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Disentangling the relationships between maternal smoking during pregnancy and co-occurring risk factors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2011

J. M. Ellingson ,
M. E. Rickert ,
P. Lichtenstein ,
N. Långström  and
B. M. D'Onofrio
J. M. Ellingson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
M. E. Rickert
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
P. Lichtenstein
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
N. Långström
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
B. M. D'Onofrio*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: Dr B. M. D'Onofrio, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) has been studied extensively as a risk factor for adverse offspring outcomes and is known to co-occur with other familial risk factors. Accounting for general familial risk factors has attenuated associations between SDP and adverse offspring outcomes, and identifying these confounds will be crucial to elucidating the relationship between SDP and its psychological correlates.

Method

The current study aimed to disentangle the relationship between maternal SDP and co-occurring risk factors (maternal criminal activity, drug problems, teen pregnancy, educational attainment, and cohabitation at childbirth) using a population-based sample of full- (n=206 313) and half-sister pairs (n=19 363) from Sweden. Logistic regression models estimated the strength of association between SDP and co-occurring risk factors. Bivariate behavioral genetic models estimated the degree to which associations between SDP and co-occurring risk factors are attributable to genetic and environmental factors.

Results

Maternal SDP was associated with an increase in all co-occurring risk factors. Of the variance associated with SDP, 45% was attributed to genetic factors and 53% was attributed to unshared environmental factors. In bivariate models, genetic factors accounted for 21% (non-drug-, non-violence-related crimes) to 35% (drug-related crimes) of the covariance between SDP and co-occurring risk factors. Unshared environmental factors accounted for the remaining covariance.

Conclusions

The genetic factors that influence a woman's criminal behavior, substance abuse and her offspring's rearing environment all influence SDP. Therefore, the intergenerational transmission of genes conferring risk for antisocial behavior and substance misuse may influence the associations between maternal SDP and adverse offspring outcomes.

Keywords

Antisocialbehavior geneticscriminaldrugpregnancysmoking
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 42 , Issue 7 , July 2012 , pp. 1547 - 1557
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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