Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T10:56:01.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modulation of orbitofrontal-striatal reward activity by dopaminergic functional polymorphisms contributes to a predisposition to alcohol misuse in early adolescence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 June 2018

Travis E. Baker Open the ORCID record for Travis E. Baker [Opens in a new window] ,
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan ,
Gunter Schumann ,
Anna Cattrell ,
Herta Flor ,
Frauke Nees ,
Tobias Banaschewski ,
Arun Bokde ,
Rob Whelan  and
Christian Buechel
...Show all authors
Travis E. Baker*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
Gunter Schumann
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
Anna Cattrell
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
Herta Flor
Affiliation:
Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
Frauke Nees
Affiliation:
Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
Tobias Banaschewski
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
Arun Bokde
Affiliation:
Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Rob Whelan
Affiliation:
Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Christian Buechel
Affiliation:
University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Haus S10, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
Uli Bromberg
Affiliation:
University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Haus S10, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany
Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos
Affiliation:
Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France
Juergen Gallinat
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
Hugh Garavan
Affiliation:
Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
Andreas Heinz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
Henrik Walter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
Rüdiger Brühl
Affiliation:
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 – 12, Berlin, Germany
Penny Gowland
Affiliation:
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
Tomáš Paus
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Luise Poustka
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
Jean-Luc Martinot
Affiliation:
Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Herve Lemaitre
Affiliation:
Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEAUnit1000, Imaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
Eric Artiges
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
Michael N. Smolka
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Patricia Conrod
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
the IMAGEN consortium
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK Medical Research Council – Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Haus S10, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 – 12, Berlin, Germany School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM CEAUnit1000, Imaging & Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
*
Author for correspondence: Travis E. Baker, PhD, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Abnormalities in reward circuit function are considered a core feature of addiction. Yet, it is still largely unknown whether these abnormalities stem from chronic drug use, a genetic predisposition, or both.

Methods

In the present study, we investigated this issue using a large sample of adolescent children by applying structural equation modeling to examine the effects of several dopaminergic polymorphisms of the D1 and D2 receptor type on the reward function of the ventral striatum (VS) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC), and whether this relationship predicted the propensity to engage in early alcohol misuse behaviors at 14 years of age and again at 16 years of age.

Results

The results demonstrated a regional specificity with which the functional polymorphism rs686 of the D1 dopamine receptor (DRD1) gene and Taq1A of the ANKK1 gene influenced medial and lateral OFC activation during reward anticipation, respectively. Importantly, our path model revealed a significant indirect relationship between the rs686 of the DRD1 gene and early onset of alcohol misuse through a medial OFC × VS interaction.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the role of D1 and D2 in adjusting reward-related activations within the mesocorticolimbic circuitry, as well as in the susceptibility to early onset of alcohol misuse.

Keywords

Addictionadolescencedopamine D1/D2 receptororbital frontal cortexrewardventral striatum
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 49 , Issue 5 , April 2019 , pp. 801 - 810
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abi-Dargham, A (2004) Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 7, S1–S5.Google Scholar
Aiken, LS and West, SG (1991) Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Assadi, SM, Yucel, M and Pantelis, C (2009) Dopamine modulates neural networks involved in effort-based decision-making. Neuroscience Biology Behavior Review 33, 383–393.Google Scholar
Baker, TE, Stockwell, T and Holroyd, CB (2013) Constraints on decision making: implications from genetics, personality, and addiction. Cognitive Affective Behavioral Neuroscience 13, 417–436.Google Scholar
Balodis, IM and Potenza, MN (2015) Anticipatory reward processing in addicted populations: a focus on the monetary incentive delay task. Biological Psychiatry 77, 434–444.Google Scholar
Batel, P, Houchi, H, Daoust, M, Ramoz, N, Naassila, M and Gorwood, P (2008) A haplotype of the DRD1 gene is associated with alcohol dependence. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research 32, 567–572.Google Scholar
Benjamini, Y and Hochberg, Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological) 57, 289–300.Google Scholar
Blum, K, Braverman, ER, Holder, JM, Lubar, JF, Monastra, VJ, Miller, D, Lubar, JO, Chen, TJ and Comings, DE (2000) Reward deficiency syndrome: a biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 32(suppl.), i–112.Google Scholar
Blum, K, Noble, EP, Sheridan, PJ, Montgomery, A, Ritchie, T, Ozkaragoz, T, Fitch, RJ, Wood, R, Finley, O and Sadlack, F (1993) Genetic predisposition in alcoholism: association of the D2 dopamine receptor TaqI B1 RFLP with severe alcoholics. Alcohol 10, 59–67.Google Scholar
Bohn, MJ, Babor, TF and Kranzler, HR (1995) The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. Journal of the Study of Alcohol 56, 423–432.Google Scholar
Casey, BJ (2015) Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior. Annual Review of Psychology 66, 295–319.Google Scholar
Casey, BJ, Jones, RM and Hare, TA (2008) The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1124, 111–126.Google Scholar
Castellanos-Ryan, N, Struve, M, Whelan, R, Banaschewski, T, Barker, GJ, Bokde, AL, Bromberg, U, Büchel, C, Flor, H, Fauth-Bühler, M, Frouin, V, Gallinat, J, Gowland, P, Heinz, A, Lawrence, C, Martinot, JL, Nees, F, Paus, T, Pausova, Z, Rietschel, M, Robbins, TW, Smolka, MN, Schumann, G, Garavan, H, Conrod, PJ and IMAGEN Consortium (2014) Neural and cognitive correlates of the common and specific variance across externalizing problems in young adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 1310–1319.Google Scholar
Cetin, T, Freudenberg, F, Fuchtemeier, M and Koch, M (2004) Dopamine in the orbitofrontal cortex regulates operant responding under a progressive ratio of reinforcement in rats. Neuroscience Letters 370, 114–117.Google Scholar
Cohen, MX, Young, J, Baek, JM, Kessler, C and Ranganath, C (2005) Individual differences in extraversion and dopamine genetics predict neural reward responses. Cognitive Brain Research 25, 851–861.Google Scholar
Comings, DE and Blum, K (2000) Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Progress in Brain Research 126, 325–341.Google Scholar
Comings, DE, Gade, R, Wu, S, Chiu, C, Dietz, G, Muhleman, D, Saucier, G, Ferry, L, Rosenthal, RJ, Lesieur, HR, Rugle, LJ and MacMurray, P (1997) Studies of the potential role of the dopamine D1 receptor gene in addictive behaviors. Molecular Psychiatry 2, 44–56.Google Scholar
Conrod, PJ and Nikolaou, K (2016) Annual research review: on the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57, 371–394.Google Scholar
Cools, R and D'Esposito, M (2011) Inverted-U-shaped dopamine actions on human working memory and cognitive control. Biological Psychiatry 69, e113–e125.Google Scholar
Cox, SM, Frank, MJ, Larcher, K, Fellows, LK, Clark, CA, Leyton, M and Dagher, A (2015) Striatal D1 and D2 signaling differentially predict learning from positive and negative outcomes. Neuroimage 109, 95–101.Google Scholar
Dawson, JF (2014) Moderation in management research: what, why, when and how. Journal of Business and Psychology 29, 1–19.Google Scholar
Dawson, JF and Richter, AW (2006) Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression: development and application of a slope difference test. Journal of Applied Psychology 91, 917–926.Google Scholar
Diekhof, EK, Kaps, L, Falkai, P and Gruber, O (2012) The role of the human ventral striatum and the medial orbitofrontal cortex in the representation of reward magnitude – an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of passive reward expectancy and outcome processing. Neuropsychologia 50, 1252–1266.Google Scholar
Durstewitz, D and Seamans, JK (2002) The computational role of dopamine D1 receptors in working memory. Neural Networks 15, 561–572.Google Scholar
Elliott, R, Agnew, Z and Deakin, JF (2008) Medial orbitofrontal cortex codes relative rather than absolute value of financial rewards in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience 27, 2213–2218.Google Scholar
Elliott, R and Deakin, B (2005) Role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reinforcement processing and inhibitory control: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in healthy human subjects. International Review of Neurobiology 65, 89–116.Google Scholar
Elliott, R, Dolan, RJ and Frith, CD (2000) Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cerebral Cortex 10, 308–317.Google Scholar
Frank, MJ and Claus, ED (2006) Anatomy of a decision: striato-orbitofrontal interactions in reinforcement learning, decision making, and reversal. Psychological Review 113, 300–326.Google Scholar
Frank, MJ and Hutchison, K (2009) Genetic contributions to avoidance-based decisions: striatal D2 receptor polymorphisms. Neuroscience 164, 131–140.Google Scholar
Frank, MJ, Moustafa, AA, Haughey, HM, Curran, T and Hutchison, KE (2007) Genetic triple dissociation reveals multiple roles for dopamine in reinforcement learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 16311–16316.Google Scholar
Frankenstein, U, Wennerberg, A, Richter, W, Bernstein, C, Morden, D, Florence, R and Mcintyre, M (2002) Activation and Deactivation in BOLD fMRI. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance 16, 63–70.Google Scholar
Galvan, A, Hare, TA, Parra, CE, Penn, J, Voss, H, Glover, G and Casey, BJ (2006) Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience 26, 6885–6892.Google Scholar
Garske, AK, Lawyer, CR, Peterson, BM and Illig, KR (2013) Adolescent changes in dopamine D1 receptor expression in orbitofrontal cortex and piriform cortex accompany an associative learning deficit. PLoS ONE 8, e56191.Google Scholar
Hikosaka, K and Watanabe, M (2000) Delay activity of orbital and lateral prefrontal neurons of the monkey varying with different rewards. Cerebral Cortex 10, 263–271.Google Scholar
Hu, L and Bentler, P (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6, 1–55.Google Scholar
Huang, W and Li, MD (2009) Differential allelic expression of dopamine D1 receptor gene (DRD1) is modulated by microRNA miR-504. Biological Psychiatry 65, 702–705.Google Scholar
Huang, W, Ma, JZ, Payne, TJ, Beuten, J, Dupont, RT and Li, MD (2008) Significant association of DRD1 with nicotine dependence. Human Genetics 123, 133–140.Google Scholar
Hurd, YL, Suzuki, M and Sedvall, GC (2001) D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mRNA expression in whole hemisphere sections of the human brain. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 22, 127–137.Google Scholar
Ikemoto, S, Glazier, BS, Murphy, JM and McBride, WJ (1997) Role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens in mediating reward. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 8580–8587.Google Scholar
Klein, TA, Neumann, J, Reuter, M, Hennig, J, von Cramon, DY and Ullsperger, M (2007) Genetically determined differences in learning from errors. Science 318, 1642–1645.Google Scholar
Knutson, B and Heinz, A (2015) Probing psychiatric symptoms with the monetary incentive delay task. Biological Psychiatry 77, 418–420.Google Scholar
Knutson, B, Westdorp, A, Kaiser, E and Hommer, D (2000) FMRI visualization of brain activity during a monetary incentive delay task. Neuroimage 12, 20–27.Google Scholar
Laruelle, M, Gelernter, J and Innis, RB (1998) D2 receptors binding potential is not affected by Taq1 polymorphism at the D2 receptor gene. Molecular Psychiatry 3, 261–265.Google Scholar
Lutz, K and Widmer, M (2014) What can the monetary incentive delay task tell us about the neural processing of reward and punishment. Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics 3, 33–45.Google Scholar
Maldjian, JA, Laurienti, PJ, Kraft, RA and Burdette, JH (2003) An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fmri data sets. NeuroImage 19, 1233–1239.Google Scholar
McClure, SM and Bickel, WK (2014) A dual-systems perspective on addiction: contributions from neuroimaging and cognitive training. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1327, 62–78.Google Scholar
Meyer-Lindenberg, A, Straub, RE, Lipska, BK, Verchinski, BA, Goldberg, T, Callicott, JH, Egan, MF, Huffaker, SS, Mattay, VS, Kolachana, B, Kleinman, JE and Weinberger, DR (2007) Genetic evidence implicating DARPP-32 in human frontostriatal structure, function, and cognition. Journal of Clinical Investigations 117, 672–682.Google Scholar
Munafo, MR, Matheson, IJ and Flint, J (2007) Association of the DRD2 gene Taq1A polymorphism and alcoholism: a meta-analysis of case-control studies and evidence of publication bias. Molecular Psychiatry 12, 454–461.Google Scholar
Nees, F, Tzschoppe, J, Patrick, CJ, Vollstädt-Klein, S, Steiner, S, Poustka, L, Banaschewski, T, Barker, GJ, Büchel, C, Conrod, PJ, Garavan, H, Heinz, A, Gallinat, J, Lathrop, M, Mann, K, Artiges, E, Paus, T, Poline, JB, Robbins, TW, Rietschel, M, Smolka, MN, Spanagel, R, Struve, M, Loth, E, Schumann, G, Flor, H, IMAGEN Consortium (2012) Determinants of early alcohol use in healthy adolescents: the differential contribution of neuroimaging and psychological factors. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:986–995.Google Scholar
Noble, EP (1994) Polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism and other substance use disorders. Alcohol 2, 35–43.Google Scholar
Noble, EP (1998) The D2 dopamine receptor gene: a review of association studies in alcoholism and phenotypes. Alcohol 16, 33–45.Google Scholar
Noble, EP (2000) The DRD2 gene in psychiatric and neurological disorders and its phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics 1, 309–333.Google Scholar
Noble, EP (2003) D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes. American Journal of Medical Genetics 116, 103–125.Google Scholar
Noble, EP, Syndulko, K, Fitch, RJ, Ritchie, T, Bohlman, MC, Guth, P, Sheridan, PJ, Montgomery, A, Heinzmann, C and Sparkes, RS (1994) D2 dopamine receptor TaqI A alleles in medically ill alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients. Alcohol 29, 729–744.Google Scholar
Nymberg, C, Banaschewski, T, Bokde, AL, Buchel, C, Conrod, P, Flor, H, Frouin, V, Garavan, H, Gowland, P, Heinz, A, Ittermann, B, Mann, K, Martinot, JL, Nees, F, Paus, T, Pausova, Z, Rietschel, , Robbins, TW, Smolka, MN, Ströhle, A, Schumann, G, Klingberg, T and IMAGEN consortium (2014) DRD2/ANKK1 polymorphism modulates the effect of ventral striatal activation on working memory performance. Neuropsychopharmacology 39. 2357–2365.Google Scholar
O'Doherty, J, Kringelbach, ML, Rolls, ET, Hornak, J and Andrews, C (2001) Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience 4, 95–102.Google Scholar
Pujara, M and Koenigs, M (2014) Mechanisms of reward circuit dysfunction in psychiatric illness: prefrontal-striatal interactions. Neuroscientist 20, 82–95.Google Scholar
Redish, AD, Jensen, S and Johnson, A (2008) A unified framework for addiction: vulnerabilities in the decision process. Behavior Brain Science 31, 415–437.Google Scholar
