Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T03:04:25.139Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The long-term course of cognition in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient-control differences in test-score changes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 November 2021

Cecilia Samamé Open the ORCID record for Cecilia Samamé [Opens in a new window] ,
Brenda Lucía Cattaneo ,
María Cristina Richaud ,
Sergio Strejilevich  and
Ivan Aprahamian
Cecilia Samamé*
Affiliation:
National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Brenda Lucía Cattaneo
Affiliation:
Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
María Cristina Richaud
Affiliation:
National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Sergio Strejilevich
Affiliation:
Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina AREA, Assistance and Research in Affective Disorders, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ivan Aprahamian
Affiliation:
Group of Investigation on Multimorbidity and Mental Health in Aging (GIMMA), Geriatrics Division, Internal Medicine Department, Jundiaí Medical School, Jundiaí, Brazil Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
*
Author for correspondence: Cecilia Samamé, E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Neuropsychological impairment represents a key aspect of bipolar disorder (BD) that is evident even in early-course patients and is a strong predictor of functional outcomes among those affected. Previous meta-analyses of longitudinal studies suggest that BD-related cognitive deficits may not progress along the course of the disorder. However, short test-retest periods were used in most primary studies and comparisons with healthy controls were limited. The aim of this review was to synthesize the findings of research reports comparing long-term neurocognitive trajectories between BD patients and healthy individuals. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched from inception through July 2021. Publications were considered for inclusion if they reported cognitive test scores of BD patients and healthy controls at two different time points, with a minimum test-retest interval of 5 years. Fifteen studies compared the long-term course of cognition in BD patients with that of healthy controls. Ten of these were included in the quantitative analysis and involved 540 BD patients and 644 healthy individuals (mean follow-up period: 8.9 years). Patient-control effect sizes (standardized mean differences) were calculated for test-score changes in 24 neuropsychological variables and combined by means of meta-analytic procedures. No significant differences were found between patients and controls regarding long-term cognitive outcomes. These findings are consistent with previous shorter-term longitudinal meta-analyses and do not provide evidence for progressive cognitive deterioration in most bipolar individuals. Future studies should address the longitudinal course of cognition in different subgroups of BD patients and its prognostic and therapeutic value.

Keywords

Bipolar disordercognitionlong-termmeta-analysis
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 52 , Issue 2 , January 2022 , pp. 217 - 228
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References†*

Bora, E., Can, G., Ildız, A., Ulas, G., Ongun, C. H., Inal, N. E., & Ozerdem, A. (2019). Neurocognitive heterogeneity in young offspring of patients with bipolar disorder: The effect of putative clinical stages. Journal of Affective Disorders, 257, 130–135. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., & Özerdem, A. (2017a). A meta-analysis of neurocognition in youth with familial high risk for bipolar disorder. European Psychiatry: the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 44, 17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.483CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., & Özerdem, A. (2017b). Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies of cognition in bipolar disorder: Comparison with healthy controls and schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 47(16), 2753–2766. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001490CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., & Pantelis, C. (2015). Meta-analysis of cognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder: Comparison with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(5), 1095–1104. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2013). Comprehensive meta-analysis, version 2. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.Google Scholar
Bourne, C., Aydemir, Ö, Balanzá-Martínez, V., Bora, E., Brissos, S., Cavanagh, J. T., … Goodwin, G. M. (2013). Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: An individual patient data meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128(3), 149–162. doi: 10.1111/acps.12133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burdick, K. E., Russo, M., Frangou, S., Mahon, K., Braga, R. J., Shanahan, M., & Malhotra, A. K. (2014). Empirical evidence for discrete neurocognitive subgroups in bipolar disorder: Clinical implications. Psychological Medicine, 44(14), 3083–3096. doi: 10.1017/S0033291714000439CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Camprodon-Boadas, P., de la Serna, E., Baeza, I., Puig, O., Ilzarbe, D., Sugranyes, G., … Castro-Fornieles, J. (2021). Cognitive reserve in patients with first-episode psychosis as outcome predictor at 5-year follow-up. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(12), 1959–1967. doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01668-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carvalho, A. F., Firth, J., & Vieta, E. (2020). Bipolar disorder. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(1), 58–66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1906193CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chakrabarty, T., Torres, I. J., Su, W. W., Sawatzky, R., Keramatian, K., & Yatham, L. N. (2021). Cognitive subgroups in first episode bipolar I disorder: Relation to clinical and brain volumetric variables. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(2), 151–161. doi: 10.1111/acps.13245CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Correa-Ghisays, P., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Selva-Vera, G., Vila-Francés, J., Soria-Olivas, E., Vivas-Lalinde, J., … Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (2017). Manual motor speed dysfunction as a neurocognitive endophenotype in euthymic bipolar disorder patients and their healthy relatives. Evidence from a 5-year follow-up study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 215, 156–162. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.041CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Correa-Ghisays, P., Sánchez-Ortí, J. V., Ayesa-Arriola, R., Setién-Suero, E., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Selva-Vera, G., … Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. (2019). Visual memory dysfunction as a neurocognitive endophenotype in bipolar disorder patients and their unaffected relatives. Evidence from a 5-year follow-up Valencia study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 257, 31–37. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.059CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullen, B., Ward, J., Graham, N. A., Deary, I. J., Pell, J. P., Smith, D. J., & Evans, J. J. (2016). Prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment in euthymic adults with bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 205, 165–181. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.063CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De-Paula, V. J., Gattaz, W. F., & Forlenza, O. V. (2016). Long-term lithium treatment increases intracellular and extracellular brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cortical and hippocampal neurons at subtherapeutic concentrations. Bipolar Disorders, 18(8), 692–695. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12449CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (2015). Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 45, 139–145. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 315(7109), 629–634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehrminger, M., Brunet-Gouet, E., Cannavo, A. S., Aouizerate, B., Cussac, I., Azorin, J. M., … Roux, P. (2019). Longitudinal relationships between cognition and functioning over 2 years in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: A cross-lagged panel model approach with the FACE-BD cohort. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 218(2), 80–87. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2019.180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Fett, A. J., Velthorst, E., Reichenberg, A., Ruggero, C. J., Callahan, J. L., Fochtmann, L. J., … Kotov, R. (2020). Long-term changes in cognitive functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders: Findings from the Suffolk county mental health project. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(4), 387–396. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3993CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forlenza, O. V., Radanovic, M., Talib, L. L., & Gattaz, W. F. (2019). Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Randomised clinical trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry: the Journal of Mental Science, 215(5), 668–674. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2019.76CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frías, Á, Dickstein, D. P., Merranko, J., Gill, M. K., Goldstein, T. R., Goldstein, B. I., … Birmaher, B. (2017). Longitudinal cognitive trajectories and associated clinical variables in youth with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 19(4), 273–284. doi: Doi:10.1111/bdi.12510CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, E., & Marwaha, S. (2013). Predictors of employment in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145(2), 156–164. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gitlin, M. J., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2017). The difficult lives of individuals with bipolar disorder: A review of functional outcomes and their implications for treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 209, 147–154. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibar, D. P., Westlye, L. T., Doan, N. T., Jahanshad, N., Cheung, J. W., Ching, C., … Andreassen, O. A. (2018). Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: An MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(4), 932–942. doi: 10.1038/mp.2017.73CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327(7414), 557–560. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Hinrichs, K. H., Easter, R. E., Angers, K., Pester, B., Lai, Z., Marshall, D. F., … Ryan, K. A. (2017). Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in bipolar disorder: Findings from a 5-year longitudinal study. Bipolar Disorders, 19(1), 50–59. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12470CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, M. L., Agrigoroaei, S., Jeon, M., Bruzzese, M., & Lachman, M. E. (2018). Change in cognitive performance from midlife into old age: Findings from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 24(8), 805–820. doi: 10.1017/S1355617718000425CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiménez-López, E., Sánchez-Morla, E. M., López-Villarreal, A., Aparicio, A. I., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Vieta, E., … Santos, J. L. (2019). Neurocognition and functional outcome in patients with psychotic, non-psychotic bipolar I disorder, and schizophrenia. A five-year follow-up. European Psychiatry, 56, 60–68. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kapczinski, F., Magalhães, P. V., Balanzá-Martinez, V., Dias, V. V., Frangou, S., Gama, C. S., … Berk, M. (2014). Staging systems in bipolar disorder: An International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force Report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(5), 354–363. doi: 10.1111/acps.12305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kjærstad, H. L., Eikeseth, F. F., Vinberg, M., Kessing, L. V., & Miskowiak, K. (2019). Neurocognitive heterogeneity in patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives: Associations with emotional cognition. Psychological Medicine, 51(4), 668–679. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719003738CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kjærstad, H. L., Mistarz, N., Coello, K., Stanislaus, S., Melbye, S. A., Harmer, C. J., … Kessing, L. V. (2020). Aberrant cognition in newly diagnosed patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Psychological Medicine, 50(11), 1808–1819. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719001867CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenen, K. C., Moffitt, T. E., Roberts, A. L., Martin, L. T., Kubzansky, L., Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2009). Childhood IQ and adult mental disorders: A test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 50–57. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08030343CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
López-Jaramillo, C., Lopera-Vásquez, J., Gallo, A., Ospina-Duque, J., Bell, V., Torrent, C., … Vieta, E. (2010). Effects of recurrence on the cognitive performance of patients with bipolar I disorder: Implications for relapse prevention and treatment adherence. Bipolar Disorders, 12(5), 557–567. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00835.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacCabe, J. H., Lambe, M. P., Cnattingius, S., Sham, P. C., David, A. S., Reichenberg, A., … Hultman, C. M. (2010). Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: National cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 109–115. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060368CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martino, D. J., Marengo, E., Igoa, A., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2018). Neurocognitive heterogeneity in older adults with bipolar disorders. Psychiatry Research, 262, 510–512. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.035CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martino, D. J., Samamé, C., Ibañez, A., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2015). Neurocognitive functioning in the premorbid stage and in the first episode of bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.044CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martino, D. J., Strejilevich, S. A., Marengo, E., Igoa, A., Fassi, G., Teitelbaum, J., & Caravotta, P. (2013). Relationship between neurocognitive functioning and episode recurrences in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 345–351. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendez, M. F., Parand, L., & Akhlaghipour, G. (2020). Bipolar disorder among patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 32(4), 376–384. doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20010003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, S. E., Carlson, G. A., Wiggs, E. A., Martinez, P. E., Ronsaville, D. S., Klimes-Dougan, B., … Radke-Yarrow, M. (2004). A prospective study of the association among impaired executive functioning, childhood attentional problems, and the development of bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 461–476. doi: 10.1017/s095457940404461xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Mora, E., Portella, M. J., Forcada, I., Vieta, E., & Mur, M. (2013). Persistence of cognitive impairment and its negative impact on psychosocial functioning in lithium-treated, euthymic bipolar patients: A 6-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 1187–1196. doi: 10.1017/S0033291712001948CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mora, E., Portella, M. J., Forcada, I., Vieta, E., & Mur, M. (2016). A preliminary longitudinal study on the cognitive and functional outcome of bipolar excellent lithium responders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 71, 25–32. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.07.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Institutes of Health (2014). Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. Available online at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-pro/guidelines/in-develop/cardiovascular-risk-reduction/tools/cohort (Accessed 2 January 2021).Google Scholar
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 372, n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71Google ScholarPubMed
