Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T18:08:42.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Depression and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2010

M. Pinquart  and
P. R. Duberstein
M. Pinquart*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
P. R. Duberstein
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Personality and Development, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: Professor M. Pinquart, Philipps University, Department of Psychology, Gutenbergstrasse 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The goal of the present study was to analyze associations between depression and mortality of cancer patients and to test whether these associations would vary by study characteristics.

Method

Meta-analysis was used for integrating the results of 105 samples derived from 76 prospective studies.

Results

Depression diagnosis and higher levels of depressive symptoms predicted elevated mortality. This was true in studies that assessed depression before cancer diagnosis as well as in studies that assessed depression following cancer diagnosis. Associations between depression and mortality persisted after controlling for confounding medical variables. The depression–mortality association was weaker in studies that had longer intervals between assessments of depression and mortality, in younger samples and in studies that used the Beck Depression Inventory as compared with other depression scales.

Conclusions

Screening for depression should be routinely conducted in the cancer treatment setting. Referrals to mental health specialists should be considered. Research is needed on whether the treatment of depression could, beyond enhancing quality of life, extend survival of depressed cancer patients.

Keywords

Cancerdepressionmeta-analysismortalityoncology
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 40 , Issue 11 , November 2010 , pp. 1797 - 1810
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

*Akechi, T, Okamura, H, Okuyama, T, Furukawa, TA, Nishiwaki, Y, Uchitomi, Y (2009). Psychosocial factors and survival after diagnosis of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Psycho-Oncology 18, 23–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Akechi, T, Okuyama, T, Sugawara, Y, Nakano, T, Chima, Y, Uchitomi, Y (2004). Suicidality in terminally ill Japanese patients with cancer. Cancer 100, 183–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Andrykowski, MA, Brady, M, Hernslee-Downey, P (1994). Psychosocial factors predictive of survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for leukaemia. Psychosomatic Medicine 56, 432–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anstey, KJ, Luszcz, MA (2002). Mortality risk varies according to gender and change in depressive status in very old adults. Psychosomatic Medicine 64, 880–888.Google ScholarPubMed
Ayres, A, Hoon, PW, Franzoni, JB (1994). Influence of mood and adjustment on compliance with chemotherapy among breast cancer patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38, 393–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AT, Steer, RA (1979). Manual of the Revised Beck Depression Inventory. Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, TX.Google Scholar
*Beresford, TP, Alfers, J, Magnum, L, Clapp, L, Martin, B (2006). Cancer survival probability as a function of ego defense (adaptive) mechanisms versus depressive symptoms. Psychosomatics 47, 247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Bergquist, H, Ruth, M, Hammerlind, E (2007). Psychiatric morbidity among patients with cancer of the esophagus or the gastro-esophageal junction: a prospective, longitudinal evaluation. Diseases of the Esophagus 20, 523–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Black, SA, Markides, KS (1999). Depressive symptoms and mortality in older Mexican Americans. Annales of Epidemiology 9, 45–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Broers, S, Hengeveld, MW, Kaptein, AA, Cessie, SL, van de Loo, de Vries T, (1998). Are pretransplant psychological variables related to survival after bone marrow transplantation? A prospective study of 123 consecutive patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 45, 341–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Brown, KW, Levy, AR, Rosberger, Z, Edgar, L (2003). Psychological distress and cancer survival: a follow-up 10 years after diagnosis. Pychosomatic Medicine 65, 636–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Buccheri, G (1998). Depressive reactions to lung cancer are common and often followed by a poor outcome. European Respiratory Journal 11, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Chang, G, Orav, EJ, Tong, MY, Antin, JH (2004 a). Predictors of 1-year survival assessed at the time of bone marrow transplantation. Psychosomatics 45, 378–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Chang, G, Orav, EJ, McNamara, T, Tong, MY, Antin, JH (2004 b). Depression, cigarette smoking, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcome. Cancer 101, 782–789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chida, Y, Hamer, M, Wardle, J, Steptoe, A (2008). Do stress-related psychosocial factors contribute to cancer incidence and survival? Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 5, 468–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cody, M, Nichols, S, Brennan, C, Armes, J, Wilson, P, Slevin, M (1994). Psychosocial risk factors and lung cancer prognosis. Psycho-Oncology 3, 141.Google Scholar
