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Cortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2012

J. Herbert
J. Herbert*
Affiliation:
Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: Professor J. Herbert, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK. (Email: [email protected])
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Abstract

Background

Cortisol plays a multifaceted role in major depression disorder (MDD). Diurnal rhythms are disturbed, there is increased resistance to the feedback action of glucocorticoids, excess cortisol may induce MDD, basal levels may be higher and the post-awakening cortisol surge accentuated in those at risk for MDD. Does this suggest new avenues for studying MDD or its clinical management?

Method

The relevant literature was reviewed.

Results

Cortisol contributes to genetic variants for the risk for MDD and the way that environmental events amplify risk. The corticoids' influence begins prenatally, but continues into adulthood. The impact of cortisol at each phase depends not only on its interaction with other factors, such as psychological traits and genetic variants, but also on events that have, or have not, occurred previously.

Conclusions

This review suggests that the time is now right for serious consideration of the role of cortisol in a clinical context. Estimates of cortisol levels and the shape of the diurnal rhythm might well guide the understanding of subtypes of MDD and yield additional indicators for optimal treatment. Patients with disturbed cortisol rhythms might benefit from restitution of those rhythms; they may be distinct from those with more generally elevated levels, who might benefit from cortisol blockade. Higher levels of cortisol are a risk for subsequent depression. Should manipulation of cortisol or its receptors be considered as a preventive measure for some of those at very high risk of future MDD, or to reduce other cortisol-related consequences such as long-term cognitive decline?

Keywords

Braincortisoldepressionpreventiontherapy
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 43 , Issue 3 , March 2013 , pp. 449 - 469
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

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