Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T10:13:32.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The concept of akinesia1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

J. De Ajuriaguerra  and
Helen Marshall
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

The concept of akinesia deserves to be looked at again in the light of recent work on Parkinsonism, particularly those findings which have resulted from the use of L-dopa in Parkinsonian syndromes. Akinesia and bradykinesia are integral parts of such syndromes, at times even constituting their essential element. Akinesia belongs to a group of psychomotor syndromes, the semiology and pathogenesis of which were the subject of numerous discussions at the beginning of this century. As we have pointed out elsewhere, akinesia cannot be defined solely in terms of its own characteristics: it must be understood equally in its paradoxical aspects—‘paradoxical kinesia’ in post-encephalitic Parkinsonism in particular, and ‘paradoxical akinesia’ in Parkinsonian patients treated with L-dopa.

Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 5 , Issue 2 , May 1975 , pp. 129 - 137
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ajuriaguerra, J. de (1971). Etudes psychopathologiques des parkinsoniens. In Monoamines, Noyaux Gris Centraux et Syndromes de Parkinson, pp. 327–351. Georg-Masson: Paris.Google Scholar
Ajuriaguerra, J. de, and Blanc, C. (1961). Le rhinencéphale dans l'organisation cérébrale. In Physiologie el Pathologie du Rhinencéphale, pp. 297–337. Edited by Alajouanine, T.. Masson: Paris.Google Scholar
Baruk, H. (1938). Psychiatric Médicale, Physiologique et Expérimentale. Masson: Paris.Google Scholar
Birkmayer, W., and Hornykiewicz, O. (1961). Der L-3, 4-Dioxyphenylalanin (=DOPA)-Effekt bei der Parkinson-Akinese. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 73, 787–788.Google Scholar
Birkmayer, W., and Hornykiewicz, O. (1962). Der L-Dioxyphenylalanin (=L-DOPA)- Effekt beim Parkinson-Syndrom des Menschen: zur Pathogenese und Behandlung des Parkinson-Akinese. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkr ankheiten, 203, 560–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birkmayer, W. (1969). Experimentelle Ergebnisse über die Kombinationsbehandlung des Parkinson-Syndroms mit L-DOPA und einem Decarboxylasehemmer (Ro4–4602). Weiner klinische Wochenschrift, 81, 677–679.Google Scholar
Bostroem, A. (1939). Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen Systems. In Handbuch der Inneren Medizin, 3rd edn, vol. 5, pt. 1, pp. 668–676. Edited by von Bergmann, G. and Staehelin, R.. Springer: Berlin.Google Scholar
Brumlik, J., and Boshes, B. (1966). The mechanism of brady-kinesia in parkinsonism. Neurology, 16, 337–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charcot, J. M. (1886) De la paralysie agitante. In Oeuvres Complites de J. M. Charcot. Leçons sur les Maladies du Système Nerveux Recuellies et Publiées par Bourneville, vol. 1, pp 155–188. Delahaye and Lecrosnier: Paris.Google Scholar
Cooper, I. S. (1961). Parkinsonism: its Medical and Surgical Therapy. Thomas: Springfield, Ill.Google Scholar
Delmas-Marsalet, P. (1927). Les Réflexes de Posture Elémentaires. Masson: Paris.Google Scholar
Denny-Brown, D. (1946). Diseases of the Basal Ganglia and Subthalamic Nuclei. Oxford University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Dinnerstein, A. J., Lowenthal, M., Blake, G., and Mallin, R. E. (1964). Tactile delay in Parkinsonism. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139, 521–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duvoisin, R., Barrett, R., Schear, M., Hoehn, M., and Yahr, M. (1969). The use of L-Dopa in Parkinsonism. In Third Symposium on Parkinson's Disease, Edinburgh, 1968, p. 185–192. Livingstone: Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Foerster, O. (1921) Zur Analyse und Pathophysiologie der striären Bewegungsstörungen. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Neurologic und Psychiatrie, 73, 1–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, G. L. (1948). Physiological Psychology. Van Nostraed: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fünfgeld, E. W. (1967). Psychopathologie und Klinik des Parkinsonismus vor und nach stereotaktischen Operationen. Springer: Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiraud, P. (1950). Psychiatrie Générate. Le Françcois: Paris.Google Scholar
Hassler, R. (1960). Zur Pathophysiologie des Parkinson-Syndroms und seiner operativen Behandlung. (abstract.) Klinsiche Wochenschrift, 38, 1229.Google Scholar
Hauptmann, A. (1922). Der ‘Mangel an Antrieb’, von innen gesehen. (Das psychische Korrelat der Akinese). Archiev für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheitein, 66, 615–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, W. R. (1956). Hypothalamus und Thalamus. Thieme: Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Jong, H. de., and Baruk, H. (1930). La Catatonic Expéementale par la Bulbocapnine. Masson: Paris.Google Scholar
