Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T00:12:33.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An increase in depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction predicts new cardiac events irrespective of depressive symptoms before myocardial infarction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2011

M. Zuidersma ,
J. Ormel ,
H. J. Conradi  and
P. de Jonge
M. Zuidersma*
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
J. Ormel
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
H. J. Conradi
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
P. de Jonge
Affiliation:
Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
*
*Address for correspondence: M. Zuidersma, M.Sc., Interdisciplinary Center for Psychiatric Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. (Email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Depression after myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis. There is some evidence that specifically depressive episodes that develop after the acute event are associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether an increase in the number of depressive symptoms after MI is associated with new cardiac events.

Method

In 442 depressed and 325 non-depressed MI patients the Composite International Diagnostic Interview interview to assess post-MI depression was extended to evaluate the presence of the ICD-10 depressive symptoms just before and after the MI. The effect of an increase in number of depressive symptoms during the year following MI on new cardiac events up to 2.5 years post-MI was assessed with Cox regression analyses.

Results

Each additional increase of one symptom was significantly associated with a 15% increased risk of new cardiac events, and this was stronger for non-depressed than for depressed patients. This association was independent of baseline cardiac disease severity. There was no interaction with the number of depressive symptoms pre-MI.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that an increase in depressive symptoms after MI irrespective of the state of depression pre-MI explains why post-MI depression is associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis. Also increases in depressive symptoms after MI resulting in subthreshold depression should be evaluated as a prognostic marker. Whether potential mechanisms such as cardiac disease severity or inflammation underlie the association remains to be clarified.

