Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T04:47:42.319Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Monograph
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelstein, A. M., Downham, D. Y., Stein, Z. & Susser, M. (1968). The epidemiology of schizophrenia in an English city. Social Psychiatry 3, 47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnosic and Statistical Manual, 3rd edn. AMA: Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
Babigian, H. M. (1980). Schizophrenia: epidemiology. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 3rd edn vol. 2 (ed. Kaplan, H. I. Freedman, A. M. & Sadock, B. J.). Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore.Google Scholar
Berner, P., Gabriel, E., Katschnig, H., Kieffer, W., Koehler, K., Lenz, G. & Simhandl, Ch. (1983). Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenic and affective psychoses. In Proceedings of World Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Press:Washington DC.Google Scholar
Blake, B., Halpenny, J. V., ni Nuallain, M., O'Brien, P. F., O'Hare, A. & Walsh, D. (1984). The incidence of mental illness in Ireland – patients contacting psychiatric services in three Irish Counties. Irish Journal of Psychiatry 5, 2329.Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1911). Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien. In Handbuch der Psychiatrie, 4. Abt. (ed. Aschaffenburg, G.), pp. 251252. Deuticke: Leipzig.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M. (1972). Die schizophrenen Geistesstörungen im Lichte langjährigen kranken- und Familiengeschichten. Thieme: Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M. (1981). Einzelkrankheiten in der Schizophrenie-Gruppe? In Schizophrenic Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der Forschung (ed. Huber, G.), pp. 155166. Schattauer: Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Böök, J. A. (1953). A genetic and neuropsychiatric investigation of a North Swedish population (with special regard to schizophrenia and mental disorder). Ada Genetica 4, 1100.Google Scholar
Böök, J. A., Wetterberg, L. & Modrzewska, K. (1978). Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry. Clinical Genetics 14, 373394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockington, I. F., Kendell, R. E. & Leff, J. P. (1978). Definitions of schizophrenia: concordance and prediction of outcome. Psychological Medicine 8, 387398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. W. & Birley, J. L. T. (1968). Crises and life changes and the onset of schizophrenia. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 9, 203214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. W., Birley, J. L. T. & Wing, J. K. (1972). Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: a replication. British Journal of Psychiatry 121, 241258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brugger, C. (1931). Versuch einer Geisteskrankenzählung in Thüringen. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologic und Psychiatrie 133, 252290.Google Scholar
Brugger, C. (1933). Psychiatrische Ergebnisse einer medizinischen, anthropologischen und soziologischen Bevölkerungsuntersuchung. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 146, 489524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brugger, C. (1938). Psychiatrische Bestandesaufnahme im Gebiet eines medizinischänthropologischen Zensus in der Nähe von Rosenheim. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 160, 189207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, W. T., Strauss, J. S. & Muleh, S. (1973). Are there pathognomonic symptoms in schizophrenia? Archives of General Psychiatry 28, 847852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ciompi, L. (1980). The natural history of schizophrenia in the longterm. British Journal of Psychiatry 136, 413420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crocetti, G. J., Lemkau, P. V., Kulcar, Z. & Kessic, B. (1971). Selected aspects of the epidemiology of schizophrenia in Croatia Yugoslavia. II. The cluster sample and the results of the pilot survey. American Journal of Epidemiology 94, 126134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, R., Nielsen, J. A., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Dube, K. C., Gebhart, J., Jablensky, A., Leon, C., Marsella, A., Olatawura, M., Sartorius, N., mgren, E., Takahashi, R., Wig, N. & Wynne, L. C. (1987). Stressful life events preceding the acute onset of schizophrenia: a cross-national study from the World Health Organization. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 11, 123205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essen-Möller, E., Larsson, H., Uddenberg, C. E. & White, G. (1956). Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish rural population. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica, Suppl. 100.Google Scholar
Fenton, W. S., Mosher, L. R. & Mathews, S. M. (1981). Diagnosis of schizophrenia: a critical review of current diagnostic systems. Schizophrenia Bulletin 7, 452476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fremming, K. H. (1947). Sygdomsrisikoen for Sindslidelser og Andre Sjaelelige Abnormtilstande i den Danske Gennemsnitsbefolkning. Munksgaard: Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Gottesman, I. I. & Shields, J. (1982). Schizophrenia: The Epigenetic Puzzle. Cambridge University Press: New York.Google Scholar