Schneider, S, Peters, J, Bromberg, U, Brassen, S, Miedl, SF, Banaschewski, T, Barker, GJ, Conrod, P, Flor, H, Garavan, H, Heinz, A, Ittermann, B, Lathrop, M, Loth, E, Mann, K, Martinot, JL, Nees, F, Paus, T, Rietschel, M, Robbins, TW, Smolka, MN, Spanagel, R, Ströhle, A, Struve, M, Schumann, G, Büchel, C and IMAGEN Consortium (2012) Risk taking and the adolescent reward system: a potential common link to substance abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 169, 39–46.Google Scholar
Schoenbaum, G and Shaham, Y (2008) The role of orbitofrontal cortex in drug addiction: a review of preclinical studies. Biological Psychiatry 63, 256–262.Google Scholar
Schultz, W (2001) Reward signaling by dopamine neurons. Neuroscientist 7, 293–302.Google Scholar
Schultz, W (2010) Dopamine signals for reward value and risk: basic and recent data. Behavior and Brain Function 6, 24.Google Scholar
Schultz, W, Tremblay, L and Hollerman, JR (2000) Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cerebral Cortex 10, 272–284.Google Scholar
Schumann, G, Loth, E, Banaschewski, T, Barbot, A, Barker, G, Buchel, C, Conrod, PJ, Dalley, JW, Flor, H, Gallinat, J, Garavan, H, Heinz, A, Itterman, B, Lathrop, M, Mallik, C, Mann, K, Martinot, JL, Paus, T, Poline, JB, Robbins, TW, Rietschel, M, Reed, L, Smolka, M, Spanagel, R, Speiser, C, Stephens, DN, Ströhle, A, Struve, M and IMAGEN consortium (2010) The IMAGEN study: reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology. Molecular Psychiatry 15, 1128–1139.Google Scholar
Suhara, T and Miyoshi, M (2007) Distribution and function of dopamine D1, D2 receptor. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 47, 826–828.Google Scholar
Svenningsson, P, Nishi, A, Fisone, G, Girault, JA, Nairn, AC and Greengard, P (2004) DARPP-32: an integrator of neurotransmission. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 44, 269–296.Google Scholar
Thompson, J, Thomas, N, Singleton, A, Piggott, M, Lloyd, S, Perry, EK, Morris, CM, Perry, RH, Ferrier, IN and Court, JA (1997) D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) Taq1 A polymorphism: reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the human striatum associated with the A1 allele. Pharmacogenetics 7, 479–484.Google Scholar
Volkow, ND, Fowler, JS, Wang, GJ, Baler, R and Telang, F (2009) Imaging dopamine's role in drug abuse and addiction. Neuropharmacology 56, 3–8.Google Scholar
Volkow, ND, Wang, GJ, Fowler, JS and Tomasi, D (2012) Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 52, 321–336.Google Scholar
Volkow, ND, Wang, GJ, Fowler, JS, Tomasi, D and Telang, F (2011) Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America USA 108, 15037–15042.Google Scholar
Whelan, R, Conrod, PJ, Poline, JB, Lourdusamy, A, Banaschewski, T, Barker, GJ, Bellgrove, MA, Büchel, C, Byrne, M, Cummins, TD, Fauth-Bühler, M, Flor, H, Gallinat, J, Heinz, A, Ittermann, B, Mann, K, Martinot, JL, Lalor, EC, Lathrop, M, Loth, E, Nees, F, Paus, T, Rietschel, M, Smolka, MN, Spanagel, R, Stephens, DN, Struve, M, Thyreau, B, Vollstaedt-Klein, S, Robbins, TW, Schumann, G, Garavan, H and IMAGEN Consortium (2012) Adolescent impulsivity phenotypes characterized by distinct brain networks. Nature Neuroscience 15, 920–925.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Bertolino, A, Fazio, L, Blasi, G, Rampino, A, Romano, R, Lee, ML, Xiao, T, Papp, A, Wang, D and Sadée, W (2007) Polymorphisms in human dopamine D2 receptor gene affect gene expression, splicing, and neuronal activity during working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 20552–20557.Google Scholar
Zhu, F, Yan, CX, Wen, YC, Wang, J, Bi, J, Zhao, YL, Wei, L, Gao, CG, Jia, W and Li, SB (2013) Dopamine D1 receptor gene variation modulates opioid dependence risk by affecting transition to addiction. PLoS ONE 8, e70805.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Baker et al. supplementary material 1

Supplementary Table

Download Baker et al. supplementary material 1(File)
File 90 KB