*Colon, EA, Callies, AL, Popkin, MK, McGlave, PB (1991). Depressed mood and other variables related to bone marrow transplant survival in acute leukaemia. Psychosomatics 32, 420–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Coryell, WH (1981). Diagnosis-specific mortality: primary unipolar depression and Briquet's syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 939–942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coyne, JC, Stefanek, M, Palmer, SC (2007). Psychotherapy and survival in cancer: the conflict between hope and evidence. Psychological Bulletin 133, 367–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cwinkel, JG, Behar, LC, Zabora, JR (1997). Psychosocial factors that affect the survival of adult cancer patients: a review of research. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 15, 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Dalton, SO, Schüz, J, Engholm, G, Johansen, C, Küger, S, Steding-Jessen, M, Storm, HH, Olsen, JH (2008). Social inequality in incidence of and survival from cancer in a population-based study in Denmark, 1994–2003: summary of findings. European Journal of Cancer 44, 2074–2085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Derogatis, L, Abeloff, M, Melisarastos, N (1979). Psychological and coping mechanisms and survival time in metastatic cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association 242, 1504–1508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiMatteo, MR, Lepper, HS, Croghan, TW (2000). Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Archives of Internal Medicine 160, 2101–2107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Edwards, J, DiClemente, C, Samuels, ML (1985). Psychological characteristics: a pretreatment survival marker of patients with testicular cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 3, 79–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Ehlers, SL (2000). Effects of depression and substance use on head and neck cancer mortality. Unpublished dissertation (Ph.D. thesis). University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Epstein, RM, Street, RL (2007). Patient-Centered Communication in Cancer Care: Promoting Healing and Reducing Suffering. NIH Publication No. 07–6225. National Cancer Institute: Bethesda, MD.Google Scholar
*Faller, H, Bulzebruck, H, Dings, P, Lang, H (1999). Coping, distress, and survival among patients with lung cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 756–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Faller, H, Schmidt, M (2004). Prognostic value of depressive coping and depression in survival of lung cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 13, 359–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Forsén, A (1991). Psychosocial stress as a risk for breast cancer. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 55, 176–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Frick, E, Motzke, C, Fischer, N, Busch, R, Bumeder, I (2005). Is perceived social support a predictor of survival for patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation? Psycho-Oncology 14, 759–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Gathinji, M, McGirt, MJ, Attenello, FJ, Chaichana, KL, Than, K, Olivi, A, Weingart, JD, Brem, H, Quinones-Hinojosa, A (2009). Association of preoperative depression and survival after resection of malignant brain astrocytoma. Surgical Neurology 71, 299–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giese-Davis, J, Spiegel, D (2003). Emotional suppression and cancer progression. In Handbook of Affective Sciences (eds. Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. and Hill, G. G.), pp. 1053–1082. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Gilbody, S, Sheldon, T, Wessely, S (2006). Should we screen for depression? British Medical Journal 332, 1027–1030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Giraldi, T, Rodani, M, Cartei, G, Grassi, L (1997). Psychosocial factors and breast cancer: a 6-year Italian follow-up study. Psychotherotherapy and Psychosomatics 66, 229–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Goodwin, JS, Zhang, DD, Ostir, G (2004). Effect of depression on diagnosis, treatment, and survival of older women with breast cancer. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52, 106–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grassi, L, Indelli, M, Marzola, M, Maestri, A, Santini, A, Piva, E, Boccalon, M (1996). Depressive symptoms and quality of life in home-care-assisted cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 12, 300–307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Gripp, S, Moeller, S, Bölke, E, Schmitt, G, Matuschek, C, Asgari, S, Asgharzadeh, F, Roth, S, Budach, W, Franz, M, Willers, R (2007). Survival prediction in terminally ill cancer patients by clinical estimates, laboratory tests, and self-rated anxiety and depression. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, 3313–3320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Groenvold, M, Petersen, MA, Idler, E, Bjorner, JB, Fayers, PM, Mouridsen, HT (2007). Psychological distress and fatigue predicted recurrence and survival in primary breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 105, 209–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Grulke, N, Larbig, W, Kächele, H, Bailer, H (2008). Pre-transplant depression as risk factor for survival of patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Psycho-Oncology 17, 480–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedges, LV, Vevea, JL (1998). Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological Methods 3, 486–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Herrmann, C, Brand-Driehorst, S, Kaminsky, B, Leibing, E, Staats, H, Rüger, U (1998). Diagnostic groups and depressed mood as predictors of 22-month mortality in medical inpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine 60, 570–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Hislop, TG, Waxler, NE, Coldman, AJ, Elwood, JM, Kan, L (1987). The prognostic significance of psychosocial factors in women with breast cancer. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40, 729–735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Hjerl, K, Andersen, EW, Keiding, N, Mouridsen, HT, Mortensen, PB, Jorgensen, T (2003). Depression as a prognostic for breast cancer mortality. Psychosomatics 44, 24–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Hoodin, F, Kalbfleisch, KR, Thornton, J, Ratanatharathorn, V (2004). Psychosocial influences on 305 adults' survival after bone marrow transplantation: depression, smoking, and behavioral self-regulation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57, 145–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopko, DR, Bell, JL, Armento, ME, Hunt, MK, Lejuez, CW (2005). Behavior therapy for depressed cancer patients in primary care. Psychotherapy 42, 236–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Jamieson, RN, Burish, TG, Wallston, KA (1987). Psychogenic factors in predicting survival of breast cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 5, 768–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juni, P, Witschi, A, Bloch, R, Egger, M (1999). The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 282, 1054–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Kaplan, GA, Reynolds, P (1988). Depression and cancer mortality and morbidity: prospective evidence from the Alameda Country study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 11, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Karvonen-Gutierrez, CA, Ronis, DL, Fowler, KE, Terrell, JE, Gruber, SB, Duffy, SA (2008). Quality of life scores predict survival among patients with head and neck cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, 2754–2760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Kawamura, T, Shioiri, T, Takahashi, K, Ozdemir, V, Someya, T (2007). Survival rate and causes of mortality in the elderly with depression: a 15-year prospective study of a Japanese community sample, the Matsunoyama-Niigata suicide prevention project. Journal of Investigative Medicine 55, 106–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, DA, Heisel, MJ, Lyness, JM (2005). Assessment and psychological treatment of depression in older adults with terminal or life-threatening illnesses. Clinical Psychology 12, 339–353.Google Scholar
*Kissane, DW, Grabsch, B, Clarke, DM, Smith, GC, Love, AW, Bloch, S, Snyder, RD, Li, Y (2007). Supportive-expressive group therapy for women with metastatic breast cancer: survival and psychosocial outcome from a randomized controlled trial. Psycho-Oncology 16, 277–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klinkman, S (1997). Competing demands in psychosocial care: a model for the identification and treatment of depressive disorders in primary care. General Hospital Psychiatry 19, 98–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Lam, PT, Leung, MW, Tse, CY (2007). Identifying prognostic factors for survival in advanced cancer patients: a prospective study. Hong Kong Medical Journal 13, 453–459.Google ScholarPubMed
*Lehto, US, Ojanen, M, Dyba, T, Aromaa, A, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P (2006). Baseline psychosocial predictors of survival in localised breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 94, 1245–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Lehto, US, Ojanen, M, Dyba, T, Aromaa, A, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P (2007). Baseline psychosocial predictors of survival in localized melanoma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 63, 151–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Leigh, H, Percarpio, B, Ossahl, C, Ungerer, J (1987). Psychological predictors of survival in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 47, 65–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, SM, Roberts, DC (1992). Psychoneuroimmunology: prediction of cancer outcomes. In Behavioral Medicine: Stress and Disease Processes (eds. Schneider, N., McCabe, P. and Baum, A.), pp. 165–174. Erlbaum: Hillsdale.Google Scholar
Lipsey, MW, Wilson, DB (2004). Practical Meta-analysis. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.Google Scholar
*Litofsky, NS, Farace, E, Anderson, F, Meyers, CA, Huang, W, Laws, ER (2004). Depression in patients with high-grade glioma: results of the glioma outcome study. Neurosurgery 54, 358–366.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Williams, M, Shiels, C, Dowrick, C (2007). The development of the Brief Edinburgh Depression Scale (BEDS) to screen for depression in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Affective Disorders 99, 259–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Lloyd-Williams, M, Shiels, C, Taylor, F, Dennis, M (2009). Depression – an independent predictor of early death in patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Affective Disorders 113, 127–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Loberiza, FR, Rizzo, JD, Bredeson, CN, Antin, JH, Horowitz, MM, Weeks, JC, Lee, SJ (2002). Association of depressive syndrome and early deaths among patients after stem-cell transplantation for malignant diseases. Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, 2118–2126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovibold, PF (1998). Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107, 520–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGee, R, Williams, S, Elwood, M (1994). Depression and the development of cancer: a meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine 38, 187–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Mainio, A, Hakko, H, Timonen, M, Niemelä, A, Koivukangas, J, Räsänen, P (2005). Depression in relation to survival among neurosurgical patients with a primary brain tumour: a 5-year follow-up study. Neurosurgery 56, 1234–1241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Mainio, A, Tuunanen, S, Hakko, H, Niemelä, A, Koivukangas, J, Räsänen, P (2006). Decreased quality of life and depression as predictors for shorter survival among patients with low-grade gliomas: a follow-up from 1990 to 2003. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256, 516–521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massie, JW, Popkin, MK (1998). Depressive disorders. In Psycho-Oncology (ed. Holland, J.), pp. 518–540. Oxford University Press: New York.Google Scholar
*Murphy, KC, Jenkins, PL, Whittaker, JA (1996). Psychosocial morbidity and survival in adult bone marrow transplant recipients – a follow-up study. Bone Marrow Transplant 18, 199–201.Google ScholarPubMed
Mystakidou, K, Tsilika, E, Parpa, E, Smyrniotis, V, Galanos, A, Vlahos, L (2007). Beck Depression Inventory: exploring its psychometric properties in a palliative care population of advanced cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer Care 6, 244–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Nakaya, N, Saito-Nakaya, K, Akizuki, N, Yoshikawa, E, Kobayakawa, M, Fujimori, M, Nagai, K, Nishiwaki, Y, Fukudo, S, Tsubono, Y, Uchitomi, Y (2006). Depression and survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after curative resection: a preliminary study. Cancer Science 97, 199–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Nakaya, N, Saito-Nakaya, K, Akechi, T, Kuriyama, S, Inagaki, M, Kikuchi, N, Nagai, K, Tsugane, S, Nishiwaki, Y, Tsuji, I, Uchitomi, Y (2008). Negative psychological aspects and survival in lung cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 17, 466–473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Naughton, MJ, Hendron, JE, Miller, AA, Kornblith, AB, Chao, D, Holland, J (2002). The health-related quality of life and survival of small-cell lung cancer patients: results of a companion study to CALGB 9033. Quality of Life Research 11, 235–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onitilo, AA, Nietert, PJ, Egede, LE (2006). Effect of depression on all-cause mortality in adults with cancer and differential effects of cancer site. General Hospital Psychiatry 28, 396–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Osborne, RH, Sali, A, Aaronson, NK, Elsworth, GR, Mdzewski, B, Sinclair, AJ (2004). Immune function and adjustment style: do they predict survival in breast cancer? Psycho-Oncology 13, 199–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Ösby, U, Brandt, L, Correia, N, Ekbom, A, Sparen, P (2001). Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 844–850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Palmer, JL, Fisch, MJ (2005). Association between symptom distress and survival in outpatients seen in a palliative care cancer centre. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 29, 565–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parmar, MB, Torri, V, Stewart, L (1998). Extracting summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 17, 2815–2834.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Penninx, BW, Guralnik, JM, Pahor, M, Ferrucci, L, Cerhan, JR, Wallace, R, Havlik, RJ (1998). Chronically depressed mood and cancer risk in older persons. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 90, 1888–1893.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Persky, VW, Kempthorne-Rawson, J, Shekelle, RB (1987). Personality and risk of cancer: 20-year follow-up of the Western Electric Study. Psychosomatic Medicine 49, 435–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Phillips, KA, Osborne, RH, Giles, GG, Dite, GS, Apicella, C, Hopper, JL (2008). Psychosocial factors and survival of young women with breast cancer: a population-based prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26, 4666–4671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Pirl, WF, Temel, JS, Billings, A, Dahlin, C, Jackson, V, Prigerson, HG, Greer, J, Lynch, TJ (2008). Depression after diagnosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and survival: a pilot study. Psychosomatics 49, 218–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Prieto, JM, Atala, J, Blanch, E, Rovina, M, Cicera, E, Espinal, A, Gasto, C (2005). Role of depression as a predictor of mortality among cancer patients after stem-cell transplantation. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, 6063–6071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, LS (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Psychological Measurement 1, 385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Ratcliffe, MA, Dawson, AA, Walker, LG (1995). Eysenck Personality Inventory L-scores in patients with Hodgkin's disease and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Psycho-Oncology 4, 39–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Richardson, JL, Zarnegar, Z, Bisno, B, Levine, A (1990). Psychosocial status at initiation of cancer treatment and survival. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 34, 189–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Ringdal, GI, Gotestam, KG, Kaasa, S, Kvinnsland, S, Ringdahl, K (1996). Prognostic factors and survival in a heterogeneous sample of cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer 73, 1594–1599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, AJ, Modi, R (2003). Psychiatric issues in older cancer patients. Critical Reviews of Oncology/Hematology 48, 185–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Satin, JR, Linden, W, Philipps, MJ (2009). Depression as a predictor of disease progression and mortality in cancer patients. Cancer 115, 5349–5361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Saito-Nakaya, K, Nakaya, N, Fujimori, M, Akizuki, N, Yoshikawa, E, Kobyakawa, M (2006). Marital status, social support and survival after curative resection in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Science 97, 206–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Schulz, R, Bookwala, J, Knapp, JE, Scheier, M, Williamson, GM (1996). Pessimism, age and cancer mortality. Psychology and Aging 11, 304–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sellick, SM, Crooks, DL (1999). Depression and cancer: an appraisal of the literature for prevalence, detection, and practice guideline development for psychological interventions. Psycho-Oncology 8, 315–333.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Sheibani-Rad, S, Velanovich, V (2006). Effects of depression on the survival of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 32, 58–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Shekele, RB, Raynor, WJ, Ostfeld, AM, Garron, DC, Bieliauskas, LA, Liu, S, Maliza, C, Paul, O (1981). Psychological depression and 17-year risk of death from cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine 43, 118–119.Google Scholar
Sirey, J, Bruce, ML, Alexopoulos, GS (2001). Perceived stigma and patient-rated severity of illness as predictors of antidepressant drug adherence. Psychiatric Services 52, 1615–1620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smedslund, G, Ringdahl, GI (2004). Meta-analysis of the effects of psychosocial interventions on survival time in cancer patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57, 123–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiegel, D, Giese-Davis, J (2003). Depression and cancer: mechanisms and disease progression. Biological Psychiatry 54, 269–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Steel, JL, Geller, DA, Gamblin, TC, Olek, MC, Carr, BL (2007). Depression, immunity, and survival in patients with hepatobiliary carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, 2397–2405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Stein, S, Linn, MW, Stein, EM (1989). Psychological correlates of survival in nursing home cancer patients. Gerontologist 29, 224–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Stommel, M, Given, BA, Given, CW (2002). Depression and functional status as predictors of death among cancer patients. Cancer 94, 2719–2727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Stockler, MR, O'Connell, R, Nowak, AK, Goldstein, D, Turner, J, Wilcken, NR (2007). Effect of sertraline on symptoms and survival in patients with advanced cancer, but without major depression: a placebo-controlled double-blind randomised trial. Lancet Oncology 8, 603–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Tian, J, Chen, ZC, Hang, LF (2009). The effects of psychological status of the patients with digestive system cancers on prognosis of the disease. Cancer Nursing 32, 230–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
*Tschuschke, V, Hertenstein, B, Arnold, R, Bunjes, D, Denzinger, R, Kaechele, H (2001). Associations between coping and survival time of adult leukemia patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: results of a prospective study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 50, 277–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Watson, M, Haviland, JS, Greer, S, Davidson, J, Bliss, JM (1999). Influence of psychological response on survival in breast cancer: a population-based cohort study. Lancet 354, 1331–1336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Watson, M, Homewood, J, Haviland, J, Bliss, JM (2005). Influence of psychological response on breast cancer survival: 10-year follow-up of population-based cohort. European Journal of Cancer 41, 1710–1714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Whooley, MA, Browner, WS (1998). Association between depressive symptoms and mortality in older women. Archives of Internal Medicine 158, 2129–2135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Wilson, KG, Chochinov, HM, Skirko, MG (2007). Depression and anxiety disorders in palliative cancer care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 33, 118–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wulsin, LR, Vaillant, GE, Wells, VE (1999). A systematic review of the mortality of depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 61, 6–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zigmond, AS, Snaith, RP (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 67, 361–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
*Zonderman, AB, Costa, P, McCrae, RR (1989). Depression as a risk for cancer morbidity and mortality in a nationally representative sample. Journal of the American Medical Association 262, 1191–1195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar