Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T06:02:17.421Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Life stress and symptom pattern in out-patient depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

E. S. Paykel*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical School, London
B. M. Rao
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical School, London
C. N. Taylor
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical School, London
*
1Address for correspondence: Professor E. S. Paykel, Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE.

Synopsis

The relationship was examined between symptoms rated in a sample of out-patient depressives, and measures of life stress derived from a separate interview. There was an association between symptoms reflecting the endogenous–neurotic distinction and life stress. However, the association was relatively weak, and was mainly with total social problems at the time of presentation, rather than with life events at onset. These findings are consistent with other studies which indicate that the absence of prior life events and the presence of the endogenous symptom pattern are only weakly related.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ambelas, A. (1979). Psychologically stressful events in the precipitation of manic episodes. British Journal of Psychiatry 135, 1521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn). APA: Washington D.C.Google Scholar
Bebbington, P. E., Tennant, C. & Hurry, J. (1981). Adversity and the nature of psychiatric disorder in the community. Journal of Affective Disorders 3, 345366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjaminsen, S. (1981). Stressful life events preceding the onset of neurotic depression. Psychological Medicine 11, 369378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. W. & Harris, T. (1978). Social Origins of Depression: a Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. Tavistock Publications: London.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., Ni Bhrolchain, M. & Harris, T. O. (1979). Psychotic and neurotic depression. Part 3. Aetiological and background factors. Journal of Affective Disorders 1, 195211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brugha, T. S. (1983). ‘Dubliners’ – a study of networks and neurosis in an Irish city.Paper presented at 7th World Congress of Psychiatry,Vienna,11–16 July 1983.Google Scholar
Carney, M. W. P., Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1965). The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. British Journal of Psychiatry 111, 659674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garside, R. F., Kay, D. W. K., Wilson, I. C., Deaton, I. D. & Roth, M. (1971). Depressive syndromes and the classification of patients. Psychological Medicine 1, 333338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillespie, R. D. (1929). The clinical differentiation of types of depression. Guy's Hospital Reports 79, 305344.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 6, 278296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. & White, J. M. (1959). Clinical syndromes in depressive states. Journal of Mental Science 105, 985998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (1981). Situational depression. Validity of the concept. British Journal of Psychiatry 139, 297305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katschnig, H. & Berner, P. (1984). The poly-diagnostic approach in psychiatric research.In Proceedings of the International Conference on Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorder and Alcohol and Drug Related Problems(Copenhagen,13–17 April 1982). World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Kay, D. W. K., Garside, R. F., Beamish, P. & Roy, J. R. (1969). Endogenous and neurotic syndromes of depression: a factor analytic study of 104 cases. Clinical features. British Journal of Psychiatry 115, 377388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. (1968). The Classification of Depressive Illnesses. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Kennedy, S., Thompson, R., Stancer, H. C., Roy, A. & Persad, E. (1983). Life events precipitating mania. British Journal of Psychiatry 142, 398403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiloh, L. G. & Garside, R. F. (1963). The independence of neurotic depression and endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 109, 451463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiloh, L. G., Andrews, G., Neilson, M. & Bianchi, G. N. (1972). The relationship of the syndromes called endogenous and neurotic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 121, 183196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, D. F. (1974). Endogenomorphic depression. A conceptual and terminological revision. Archives of General Psychiatry 31, 447454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klerman, G. L., Endicott, J., Spitzer, R. & Hirschfeld, R. (1979). Neurotic depressions: a systematic analysis of multiple criteria and meanings. American Journal of Psychiatry 136, 5761.Google ScholarPubMed
Leff, M. J., Roatch, J. F. & Bunney, W. E. (1970). Environmental factors preceding the onset of severe depressions. Psychiatry 33, 293311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McConaghy, N., Joffe, A. D. & Murphy, B. (1967). The independence of neurotic and endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 113, 479484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matussek, P. & Neuner, R. (1981). Loss events preceding endogenous and neurotic depressions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 64, 340350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendels, J. & Cochrane, C. (1968). The nosology of depression – The endogenous–reactive concept. American Journal of Psychiatry 124, 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J. C. & Charney, D. S. (1980). Primary affective disorder criteria and the endogenous–reactive distinction. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 787793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J. C. & Charney, D. S. (1981). The symptoms of major depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 138, 113.Google ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S. (1974). Recent life events and clinical depression. In Life Stress and Illness (ed. Gunderson, E. K. and Rahe, R. H.), pp. 134163. Charles C., Thomas: Springfield, Ill.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1979 a). Causal relationships between clinical depression and life events. In Stress and Mental Disorder (ed. Barrett, J. E.), pp. 7186. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1979 b). Predictors of treatment response. In Psycho-pharmacology of Affective Disorders (ed. Paykel, E. S. and Coppen, A.), pp. 193220. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1982). Life events and early environment. In Handbook of Affective Disorders (ed. Paykel, E. S.), pp. 146161. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1983). Methodological aspects of life events research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 27, 341352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S. (1984). The clinical interview for depression. In Assessment of Depression (ed. Sartorius, N. and Ban, T. A.). (In the press.)Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S., Myers, J. K., Dienelt, M. N., Klerman, G. L., Lindenthal, J. J. & Pepper, M. P. (1969). Life events and depression: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 21, 753760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S., Klerman, G. L. & Prusoff, B. A. (1970). Treatment setting and clinical depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 22, 1121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S., Prusoff, B. A. & Klerman, G. L. (1971). The endogenous–neurotic continuum in depression: rater independence and factor distributions. Journal of Psychiatric Research 8, 7390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S., Prusoff, B. A. & Myers, J. K. (1975). Suicide attempts and recent life events: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry 32, 327333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paykel, E. S., McGuinness, B. M. & Gomez, J. (1976). An Anglo-American comparison of the scaling of life events. British Journal of Psychology 49, 237247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S., Emms, E. M., Fletcher, J. & Rassaby, E. S. (1980). Life events and social support in puerperal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 136, 339346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S., Rowan, P. R., Parker, R. R. & Bhat, A. V. (1982). Response to phenelzine and amitriptyline in sub-types of outpatient depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 39, 10411049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paykel, E. S., Parker, R. R., Rowan, P. R., Rao, B. M. & Taylor, C. N. (1983). Nosology of atypical depression. Psychological Medicine 13, 131139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raskin, A., Schulterbrandt, J. G., Reatig, N. & McKeon, J. (1970). Differential response to chlorpromazine, imipramine and placebo. A study of subgroups of hospitalized depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 23, 164173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, S. H. & Gudeman, J. E. (1967). The endogenous depressive pattern. Archives of General Psychiatry 16, 241249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, S. H. & Klerman, G. L. (1966). Content and consistency in the endogenous depressive pattern. British Journal of Psychiatry 112, 471484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowan, P. R., Paykel, E. S. & Parker, R. R. (1982). Phenelzine and amitriptyline: effects on symptoms of neurotic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry 140, 475483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 773782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surtees, P. G. & Ingham, J. G. (1980). Life stress and depressive outcome: application of a dissipation model to life events. Social Psychiatry 5, 2131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, K. C. & Hendrie, H. C. (1972). Environmental stress in primary depressive illness. Archives of General Psychiatry 26, 130132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Praag, H. M. (1982). A transatlantic view of the diagnosis of depressions according to the DSM-III: I., Controversies and misunderstandings in depression diagnosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry 23, 315329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar