuyt, A (2009 b). HF-rTMS treatment in medication-resistant melancholic depression: results from 8FDG-PET brain imaging. CNS Spectrums 14, 439–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baeken, C, Marinazzo, D, Wu, GR, Van Schuerbeek, P, De Mey, J, Marchetti, I, Vanderhasselt, MA, Remue, J, Luypaert, R, De Raedt, R (2014). Accelerated HF-rTMS in treatment-resistant unipolar depression: insights from subgenual anterior cingulate functional connectivity. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 15, 286–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bajbouj, M, Brakemeier, EL, Schubert, F, Lang, UE, Neu, P, Schindowski, C, Danker-Hopfe, H (2005 a). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cortical excitability in patients with major depressive disorder. Experimental Neurology 196, 332–338.Google Scholar
Bajbouj, M, Luborzewski, A, Danker-Hopfe, H, Lang, UE (2005 b). Motor cortical excitability in depressive patients after electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of ECT 21, 243–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birkett, MA, Day, SJ (1994). Internal pilot studies for estimating sample size. Statistics in Medicine 13, 2455–2463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catafau, AM, Perez, V, Gironell, A, Martin, JC, Kulisevsky, J, Estorch, M, Carrió, I, Alvarez, E (2001). SPECT mapping of cerebral activity changes induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients: a pilot study. Psychiatry Research 106, 151–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, KM, Jang, KM, Jang, KI, Um, YH, Kim, MS, Kim, DW, Shin, D, Chae, JH (2014). The effects of 3 weeks of rTMS treatment on P200 amplitude in patients with depression. Neuroscience Letters 577, 22–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conca, A, Di Pauli, J, Beraus, W, Hausmann, A, Peschina, W, Schneider, H, König, P, Hinterhuber, H (2002). Combining high and low frequencies in rTMS antidepressive treatment: preliminary results. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 17, 353–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Connolly, KR, Helmer, A, Cristancho, MA, Cristancho, P, O'Reardon, JP (2012). Effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice post-FDA approval in the United States: results observed with the first 100 consecutive cases of depression at an academic medical center. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 73, e567–e573.Google Scholar
Crevits, L, Van den Abbeele, D, Audenaert, K, Goethals, M, Dierick, M (2005). Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on saccades in depression: a pilot study. Psychiatry Research 135, 113–119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crown, WH, Finkelstein, S, Berndt, ER, Ling, D, Poret, AW, Rush, AJ, Russell, JM (2002). The impact of treatment-resistant depression on health care utilization and costs. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63, 963–971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dumas, R, Richieri, R, Guedj, E, Auquier, P, Lancon, C, Boyer, L (2012). Improvement of health-related quality of life in depression after transcranial magnetic stimulation in a naturalistic trial is associated with decreased perfusion in precuneus. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 10, 87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, PB, Hoy, K, Gunewardene, R, Slack, C, Ibrahim, S, Bailey, M, Daskalakis, ZJ (2011). A randomized trial of unilateral and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant major depression. Psychological Medicine 41, 1187–1196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, PB, Sritharan, A, Daskalakis, ZJ, de Castella, AR, Kulkarni, J, Egan, G (2007). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of low frequency right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 27, 488–492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furtado, CP, Hoy, KE, Maller, JJ, Savage, G, Daskalakis, ZJ, Fitzgerald, PB (2013). An investigation of medial temporal lobe changes and cognition following antidepressant response: a prospective rTMS study. Brain Stimulation 6, 346–354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García-Anaya, M, González–Olvera, J, Ricardo–Garcell, J, Armas, G, Miranda, E, Reyes, E, Adelina Otero, G (2011). Clinical and electophysiological effect of right and left repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depressive disorder. Salud Mental 34, 291–299.Google Scholar
Gedge, L, Beaudoin, A, Lazowski, L, duToit, R, Jokic, R, Milev, R (2012). Effects of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in patients with depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry 3, 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, MS, Taylor, JJ, Short, EB (2013). The expanding evidence base for rTMS treatment of depression. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 26, 13–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Julious, SA (2005). Sample size of 12 per group rule of thumb for a pilot study. Pharmaceutical Statistics 4, 287–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kito, S, Fujita, K, Koga, Y (2008 a). Changes in regional cerebral blood flow after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 20, 74–80.Google Scholar
Kito, S, Fujita, K, Koga, Y (2008 b). Regional cerebral blood flow changes after low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychobiology 58, 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kito, S, Hasegawa, T, Koga, Y (2011 a). Neuroanatomical correlates of therapeutic efficacy of low-frequency right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 65, 175–182.Google Scholar
Kito, S, Hasegawa, T, Okayasu, M, Fujita, K, Koga, Y (2011 b). A 6-month follow-up case report of regional cerebral blood flow changes in treatment-resistant depression after successful treatment with bilateral transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of ECT 27, e12–e14.Google Scholar
Kito, S, Pascual-Marqui, RD, Hasegawa, T, Koga, Y (2014). High-frequency left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates resting EEG functional connectivity for gamma band between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and precuneus in depression. Brain Stimulation 7, 145–146.Google Scholar
Kozel, FA, Johnson, KA, Nahas, Z, Nakonezny, PA, Morgan, PS, Anderson, BS, Kose, S, Li, X, Lim, KO, Trivedi, MH, George, MS (2011). Fractional anisotropy changes after several weeks of daily left high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex to treat major depression. Journal of ECT 27, 5–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuroda, Y, Motohashi, N, Ito, H, Ito, S, Takano, A, Nishikawa, T, Suhara, T (2006). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on [11C]raclopride binding and cognitive function in patients with depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 95, 35–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuroda, Y, Motohashi, N, Ito, H, Ito, S, Takano, A, Takahashi, H, Nishikawa, T, Suhara, T (2010). Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation failed to change dopamine synthesis rate: preliminary l-[β-11C]DOPA positron emission tomography study in patients with depression. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 64, 659–662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, UE, Bajbouj, M, Gallinat, J, Hellweg, R (2006). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum concentrations in depressive patients during vagus nerve stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychopharmacologia 187, 56–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, BH, Kim, YK (2010). The roles of BDNF in the pathophysiology of major depression and in antidepressant treatment. Psychiatry Investigation 7, 231–235.Google Scholar
Le-Niculescu, H, Case, NJ, Hulvershorn, L, Patel, SD, Bowker, D, Gupta, J, Bell, R, Edenberg, HJ, Tsuang, MT, Kuczenski, R, Geyer, MA, Rodd, ZA, Niculescu, AB (2011). Convergent functional genomic studies of ω-3 fatty acids in stress reactivity, bipolar disorder and alcoholism. Translational Psychiatry 1, e4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lepine, JP, Briley, M (2011). The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 7, 3–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Leuchter, AF, Cook, IA, Jin, Y, Phillips, B (2013). The relationship between brain oscillatory activity and therapeutic effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7, 37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, C-T, Wang, S-J, Hirvonen, J, Hsieh, JC, Bai, Y-M, Hong, C-J, Liou, Y-J, Su, T-P (2010). Antidepressant mechanism of add-on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression using cerebral glucose metabolism. Journal of Affective Disorders 127, 219–229.Google Scholar
Li, X, Nahas, Z, Kozel, FA, Anderson, B, Bohning, DE, George, MS (2004). Acute left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients is associated with immediately increased activity in prefrontal cortical as well as subcortical regions. Biological Psychiatry 55, 882–890.Google Scholar
Li, X, Nahas, Z, Lomarev, M, Denslow, S, Shastri, A, Bohning, DE, George, MS (2003). Prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation does not change local diffusion: a magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with depression. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 16, 128–135.Google Scholar
Liston, C, Chen, AC, Zebley, BD, Drysdale, AT, Gordon, R, Leuchter, B, Voss, HU, Casey, BJ, Etkin, A, Dubin, MJ (2014). Default mode network mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Biological Psychiatry 76, 517–526.Google Scholar
Loo, C, Sachdev, P, Elsayed, H, McDarmont, B, Mitchell, P, Wilkinson, M, Parker, G, Gandevia, S (2001). Effects of a 2- to 4-week course of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on neuropsychologic functioning, electroencephalogram, and auditory threshold in depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry 49, 615–623.Google Scholar
Loo, CK, Sachdev, PS, Haindl, W, Wen, W, Mitchell, PB, Croker, VM, Malhi, GS (2003). High (15 Hz) and low (1 Hz) frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation have different acute effects on regional cerebral blood flow in depressed patients. Psychological Medicine 33, 997–1006.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luborzewski, A, Schubert, F, Seifert, F, Danker-Hopfe, H, Brakemeier, EL, Schlattmann, P, Anghelescu, I, Colla, M, Bajbouj, M (2007). Metabolic alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after treatment with high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with unipolar major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research 41, 606–615.Google Scholar
Mingli, H, Zhengtian, G, Xinyi, W, Xiaoping, T (2009). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis of patients with depression. Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA 24, 337–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miniussi, C, Bonato, C, Bignotti, S, Gazzoli, A, Gennarelli, M, Pasqualetti, P, Tura, GB, Ventriglia, M, Rossini, PM (2005). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at high and low frequency: an efficacious therapy for major drug-resistant depression? Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 116, 1062–1071.Google Scholar
Moher, D, Liberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, Altman, DG (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLOS Medicine 6, e1000097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moller, AL, Hjaltason, O, Ivarsson, O, Stefansson, SB (2006). The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressive symptoms and the P300 event-related potential. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 60, 282–285.Google Scholar
Moore, CG, Carter, RE, Nietert, PJ, Stewart, PW (2011). Recommendations for planning pilot studies in clinical and translational research. Clinical and Translational Science 4, 332–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mottaghy, FM, Keller, CE, Gangitano, M, Ly, J, Thall, M, Parker, JA, Pascual-Leone, A (2002). Correlation of cerebral blood flow and treatment effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients. Psychiatry Research 115, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadeau, SE, McCoy, KJ, Crucian, GP, Greer, RA, Rossi, F, Bowers, D, Goodman, WK, Heilman, KM, Triggs, WJ (2002). Cerebral blood flow changes in depressed patients after treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: evidence of individual variability. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 15, 159–175.Google ScholarPubMed
Nahas, Z, DeBrux, C, Chandler, V, Lorberbaum, JP, Speer, AM, Molloy, MA, Liberatos, C, Risch, SC, George, MS (2000). Lack of significant changes on magnetic resonance scans before and after 2 weeks of daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression. Journal of ECT 16, 380–390.Google Scholar
Nahas, Z, Teneback, CC, Kozel, A, Speer, AM, DeBrux, C, Molloy, M, Stallings, L, Spicer, KM, Arana, G, Bohning, DE, Risch, SC, George, MS (2001). Brain effects of TMS delivered over prefrontal cortex in depressed adults: role of stimulation frequency and coil-cortex distance. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 13, 459–470.Google Scholar
Nemeroff, CB (2007). Prevalence and management of treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68 (Suppl. 8), 17–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Noda, Y, Nakamura, M, Saeki, T, Inoue, M, Iwanari, H, Kasai, K (2013). Potentiation of quantitative electroencephalograms following prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression. Neuroscience Research 77, 70–77.Google Scholar
Oberlander, TF, Gingrich, JA, Ansorge, MS (2009). Sustained neurobehavioral effects of exposure to SSRI antidepressants during development: molecular to clinical evidence. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 86, 672–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Reardon, JP, Solvason, HB, Janicak, PG, Sampson, S, Isenberg, KE, Nahas, Z, McDonald, WM, Avery, D, Fitzgerald, PB, Loo, C, Demitrack, MA, George, MS, Sackeim, HA (2007). Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry 62, 1208–1216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozekes, S, Erguzel, T, Sayar, GH, Tarhan, N (2014). Analysis of brain functional changes in high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 45, 257–261.Google Scholar
Padberg, F, di Michele, F, Zwanzger, P, Romeo, E, Bernardi, G, Schüle, C, Baghai, TC, Ella, R, Pasini, A, Rupprecht, R (2002). Plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 874–878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellicciari, MC, Cordone, S, Marzano, C, Bignotti, S, Gazzoli, A, Miniussi, C, De Gennaro, L (2013). Dorsolateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression locally affects alpha power of REM sleep. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7, 433.Google Scholar
Peng, H, Zheng, H, Li, L, Liu, J, Zhang, Y, Shan, B, Zhang, L, Yin, Y, Liu, J, Li, W, Zhou, J, Li, Z, Yang, H, Zhang, Z (2012). High-frequency rTMS treatment increases white matter FA in the left middle frontal gyrus in young patients with treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 136, 249–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pogarell, O, Koch, W, Pöpperl, G, Tatsch, K, Jakob, F, Mulert, C, Grossheinrich, N, Rupprecht, R, Möller, HJ, Hegerl, U (2007). Acute prefrontal rTMS increases striatal dopamine to a similar degree as d-amphetamine. Psychiatry Research 156, 251–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pogarell, O, Koch, W, Pöpperl, G, Tatsch, K, Jakob, F, Zwanzger, P, Mulert, C, Rupprecht, R, Möller, HJ, Hegerl, U, Padberg, F (2006). Striatal dopamine release after prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: preliminary results of a dynamic. Journal of Psychiatric Research 40, 307–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, PD, Pridmore, S (1999). Dexamethasone suppression test reversal in rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation-treated depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, 274–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richieri, R, Boyer, L, Padovani, R, Adida, M, Colavolpe, C, Mundler, O, Lançon, C, Guedj, E (2012). Equivalent brain SPECT perfusion changes underlying therapeutic efficiency in pharmacoresistant depression using either high-frequency left or low-frequency right prefrontal rTMS. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 39, 364–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rush, AJ, Trivedi, MH, Wisniewski, SR, Nierenberg, AA, Stewart, JW, Warden, D, Niederehe, G, Thase, ME, Lavori, PW, Lebowitz, BD, McGrath, PJ, Rosenbaum, JF, Sackeim, HA, Kupfer, DJ, Luther, J, Fava, M (2006). Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 1905–1917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saeki, T, Nakamura, M, Hirai, N, Noda, Y, Hayasaka, S, Iwanari, H, Hirayasu, Y (2013). Localized potentiation of sleep slow-wave activity induced by prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with a major depressive episode. Brain Stimulation 6, 390–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoenfeld, D (1980). Statistical considerations for pilot studies. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 6, 371–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schutter, DJ (2009). Antidepressant efficacy of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in double-blind sham-controlled designs: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 39, 65–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shajahan, PM, Glabus, MF, Steele, JD, Doris, AB, Anderson, K, Jenkins, JA, Gooding, PA, Ebmeier, KP (2002). Left dorso-lateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation affects cortical excitability and functional connectivity, but does not impair cognition in major depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 26, 945–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speer, AM, Kimbrell, TA, Wassermann, EM, Repella, JD, Willis, MW, Herscovitch, P, Post, RM (2000). Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on regional brain activity in depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry 48, 1133–1141.Google Scholar
Spronk, D, Arns, M, Bootsma, A, van Ruth, R, Fitzgerald, PB (2008). Long-term effects of left frontal rTMS on EEG and ERPs in patients with depression. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience: Official Journal of the EEG and Clinical Neuroscience Society (ENCS) 39, 118–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, S, Ukai, S, Tsuji, T, Kose, A, Shoyama, M, Yamamoto, M, Okumura, M, Shinosaki, K (2013). Cerebral blood flow in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and modulation of the mood-regulatory networks in a successful rTMS treatment for major depressive disorder. Neurocase 19, 262–267.Google Scholar
Teneback, CC, Nahas, Z, Speer, AM, Molloy, M, Stallings, LE, Spicer, KM, Risch, SC, George, MS (1999). Changes in prefrontal cortex and paralimbic activity in depression following two weeks of daily left prefrontal TMS. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 11, 426–435.Google ScholarPubMed
Teyssier, JR, Trojak, B, Chauvet-Gelinier, JC, Bonin, B (2013). Low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation downregulates expression of stress genes in blood leucocytes: preliminary evidence. Journal of Psychiatric Research 47, 935–936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Triggs, WJ, McCoy, KJ, Greer, R, Rossi, F, Bowers, D, Kortenkamp, S, Nadeau, SE, Heilman, KM, Goodman, WK (1999). Effects of left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressed mood, cognition, and corticomotor threshold. Biological Psychiatry 45, 1440–1446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Udupa, K, Sathyaprabha, TN, Thirthalli, J, Kishore, KR, Raju, TR, Gangadhar, BN (2007). Modulation of cardiac autonomic functions in patients with major depression treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Affective Disorders 104, 231–236.Google Scholar
Valiulis, V, Gerulskis, G, Dapšys, K, Vištartaite, G, Šiurkute, A, Mačiulis, V (2012). Electrophysiological differences between high and low frequency rTMS protocols in depression treatment. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (Warsaw) 72, 283–295.Google Scholar
Yang, XR, Kirton, A, Wilkes, TC, Pradhan, S, Liu, I, Jaworska, N, Damji, O, Keess, J, Langevin, LM, Rajapakse, T, Lebel, RM, Sembo, M, Fife, M, MacMaster, FP (2014). Glutamate alterations associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation in youth depression: a case series. Journal of ECT 30, 242–247.Google Scholar
Yukimasa, T, Yoshimura, R, Tamagawa, A, Uozumi, T, Shinkai, K, Ueda, N, Tsuji, S, Nakamura, J (2006). High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves refractory depression by influencing catecholamine and brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Pharmacopsychiatry 39, 52–59.Google Scholar
Zanardini, R, Gazzoli, A, Ventriglia, M, Perez, J, Bignotti, S, Rossini, PM, Gennarelli, M, Bocchio-Chiavetto, L (2006). Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on serum brain derived neurotrophic factor in drug resistant depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 91, 83–86.Google Scholar
Zarkowski, P, Navarro, R, Pavlicova, M, George, MS, Avery, D (2009). The effect of daily prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over several weeks on resting motor threshold. Brain Stimulation 2, 163–167.Google Scholar
Zheng, H, Zhang, L, Li, L, Liu, P, Gao, J, Liu, X, Zou, J, Zhang, Y, Liu, J, Zhang, Z, Li, Z, Men, W (2010). High-frequency rTMS treatment increases left prefrontal myo-inositol in young patients with treatment-resistant depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34, 1189–1195.Google Scholar
Zheng, XM (2000). Regional cerebral blood flow changes in drug-resistant depressed patients following treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a statistical parametric mapping analysis. Psychiatry Research 100, 75–80.Google Scholar
Zwanzger, P, Baghai, TC, Padberg, F, Ella, R, Minov, C, Mikhaiel, P, Schüle, C, Thoma, H, Rupprecht, R (2003). The combined dexamethasone–CRH test before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28, 376–385.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Noda supplementary material

Table S1

Download Noda supplementary material(File)
File 33.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Noda supplementary material

Tables S2-S4

Download Noda supplementary material(File)
File 444.4 KB