Joubert, M., and Barbeau, A. (1969). Akinesia in Parkinson's disease. In Progress in Neuro-Genetics, pp. 366–376. Edited by Barbeau, A. and Brunette, J.-R.. International Congress Series, No. 175. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Jung, R., and Hassler, R. (1960). The extrapyramidal motor system. In Handbook of Physiology, Section 1. Neurophysiology, vol 2, pp. 863–927. Edited by Field, J.. American Physiological Society: Washington.Google Scholar
Kaeser, H. E., Ferel, D., and Wurmser, P. (1970). Behandlung des Parkinson-Syndroms mit L-Dopa. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, 100, 805–813.Google ScholarPubMed
Kleist, K. (1934). Gehirnpathologie. Barth: Leipzig.Google Scholar
Lewy, F. H. (1923). Die Lehre von Tonus und der Bewegung. Zugleich systematische Untersuchungen zur Klinik, Physiologie, Pathologie und Pathogenese der Paralysis agitans. Springer: Berlin.Google Scholar
Lit, A. C. (1968). Man behind a mask. An analysis of the psychomotor phenomena of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 68, 863–874.Google ScholarPubMed
Lotmar, F. (1926). Die Stammganglien und die extrapyramidal-motorischen Syndrome. Springer: Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandell, A. J., Markham, C. H., Tallman, F. F., and Mandell, M. P. (1962). Motivation and ability to move. American Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 544–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. P., Hurwitz, L. J., and Finlayson, M. H. (1962). The negative symptoms of basal gangliar disease. A survey of 130 postencephalitic cases. Lancet, 2, 1–6, 62–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, J. P. (1967). The Basal Ganglia and Posture. Pitman: London.Google Scholar
Mettler, F. A., and Crandell, A. (1959). Relation between Parkinsonism and psychiatric disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 129, 551–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostow, M. (1959). Biological basis of human behavior. In American Handbook of Psychiatry, vol. I, p. 58–87. Edited by Arieti, S.. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Paillard, J. (1961). Les attitudes dans la motricité. In Les Attitudes. Symposium de l'Association de Psychologie Scientifique de Langue Française, Bordeaux, 1959. Presses Universitaires de France: Paris.Google Scholar
Perret, E., Kohenhof, M., and Siegfried, J. (1969). Influences de lésions thalamiques unilatérales sur les fonctions intellectuelles, mnésiques et d'apprentissage de malades Parkinsoniens. Neuropsychologic, 7, 79–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ploski, H. A., Levita, E., and Riklan, M. (1966). Impairment of voluntary movement in Parkinson's disease in relation to activation level, autonomic malfunction, and personality rigidity. Psychosomatic Medicine., 28, 70–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Runge, W. (1928). Psychosen bei Gehirnerkrankungen. In Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, vol. 3, pp. 526–680. Edited by Bumke, O.. Springer: Berlin.Google Scholar
Schaltenbrand, G. (1924). Über die Bewegungsstörungen bei akuter Bulbocapninvergiftung. Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 103, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, R. S., and Zieper, I. (1965). Effects of mood, motivation, stress and alertness on the performance in Parkinson's disease. Psychiatrica et Neurologica (Basel), 150, 345–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwab, R. S. (1968). The adverse effect of akinesia on the success of the stereotactic surgery in Parkinson's disease. Proceedings of the Australian Association 5, 293–298.Google ScholarPubMed
Siegfried, J., Ziegler, W. H., Regli, F., Fischer, C., Kaufmann, W. and Perret, E. (1969). Treatment of Parkinsonism with L-DOPA in association with a decarboxylase inhibitor. First objective results. Pharmacologia Clinica, 2, 23–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souques, A. (1921). Rapport sur les syndromes parkinsoniens. Revue Neurologique, 28, 534–573, 575–578.Google Scholar
Spiegel, E. A., Wycis, H. T., Schor, S., Schwartz, H. A., and Fabiani, F. R. (1969). The incidence of vegetative symptoms in Parkinson patients with and without bradykinesia. In Third Symposium on Parkinson's Disease, Edinburgh, 1968, p. 200–203. Livingstone: Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Trousseau, cité par Souques A. (1921). Rapport sur les syndromes Parkinsoniens. Revue Neurologique, 28, 556–559.Google Scholar
Verger, H., and Hesnard, A. (1921). Le syndrome moteur des encéphalitiques pseudo-parkinsoniens (état figé, ou bradykinésie hypertonique). Revue Neurologique, 28, 633–637.Google Scholar
Verger, H., and Hesnard, A. (1922). Recherches physiopathologiques sur la bradykinésie postencéphalitique (syndrome de viscosité motrice). Encephale, 17, 409–423.Google Scholar
Wernicke, C. (1899). Über die Klassifikation der Psychosen. Psychiatrische Abhandlungen, Heft 12, Schletter: Breslau.Google Scholar
Wernicke, C. (1906). Grundriss der Psychiatrie in Klinischen Vorlesungen. 2nd edn. Thieme: Leipzig.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. A. K. (1940). Neurology, vol. 2, p. 793–795. Arnold: London.Google Scholar