Keywords

Cardiovascular prognosisdepressionmyocardial infarction
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 42 , Issue 4 , April 2012 , pp. 683 - 693
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Beck, AT, Rush, AJ, Shaw, BF, Emery, G (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. Guilford: New York.Google Scholar
Beekman, AT, Copeland, JR, Prince, MJ (1999). Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. British Journal of Psychiatry 174, 307–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, RM, Blumenthal, JA, Freedland, KE, Youngblood, M, Veith, RC, Burg, MM, Cornell, C, Saab, PG, Kaufmann, PG, Czajkowski, SM, Jaffe, AS (2004). Depression and late mortality after myocardial infarction in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study. Psychosomatic Medicine 66, 466–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, RM, Freedland, KE, Steinmeyer, B, Blumenthal, JA, de Jonge, P, Davidson, KW, Czajkowski, SM, Jaffe, AS (2009). History of depression and survival after acute myocardial infarction. Psychosomatic Medicine 71, 253–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charlson, ME, Pompei, P, Ales, KL, MacKenzie, CR (1987). A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40, 373–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christenfeld, NJ, Sloan, RP, Carroll, D, Greenland, S (2004). Risk factors, confounding, and the illusion of statistical control. Psychosomatic Medicine 66, 868–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Critchley, JA, Capewell, S (2003). Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 290, 86–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davey Smith, G, Phillips, AN (1992). Confounding in epidemiological studies: why ‘independent’ effects may not be all they seem. BMJ 305, 757–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, KW, Burg, MM, Kronish, IM, Shimbo, D, Dettenborn, L, Mehran, R, Vorchheimer, D, Clemow, L, Schwartz, JE, Lesperance, F, Rieckmann, N (2010). Association of anhedonia with recurrent major adverse cardiac events and mortality 1 year after acute coronary syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry 67, 480–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawood, N, Vaccarino, V, Reid, KJ, Spertus, JA, Hamid, N, Parashar, S (2008). Predictors of smoking cessation after a myocardial infarction: the role of institutional smoking cessation programs in improving success. Archives of Internal Medicine 168, 1961–1967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Jonge, P, Honig, A, van Melle, JP, Schene, AH, Kuyper, AM, Tulner, D, Schins, A, Ormel, J (2007). Nonresponse to treatment for depression following myocardial infarction: association with subsequent cardiac events. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 1371–1378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Jonge, P, Ormel, J, van den Brink, RH, van Melle, JP, Spijkerman, TA, Kuijper, A, van Veldhuisen, DJ, van den Berg, MP, Honig, A, Crijns, HJ, Schene, AH (2006 a). Symptom dimensions of depression following myocardial infarction and their relationship with somatic health status and cardiovascular prognosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 138–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Jonge, P, van den Brink, RH, Spijkerman, TA, Ormel, J (2006 b). Only incident depressive episodes after myocardial infarction are associated with new cardiovascular events. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 48, 2204–2208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickens, C, McGowan, L, Percival, C, Tomenson, B, Cotter, L, Heagerty, A, Creed, F (2008). New onset depression following myocardial infarction predicts cardiac mortality. Psychosomatic Medicine 70, 450–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glassman, AH, Bigger, JT Jr., Gaffney, M (2009). Psychiatric characteristics associated with long-term mortality among 361 patients having an acute coronary syndrome and major depression: seven-year follow-up of SADHART participants. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 1022–1029.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grace, SL, Abbey, SE, Kapral, MK, Fang, J, Nolan, RP, Stewart, DE (2005). Effect of depression on five-year mortality after an acute coronary syndrome. American Journal of Cardiology 96, 1179–1185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howren, MB, Lamkin, DM, Suls, J (2009). Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine 71, 171–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaptein, KI, de Jonge, P, van den Brink, RH, Korf, J (2006). Course of depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction and cardiac prognosis: a latent class analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine 68, 662–668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaptoge, S, Di, AE, Lowe, G, Pepys, MB, Thompson, SG, Collins, R, Danesh, J (2010). C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet 375, 132–140.Google ScholarPubMed
Kendler, KS, Gardner, CO, Prescott, CA (2001). Are there sex differences in the reliability of a lifetime history of major depression and its predictors? Psychological Medicine 31, 617–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linke, SE, Rutledge, T, Johnson, BD, Vaccarino, V, Bittner, V, Cornell, CE, Eteiba, W, Sheps, DS, Krantz, DS, Parashar, S, Bairey Merz, CN (2009). Depressive symptom dimensions and cardiovascular prognosis among women with suspected myocardial ischemia: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 499–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macleod, J, Davey Smith, G (2003). Depression as risk factor for mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet 362, 1500–1501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martens, EJ, Hoen, PW, Mittelhaeuser, M, de Jonge, P, Denollet, J (2010). Symptom dimensions of post-myocardial infarction depression, disease severity and cardiac prognosis. Psychological Medicine 40, 807–814.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meijer, A, Conradi, HJ, Bos, EH, Thombs, BD, van Melle, JP, de Jonge, P (2011). Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of 25 years of research. General Hospital Psychiatry 33, 203–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezuk, B, Eaton, WW, Albrecht, S, Golden, SH (2008). Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 31, 2383–2390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naqvi, TZ, Rafique, AM, Andreas, V, Rahban, M, Mirocha, J, Naqvi, SS (2007). Predictors of depressive symptoms post-acute coronary syndrome. Gender Medicine 4, 339–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, GB, Hilton, TM, Walsh, WF, Owen, CA, Heruc, GA, Olley, A, Brotchie, H, Hadzi-Pavlovic, D (2008). Timing is everything: the onset of depression and acute coronary syndrome outcome. Biological Psychiatry 64, 660–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patten, SB (2009). Accumulation of major depressive episodes over time in a prospective study indicates that retrospectively assessed lifetime prevalence estimates are too low. BMC Psychiatry 9, 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spijkerman, T, de Jonge, P, van den Brink, RH, Jansen, JH, May, JF, Crijns, HJ, Ormel, J (2005). Depression following myocardial infarction: first-ever versus ongoing and recurrent episodes. General Hospital Psychiatry 27, 411–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spijkerman, TA, van den Brink, RH, May, JF, Winter, JB, van Melle, JP, de Jonge, P, Crijns, HJ, Ormel, J (2006). Decreased impact of post-myocardial infarction depression on cardiac prognosis? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61, 493–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thombs, BD, Bass, EB, Ford, DE, Stewart, KJ, Tsilidis, KK, Patel, U, Fauerbach, JA, Bush, DE, Ziegelstein, RC (2006). Prevalence of depression in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of General Internal Medicine 21, 30–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van den Brink, RH, van Melle, JP, Honig, A, Schene, AH, Crijns, HJ, Lambert, FP, Ormel, J (2002). Treatment of depression after myocardial infarction and the effects on cardiac prognosis and quality of life: rationale and outline of the Myocardial INfarction and Depression-Intervention Trial (MIND-IT). American Heart Journal 144, 219–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Melle, JP, de Jonge, P, Honig, A, Schene, AH, Kuyper, AM, Crijns, HJ, Schins, A, Tulner, D, van den Berg, MP, Ormel, J (2007). Effects of antidepressant treatment following myocardial infarction. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 460–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Melle, JP, de Jonge, P, Ormel, J, Crijns, HJ, van Veldhuisen, DJ, Honig, A, Schene, AH, van den Berg, MP (2005). Relationship between left ventricular dysfunction and depression following myocardial infarction: data from the MIND-IT. European Heart Journal 26, 2650–2656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, LL, Schneiderman, N, Blumenthal, JA, Sheps, DS, Catellier, D, Taylor, CB, Freedland, KE (2003). Cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression are associated with medical comorbidity in patients after acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 146, 48–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, JE, Horwood, LJ (2004). How accurate is recall of key symptoms of depression? A comparison of recall and longitudinal reports. Psychological Medicine 34, 1001–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1990). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar
Zuidersma, M, Thombs, BD, de Jonge, P (2011). Onset and recurrence of depression as predictors of cardiovascular prognosis in depressed ACS-patients: a systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 80, 227–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed