Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:23:48.783Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: ‘Much ado about nothing’?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 September 2009

L. Arseneault ,
L. Bowes  and
S. Shakoor
L. Arseneault*
Affiliation:
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
L. Bowes
Affiliation:
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
S. Shakoor
Affiliation:
MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
*
*Address for correspondence: L. Arseneault, Ph.D., MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Box Number P080, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bullying victimization is a topic of concern for youths, parents, school staff and mental health practitioners. Children and adolescents who are victimized by bullies show signs of distress and adjustment problems. However, it is not clear whether bullying is the source of these difficulties. This paper reviews empirical evidence to determine whether bullying victimization is a significant risk factor for psychopathology and should be the target of intervention and prevention strategies. Research indicates that being the victim of bullying (1) is not a random event and can be predicted by individual characteristics and family factors; (2) can be stable across ages; (3) is associated with severe symptoms of mental health problems, including self-harm, violent behaviour and psychotic symptoms; (4) has long-lasting effects that can persist until late adolescence; and (5) contributes independently to children's mental health problems. This body of evidence suggests that efforts aimed at reducing bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence should be strongly supported. In addition, research on explanatory mechanisms involved in the development of mental health problems in bullied youths is needed.

Keywords

Adolescentsbullying victimizationchildrenmental health
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 40 , Issue 5 , May 2010 , pp. 717 - 729
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ananiadou, K, Smith, PK (2002). Legal requirements and nationally circulated materials against school bullying in European countries. Criminal Justice 2, 471–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
APA (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Arseneault, L, Kim-Cohen, J, Taylor, A, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE (2005). Psychometric evaluation of 5- and 7-year-old children's self-reports of conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 33, 537–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arseneault, L, Walsh, E, Trzesniewski, K, Newcombe, R, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE (2006). Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: a nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics 118, 130–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arseneault, L, Milne, BJ, Taylor, A, Adams, F, Delgado, K, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE (2008). Being bullied as an environmentally mediated contributing factor to children's internalizing problems. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162, 145–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldry, AC (2003). Bullying in schools and exposure to domestic violence. Child Abuse and Neglect 27, 713–732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldry, AC, Winkel, FW (2003). Direct and vicarious victimization at school and at home as risk factors for suicide cognition among Italian adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 26, 703–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ball, H, Arseneault, L, Taylor, A, Maughan, B, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE (2008). Genetic and environmental influences on victims, bullies and bully-victims in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49, 104–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, ED, Arseneault, L, Brendgen, M, Fontaine, N, Maughan, B (2008 a). Joint development of bullying and victimization in adolescence: relation to delinquency and self-harm. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 47, 1030–1038.Google ScholarPubMed
Barker, ED, Boivin, M, Brendgen, M, Fontaine, N, Arseneault, L, Vitaro, F, Bissonnette, C, Tremblay, RE (2008 b). The predictive validity and early predictors of peer victimization trajectories in preschool. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, 1185–1192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, J, Belsky, J, Broomfield, K, Melhuish, E, the NESS Research Team (2006). Neighbourhood deprivation, school disorder and academic achievement in primary schools in deprived communities in England. International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, 127–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, NS, Lozano, P, Rivara, FP (2007). The effectiveness of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in public middle schools: a controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 40, 266–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bebbington, PE, Bhugra, D, Brugha, T, Singleton, N, Farrell, M, Jenkins, R, Lewis, G, Meltzer, H (2004). Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. British Journal of Psychiatry 185, 220–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beran, TN, Violato, C (2004). A model of childhood perceived peer harassment: analyses of the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth Data. Journal of Psychology 138, 129–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brendgen, M, Boivin, M, Vitaro, F, Girard, A, Dionne, G, Pérusse, D (2008). Gene–environment interaction between peer victimization and child aggression. Development and Psychopathology 20, 455–471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjorkqvist, K, Lagerspetz, KMJ, Kaukiainen, A (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior 18, 117–127.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boivin, M, Hymel, S (1997). Peer experiences and social self-perception: a sequential model. Developmental Psychology 33, 135–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, L, Carlin, JB, Thomas, L, Rubin, K, Patton, G (2001). Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers. British Medical Journal 323, 480–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowes, L, Arseneault, L, Maughan, B, Taylor, A, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE (2009). School, neighborhood and family factors are associated with children's bullying involvement: a nationally-representative longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48, 545–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, ML, Morrison, AP (2007). The relationship between bullying, psychotic-like experiences and appraisals in 14–16-year olds. Behavior Research and Therapy 45, 1579–1591.Google Scholar
Crick, NR, Casas, JF, Ku, HC (1999). Relational and physical forms of peer victimization in preschool. Developmental Psychology 35, 376–385.Google Scholar
Department for Children, Schools and Families (2009). Safe from Bullying: Guidance for Local Authorities and Other Strategic Leaders on Reducing Bullying in the Community. Department for Children, Schools and Families: Nottingham.Google Scholar
Dodge, KA, Bates, JE, Pettit, GS (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science 250, 1678–1683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egan, SK, Perry, DG (1998). Does low self-regard invite victimization? Developmental Psychology 34, 299–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B, Kalkoske, M, Gottesman, N, Erickson, MF (1990). Preschool behavior problems: stability and factors accounting for change. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 31, 891–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finkelhor, D, Ormrod, RK, Turner, HA (2007). Re-victimization patterns in a national longitudinal sample of children and youth. Child Abuse and Neglect 31, 479–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forero, R, McLellan, L, Rissel, C, Bauman, A (1999). Bullying behaviour and psychosocial health among school students in New South Wales, Australia: cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal 319, 344–348.Google Scholar
Hawker, DS, Boulton, MJ (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41, 441–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heim, C, Newport, DJ, Heit, S, Graham, YP, Wilcox, M, Bonsall, R, Miller, AH, Nemeroff, CB (2000). Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 593–597.Google ScholarPubMed
Herba, CM, Ferdinand, RF, Stijnen, T, Veenstra, R, Oldehinkel, AJ, Omel, J, Verhulst, FC (2008). Victimization and suicide ideation in the TRAILS study: specific vulnerabilities of victims. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49, 867–876.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodges, EV, Perry, DG (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, 677–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffee, SR, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Taylor, A (2004). Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: evidence of an environmentally mediated process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 113, 44–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaffee, SR, Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A, Taylor, A, Arseneault, L (2002). Influence of adult domestic violence on children's internalizing and externalizing problems: an environmentally informative twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41, 1095–1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janssen, I, Krabbendam, L, Bak, M, Hanssen, M, Vollebergh, W, de Graaf, R, van Os, J (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109, 38–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juvonen, J, Graham, S, Schuster, MA (2003). Bullying among young adolescents: the strong, the weak, and the troubled. Pediatrics 112, 1231–1237.Google Scholar
Kaltiala-Heino, R, Rimpela, M, Rantanen, P, Rimpela, A (2000). Bullying at school – an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence 23, 661–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karatzias, A, Power, KG, Swanson, V (2002). Bullying and victimisation in Scottish secondary schools: same or separate entities? Aggressive Behavior 28, 45–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelleher, I, Harley, M, Lynch, F, Arseneault, L, Fitzpatrick, C, Cannon, M (2008). Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. British Journal of Psychiatry 193, 378–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, YS, Koh, YJ, Leventhal, B (2005). School bullying and suicidal risk in Korean middle school students. Pediatrics 115, 357–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, YS, Leventhal, BL, Koh, YJ, Hubbard, A, Boyce, WT (2006). School bullying and youth violence: causes or consequences of psychopathologic behavior? Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 1035–1041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim-Cohen, J, Caspi, A, Moffitt, TE, Harrington, H, Milne, BJ, Poulton, R (2003). Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: developmental follow-back of a prospective-longitudinal cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 709–717.Google Scholar
Kim-Cohen, J, Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A, Taylor, A (2004). Genetic and environmental processes in young children's resilience and vulnerability to socioeconomic deprivation. Child Development 75, 651–668.Google Scholar
Kinderman, P, Bentall, RP (1996). A new measure of causal locus: the internal, personal and situational attributions questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences 20, 261–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klomek, AB, Sourander, A, Niemela, S, Kumpulainen, K, Piha, J, Tamminen, T, Almqvist, F, Gould, MS (2009). Childhood bullying behaviors as a risk for suicide attempts and completed suicides: a population-based birth cohort study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 48, 254–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumpulainen, K, Räsänen, E (2000). Children involved in bullying at elementary school age: their psychiatric symptoms and deviance in adolescence: an epidemiological sample. Child Abuse and Neglect 24, 1567–1577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumpulainen, K, Räsänen, E, Henttonen, I (1999). Children involved in bullying: psychological disturbance and the persistence of the involvement. Child Abuse and Neglect 23, 1253–1262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladd, G, Kochenderfer-Ladd, B (2002). Identifying victims of peer aggression from early to middle childhood: analysis of cross-informant data for concordance, estimation of relational adjustment, prevalence of victimization and characteristics of identified victims. Psychological Assessment 14, 74–96.Google Scholar
Ladd, GW, Troop-Gordon, W (2003). The role of chronic peer difficulties in the development of children's psychological adjustment problems. Child Development 74, 1344–1367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lataster, T, van Os, J, Drukker, M, Henquet, C, Feron, F, Gunther, N, Myin-Germeys, I (2006). Childhood victimisation and development expression of non-clinical delusional ideation and hallucinatory experiences: victimisation and non-clinical psychotic experiences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, 423–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, H, Flisher, AJ, Lombard, CJ (2007). Bullying, violence, and risk behaviour in South African school students. Child Abuse and Neglect 31, 161–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, R, Nielsen, KK, Hansen, DH, Kriegbaum, M, Molbo, D, Due, P, Christensen, U (2009). Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: a study of Danish men born in 1953. European Journal of Public Health 19, 111–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, AS, Shaffer, A (2006). How families matter in child development: reflection from research on risk and resilience. In Families Count: Effects on Child and Adolescent Development (ed. Clarke-Stewart, A. and Dunn, J.), pp. 5–25. Cambridge University Press: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayeux, L, Underwood, MK, Risser, SD (2009). Perspectives on the ethics of sociometric research with children: how children, peers, and teachers help to inform the debate. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 53, 53–78.Google Scholar
Mynard, H, Joseph, S (1997). Bully/victim problems and their association with Eysenck's personality dimensions in 8-13 year olds. British Journal of Educational Psychology 67, 51–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, TE (1993). ‘Life-course-persistent’ and ‘adolescence-limited’ antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 100, 674–701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, TE (2005). The new look of behavioral genetics in developmental psychopathology: gene–environment interplay in antisocial behaviors. Psychological Bulletin 4, 533–544.Google Scholar
Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A, Harrington, H, Milne, BJ (2002 a). Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology 14, 179–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moffitt, TE, Caspi, A, Rutter, M, Silva, PA (2001). Sex Differences in Antisocial Behaviour: Conduct Disorder, Delinquency, and Violence in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, TE, E-Risk Study Team (2002 b). Teen-aged mothers in contemporary Britain. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43, 727–742.Google Scholar
Nansel, TR, Craig, W, Overpeck, MD, Saluja, G, Ruan, WJ, Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Bullying Analyses Working Group (2004). Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 158, 730–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nansel, TR, Overpeck, MD, Haynie, DL, Ruan, WJ, Scheidt, PC (2003). Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 157, 348–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nansel, TR, Overpeck, M, Pilla, RS, Ruan, WJ, Simons-Morton, B, Scheidt, P (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Journal of the American Medical Association 285, 2094–2100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliver, C, Candappa, M (2003). Tackling Bullying: Listening to the Views of Children and Young People. Department for Education and Skills: Nottingham.Google Scholar
Olweus, D (1991). Bully/victim problems among school children: basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. In The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression (ed. Pepler, D. J. and Rubin, K. H.), pp. 411–448. Lawrence Erlbaum: New Jersey.Google Scholar
Olweus, D (1993 a). Bullying at School. Blackwell: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Olweus, D (1993 b). Victimization by peers: antecedents and long-term outcomes. In Social Withdrawal, Inhibition and Shyness in Childhood (ed. Rubin, K. H. and Asendorpf, J. B.), pp. 315–342. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: New Jersey.Google Scholar
Olweus, D (1994). Bullying at school: basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35, 1171–1190.Google Scholar
Olweus, D (2007). The Olweus Bullying Questionnaire. Hazelden: Center City, MN.Google Scholar
Olweus, D (in press). Understanding and researching bullying: some critical issues. In The International Handbook of School Bullying (ed. Jimerson, S. R., Swearer, S. M. and Espelage, D. L.. Routledge: New York.Google Scholar
Pepler, DJ, Craig, WM (1995). A peek behind the fence: naturalistic observations of aggressive children with remote audiovisual recording. Developmental Psychology 31, 548–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollak, SD (2003). Experience-dependent affective learning and risk for psychopathology in children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1008, 102–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollak, SD, Sinha, P (2002). Effects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology 38, 784–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhee, SH, Waldman, ID (2002). Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behaviour: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin 128, 490–529.Google Scholar
Rigby, K (2002). New Perspectives on Bullying. Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London.Google Scholar
Rivers, I, Smith, PK (1994). Types of bullying behaviour and their correlates. Aggressive Behavior 20, 359–368.Google Scholar
Robins, LN (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine 8, 611–622.Google Scholar
Ronning, JA, Sourander, A, Kumpulainen, K, Tamminen, T, Niemela, S, Moilanen, I, Helenius, H, Piha, J, Almqvist, F (2009). Cross-informant agreement about bullying and victimization among eight-year-olds: whose information best predicts psychiatric caseness 10–15 years later? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 44, 15–22.Google Scholar
Rutter, M (2007). Identifying the environmental causes of disease: how should we decide what to believe and when to take action? [Report] Academy of Medical Sciences: London.Google Scholar
Rutter, M, Silberg, J, O'Connor, T, Simonoff, E (1999). Genetics and child psychiatry. II. Empirical research findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40, 19–55.Google Scholar
Salmivalli, C, Peets, K (2009). Bullies, victims, and bully-victim relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence. In Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups (ed. Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M. and Laurens, B.), pp. 322–340. Guilford Press: New York.Google Scholar
Scholte, RH, Engels, RC, Overbeek, G, de Kemp, RA, Haselager, GJ (2007). Stability in bullying and victimization and its association with social adjustment in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 35, 217–228.Google Scholar
Schreier, A, Wolke, D, Thomas, K, Horwood, J, Hollis, C, Gunnell, D, Lewis, G, Thompson, A, Zammit, S, Duffy, L, Salvi, G, Harrison, G (2009). Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 527–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, A, Cicchetti, D (2001). Parental maltreatment and emotion dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 30, 349–363.Google Scholar
Smith, PK, Levan, S (1995). Perceptions and experiences of bullying in younger pupils. British Journal of Educational Psychology 65, 489–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, PK, Ananiadou, K, Cowie, H (2003). Interventions to reduce school bullying. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48, 591–599.Google Scholar
Smith, PK, Mahdavi, J, Carvalho, M, Fisher, S, Russell, S, Tippett, N (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary schools. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49, 376–385.Google Scholar
Smith, PK, Shu, S (2000). What good schools can do about bullying: findings from a survey in English schools after a decade of research and action. Childhood 7, 193–212.Google Scholar
Snyder, J, Booker, E, Patrick, MR, Snyder, AZ, Schrepferman, L, Stoolmiller, M (2003). Observed peer victimization during elementary school: continuity, growth, and relation to risk for child antisocial and depressive behavior. Child Development 74, 1881–1898.Google Scholar
Sourander, A, Helstela, L, Helenius, H, Piha, J (2000). Persistence of bullying from childhood to adolescence: a longitudinal 8-year follow-up study. Child Abuse and Neglect 24, 873–881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sourander, A, Jensen, P, Ronning, JA, Niemela, S, Helenius, H, Sillanmaki, L, Kumpulainen, K, Piha, J, Tamminen, T, Moilanen, I, Almqvist, F (2007 a). What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? The Finnish ‘From a Boy to a Man’ study. Pediatrics 120, 397–404.Google Scholar
Sourander, A, Jensen, P, Ronning, JA, Elonheimo, H, Niemela, S, Helenius, H, Kumpulainen, K, Piha, J, Tamminen, T, Moilanen, I, Almqvist, F (2007 b). Childhood bullies and victims and their risk of criminality in late adolescence: the Finnish From a Boy to a Man study. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161, 546–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolan, PH (2004). International trends in bullying and children's health: giving them due consideration. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 158, 831–832.Google Scholar
Ttofi, MM, Farrington, DP (2009). What works in preventing bullying? Effective elements of anti-bullying programmes. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 1, 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Valk, JC, van den Oord, EJ, Verhulst, FC, Boomsma, DI (2003). Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change in children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 42, 1212–1220.Google Scholar
van der Wal, MF, de Wit, CAM, Hirasing, RA (2003). Psychosocial health among young victims and offenders of direct and indirect bullying. Pediatrics 111, 1312–1317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veenstra, R, Lindenberg, S, Oldehinkel, AJ, De Winter, AF, Verhulst, FC, Ormel, J (2005). Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: a comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents. Developmental Psychology 41, 672–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veenstra, R, Lindenberg, S, Zijlstra, BJ, De Winter, AF, Verhulst, FC, Ormel, J (2007). The dyadic nature of bullying and victimization: testing a dual-perspective theory. Child Development 78, 1843–1854.Google Scholar
Vreeman, RC, Carroll, AE (2007). A systematic review of school based interventions to prevent bullying. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161, 78–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitney, I, Smith, PK (1993). A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools. Education Research 35, 3–25.Google Scholar
Wienke Totura, CM, Green, AE, Karver, MS, Gesten, EL (2009). Multiple informants in the assessment of psychological, behavioral, and academic correlates of bullying and victimization in middle school. Journal of Adolescence 32, 193–211.Google Scholar
Wolke, D, Woods, S, Stanford, K, Schulz, H (2001). Bullying and victimization of primary school children in England and Germany: prevalence and school factors. British Journal of Psychology 92, 673–696.Google Scholar