Ratheesh, A., Lin, A., Nelson, B., Wood, S. J., Brewer, W., Betts, J., … Bechdolf, A. (2013). Neurocognitive functioning in the prodrome of mania – an exploratory study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1–3), 441–445. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Rabinowitz, J., Caspi, A., Schmeidler, J., Mark, M., … Davidson, M. (2002). A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(12), 2027–2035. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, L. J., & Ferrier, I. N. (2006). Evolution of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: A systematic review of cross-sectional evidence. Bipolar Disorders, 8(2), 103–116. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00277.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, K. A., Assari, S., Angers, K., Marshall, D. F., Hinrichs, K., Easter, R., … McInnis, M. G. (2017). Equivalent linear change in cognition between individuals with bipolar disorder and healthy controls over 5 years. Bipolar Disorders, 19(8), 689–697. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12532CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, K. A., Assari, S., Pester, B. D., Hinrichs, K., Angers, K., Baker, A., … Langenecker, S. A. (2016). Similar trajectory of executive functioning performance over 5 years among individuals with bipolar disorder and unaffected controls using latent growth modeling. Journal of Affective Disorders, 199, 87–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samamé, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2013). A quantitative review of neurocognition in euthymic late-life bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 15(6), 633–644. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12077CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samamé, C., Martino, D. J., & Strejilevich, S. A. (2014). Longitudinal course of cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 130–138. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Sánchez-Morla, E. M., López-Villarreal, A., Jiménez-López, E., Aparicio, A. I., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Roberto, R. J., … Santos, J. L. (2019). Impact of number of episodes on neurocognitive trajectory in bipolar disorder patients: A 5-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 49(8), 1299–1307. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718001885CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, J. L., Aparicio, A., Bagney, A., Sánchez-Morla, E. M., Rodríguez-Jiménez, R., Mateo, J., & Jiménez-Arriero, MÁ (2014). A five-year follow-up study of neurocognitive functioning in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 16(7), 722–731. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12215CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Schouws, S. N., Comijs, H. C., Dols, A., Beekman, A. T., & Stek, M. L. (2016). Five-year follow-up of cognitive impairment in older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 18(2), 148–154. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12374CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schouws, S. N., Comijs, H. C., Stek, M. L., Dekker, J., Oostervink, F., Naarding, P., … Beekman, A. T. (2009). Cognitive impairment in early and late bipolar disorder. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(6), 508–515. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819e2d50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. J., Anderson, J., Zammit, S., Meyer, T. D., Pell, J. P., & Mackay, D. (2015). Childhood IQ and risk of bipolar disorder in adulthood: Prospective birth cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1(1), 74–80. doi: doi: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000455Google ScholarPubMed
*Sparding, T., Joas, E., Clements, C., Sellgren, C. M., Pålsson, E., & Landén, M. (2021). Long-term trajectory of cognitive performance in people with bipolar disorder and controls: 6-year longitudinal study. BJPsych Open, 7(4), e115. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2021.66CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strejilevich, S. A., Quiroz, D., & Bitran, J. A. (2020). Bipolar disorder. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(14), 1398. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc202646.2Google ScholarPubMed
Strejilevich, S. A., Samamé, C., & Martino, D. J. (2015). The trajectory of neuropsychological dysfunctions in bipolar disorders: A critical examination of a hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 396–402. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Subramaniam, H., Dennis, M. S., & Byrne, E. J. (2007). The role of vascular risk factors in late onset bipolar disorder. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(8), 733–737. doi: 10.1002/gps.1730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szmulewicz, A., Valerio, M. P., & Martino, D. J. (2020). Longitudinal analysis of cognitive performances in recent-onset and late-life bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disorders, 22(1), 28–37. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12841CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrent, C., Martinez-Arán, A., Daban, C., Amann, B., Balanzá-Martínez, V., del Mar Bonnín, C., … Vieta, E. (2011). Effects of atypical antipsychotics on neurocognition in euthymic bipolar patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(6), 613–622. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.12.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varo, C., Solé, B., Jiménez, E., Bonnín, C. M., Torrent, C., Valls, E., … Reinares, M. (2020). Identifying social cognition subgroups in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: A cluster analytical approach. Psychological Medicine, 1–10. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720001865Google ScholarPubMed
Velosa, J., Delgado, A., Finger, E., Berk, M., Kapczinski, F., & de Azevedo Cardoso, T. (2020). Risk of dementia in bipolar disorder and the interplay of lithium: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(6), 510–521. doi: 10.1111/acps.13153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vita, A., De Peri, L., Deste, G., Barlati, S., & Sacchetti, E. (2015). The effect of antipsychotic treatment on cortical gray matter changes in schizophrenia: Does the class matter? A meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biological Psychiatry, 78(6), 403–412. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Won, E., & Kim, Y. K. (2017). An oldie but goodie: Lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder through neuroprotective and neurotrophic mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(12), 2679. doi: 10.3390/ijms18122679CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zanelli, J., Mollon, J., Sandin, S., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Pilecka, I., … Reichenberg, A. (2019). Cognitive change in schizophrenia and other psychoses in the decade following the first episode. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(10), 811–819. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091088CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Samamé et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Samamé et al. supplementary material(File)
File 54.3 KB
Supplementary material: File

Samamé et al. supplementary material

Table S2

Download Samamé et al. supplementary material(File)
File 24.4 KB
Supplementary material: File

Samamé et al. supplementary material

Table S3

Download Samamé et al. supplementary material(File)
File 15.6 KB