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Evaluation of the ‘Jumping to conclusions’ bias in different subgroups of the at-risk mental state: from cognitive basic symptoms to UHR criteria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 April 2016

F. Rausch ,
S. Eisenacher ,
H. Elkin ,
S. Englisch ,
S. Kayser ,
N. Striepens ,
M. Lautenschlager ,
A. Heinz ,
Y. Gudlowski  and
B. Janssen
...Show all authors
F. Rausch*
Affiliation:
Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
S. Eisenacher
Affiliation:
Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
H. Elkin
Affiliation:
Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
S. Englisch
Affiliation:
Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
S. Kayser
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Germany
N. Striepens
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Germany
M. Lautenschlager
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
A. Heinz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
Y. Gudlowski
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
B. Janssen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany
W. Gaebel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany
T. M. Michel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Aachen, Germany
F. Schneider
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Aachen, Germany
M. Lambert
Affiliation:
Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
D. Naber
Affiliation:
Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
G. Juckel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Preventive Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
S. Krueger-Oezguerdal
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Preventive Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
T. Wobrock
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
A. Hasan
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
M. Riedel
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
S. Moritz
Affiliation:
Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
H. Müller
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Germany
J. Klosterkötter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Germany
A. Bechdolf
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Germany
M. Zink
Affiliation:
Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
M. Wagner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Germany
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr F. Rausch, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Square J5, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Patients with psychosis display the so-called ‘Jumping to Conclusions’ bias (JTC) – a tendency for hasty decision-making in probabilistic reasoning tasks. So far, only a few studies have evaluated the JTC bias in ‘at-risk mental state’ (ARMS) patients, specifically in ARMS samples fulfilling ‘ultra-high risk’ (UHR) criteria, thus not allowing for comparisons between different ARMS subgroups.

Method

In the framework of the PREVENT (secondary prevention of schizophrenia) study, a JTC task was applied to 188 patients either fulfilling UHR criteria or presenting with cognitive basic symptoms (BS). Similar data were available for 30 healthy control participants matched for age, gender, education and premorbid verbal intelligence. ARMS patients were identified by the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS) and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument – Adult Version (SPI-A).

Results

The mean number of draws to decision (DTD) significantly differed between ARM -subgroups: UHR patients made significantly less draws to make a decision than ARMS patients with only cognitive BS. Furthermore, UHR patients tended to fulfil behavioural criteria for JTC more often than BS patients. In a secondary analysis, ARMS patients were much hastier in their decision-making than controls. In patients, DTD was moderately associated with positive and negative symptoms as well as disorganization and excitement.

Conclusions

Our data indicate an enhanced JTC bias in the UHR group compared to ARMS patients with only cognitive BS. This underscores the importance of reasoning deficits within cognitive theories of the developing psychosis. Interactions with the liability to psychotic transitions and therapeutic interventions should be unravelled in longitudinal studies.

Keywords

At-risk mental statejumping-to-conclusionmetacognitionprobabilistic reasoningprodromeschizophrenia
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 46 , Issue 10 , July 2016 , pp. 2071 - 2081
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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