Gross, G., Huber, G. & Schütter, R. (1981). Uebereinstimmungen und Unterschiede in den Ergebnissen neuerer Langzeitstudien bei schizophrenen Kranken. In Schizophrenic. Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der Forschung (ed. Huber, G.), pp. 3957. Schattauer: Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Häfner, H. & Reimann, H. (1970). Spatial distribution of mental disorders in Mannheim, 1965. In Psychiatric Epidemiology (ed. Hare, E. H. and Wing, J. K.), pp. 341354. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Hagnell, O. (1966). A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Mental Disorder. Svenska Bokforlaget: Lund.Google Scholar
Helgason, L. (1977). Psychiatric services and mental illness in Iceland. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. 268.Google Scholar
Helgason, T. (1964). Epidemiology of mental disorders in Iceland. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. 173.Google Scholar
Hoenig, J. (1984). Schneider's first rank symptoms and the tabulators. Comprehensive Psychiatry 25, 7787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollingshead, A. B. & Redlich, F. C. (1958). Social Class and Mental Illness. Wiley & Sons: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jablensky, A. (1987). Multicultural studies and the nature of schizophrenia: a review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 80, 16–2–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablensky, A., Schwarz, R. & Tomov, T. (1980). WHO collaborative study on impairments and disabilities associated with schizophrenic disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 62, Suppl. 285, 152163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joensen, S. & Wang, A. G. (1983). First admissions for psychiatric disorders. A comparison between the Faroe Island and Denmark. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 68, 6671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadri, Z. N. (1963). Schizophrenia in university students. Singapore Medical Journal 4, 113118.Google Scholar
Kato, M. (1969). Psychiatric epidemiological surveys in Japan: the problem of case finding. In Mental Health in Asia and the Pacific. East-West Center Press: Honolulu.Google Scholar
Katz, M. M., Sanborn, K. O., Lowery, H. A. & Ching, J. (1978). Ethic studies in Hawaii on psychopathology and social deviance. In The Nature of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to Research and Treatment (ed. Wynne, L. Cromwell, R. and Methysse, S.). John Wiley: New York.Google Scholar
Katz, M. M., Marsella, A., Dube, K. C., Olatawura, M., Takahashi, R., Nakane, Y., Wynne, L. C., Gift, T., Brennan, J., Sartorius, N. & Jablensky, A. (1988). On the expression of psychosis in different cultures: schizophrenia in an Indian and in a Nigerian community: a report from the World Health Organization Project on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 12, 331355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendell, R. E. & Brockington, I. F. (1980). The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenic and affective psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 137, 324331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemperer, J. (1933). Zur Belastungsstatistik der Durchschnittsbevölkerung. Psychosehäufigkeit unter 1000 stichprobemässig ausgelesenen Probanden. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatric 146, 277316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler, K. (1979). First rank symptoms of schizophrenia: questions concerning clinical boundaries. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 236248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1920). Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 62, 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, M. (1980). The rising pandemic of mental disorders and associated chronic diseases and disabilities. In Epidemiological Research as Basis for the Organization of Extramural Psychiatry (ed. Strömgren, E. Dupont, A. and Achton-Nielsen, J.), pp. 382397. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. 285.Google Scholar
Krasik, E. D. & Semin, I. R. (1980). Epidemiological aspects of first admissions of schizophrenic patients. Zhurual Nevropatolgii Psikijatrii 80, 13541359.Google Scholar
Kritzer, H. M. (1979). Analyzing contingency tables by weighted least squares alternative to the Goodman approach. 78 Politic 5, 277326.Google Scholar
Kritzer, H. M. (1979). Approaches to the analysis of complex contigency tables: a guide for the perplexed. 79, Social Methods Research 7, 305329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krupinski, J. & Alexander, L. (1983). Patterns of psychiatric morbidity in Victoria, Australia, in relation to changes in diagnostic criteria 1848–1978. Social Psychiatry 18, 6167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsson, T. & Sjögren, T. (1954). A methodological, psychiatric and statistical study of a large Swedish rural population. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica, Suppl. 89.Google Scholar
Leff, J., Kuipers, L., Berkowitz, R., Vaughn, C. & Sturgeon, D. (1983). Life events, relatives' expressed emotion and maintenance neuroleptics in schizophrenic relapse. Psychological Medicine 13, 799806.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leff, J., Wig, N. N., Ghosh, A., Bedi, H., Menon, D. K., Kuipers, L., Nielsen, J. A., Thestrup, , Grethe, , Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Day, R., Sartorius, N. & Jablensky, A. (1987). Expressed emotion and schizophrenia in North India. III. Influence of relatives' expressed emotion on the course of schizophrenia in Chandigarh. British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 166173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leff, J., Wig, N. N., Bedi, H., Menon, D. K., Kuipers, L., Korten, A., Ernberg, G., Day, R., Sartorius, N. & Jablensky, A. (1990). Relatives' expressed emotion and the course of Schizophrenia in Chandigarh: a two-year follow-up of a first-contact sample. British Journal of Psychiatry 156, 351356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leff, J., Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A. & Ernberg, G. (in press) The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: five-year follow-up findings. Psychological Medicine.Google Scholar
Lewine, R., Renders, R., Kirchhofer, M., Monsour, A. & Watt, N. (1982). The empirical heterogeneity of first rank symptoms in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 140, 498502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liebermann, Y. I. (1974). On the problem of incidence of schizophrenia (materials from a clinical and epidemiological survey). Zhurnal Nevropatologii Psikijatrii 74, 12241231.Google Scholar
Lin, T., Rin, H., Yeh, E., Hsu, C. & Chu, H. (1969). Mental disorders in Taiwan, fifteen years later: A preliminary report. In Mental Health Research in Asia and the Pacific (ed. Candill, W. and Lin, T.), pp. 6691. East-West Center Press: Honolulu.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGuffin, P. (1988). Major genes for major affective disorders? British Journal of Psychiatry 153, 591596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marneros, A. (1984). Sichern die Symptome ersten Ranges die Diagnose Schizophrenic? Nervenarzt 55, 365370.Google Scholar
Munk-Jørgensen, P. (1986 a). Decreasing first-admission rates of schizophrenia among males in Denmark from 1970 to 1984. Changing diagnostic patterns? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 73, 645650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munk-Jørgensen, P. (1986 b). Decreasing rates of first-admission diagnoses of schizophrenia among females in Denmark from 1970 to 1984. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 74, 379383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M. (1968). Cultural factors in the genesis of schizophrenia. In The Transmission of Schizophrenia (ed. Rosenthal, D. & Kety, S. S.), pp. 137153. Pergamon: Oxford.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M. (1978). Cultural differences in incidence, course, and treatment response. In The Nature of Schizophrenia (ed. Wynne, L. C. Cromwell, R. L. and Matthysse, S.), pp. 586594. Wiley & Sons: New York.Google Scholar
Murphy, H. B. M. & Raman, A. C. (1971). The chronicity of schizophrenia in indigenous tropical peoples. Results of a twelveyear follow-up survey in Mauritius. British Journal of Psychiatry 118, 489497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, H. B. M. & Vega, G. (1982). Schizophrenia and religious affiliation in Northern Ireland. Psychological Medicine 12, 595605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, R. & Lewis, S. W. (1988). Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder (letter)? British Medical Journal 296, 66146663.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakane, Y., Ohta, Y. & Radford, M. H. B. (in press). Epidemiological studies of schizophrenia in Japan. Schizophrenia Bulletin.Google Scholar
ni Nuallain, M., Buckley, H., McHugh, B., Ottare, A. & Walsh, D. (1984). Methodology of a study of mental illness in Ireland. Irish Journal of Psychiatry 5, 49.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1976). The Samsö project from 1957 to 1974. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 54, 198222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, V. (1959). Mental Illness in London. Maudsley Monograph. Chapman & Hall: London.Google Scholar
O'Hare, A. & Walsh, D. (1980). Activities of Irish Psychiatric Hospitals and Units, 1978. The Medico-Social Board: Dublin.Google Scholar
Ödegaard, O. (1946). A statistical investigation of the incidence of mental disorder in Norway. Psychiatric Quarterly 20, 381401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ödegaard, O. (1952). The incidence of mental diseases as measured by census investigation versus admission statistics. Psychiatric Quarterly 26, 212218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouspenskaya, L. Y. (1978). Problems of methodology of comparative epidemiological studies and the characteristics of prevalence of schizophrenia in various areas of the country. Zhurnal Nevropatologii Psikijatrii 78, 724748.Google Scholar
Peterson, A. V. & Kronmal, R. A. (1985). Mixture method. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 5, 579583.Google Scholar
Raman, A. C. & Murphy, H. B. M. (1972). Failure of traditional prognostic indicators in Afro-Asian psychotics: results of a longterm follow-up survey. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders 154, 238247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotstein, V. T. (1977). Material from a psychiatric survey of sample groups from the adult population in several areas of the USSR. Zhurnal Nevropatologii Psikijatrii 77, 569574.Google Scholar
Rüdin, E. (1916). Zur Vererbung und Neuentstehung der Dementia Praecox. Springer: Berlin.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A. & Shapiro, R. (1977). Two-year followup of the patients included in the WHO International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia: Preliminary Communication. Psychological Medicine 7, 529541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sartorius, N., Davidian, H., Ernberg, G., Fenton, F. R., Fujii, I., Gastpar, M., Gulbinat, W., Jablensky, A., Kielholz, P., Lehmann, H. E., Naraghi, M., Shimizu, M., Shinfuku, N. & Takahashi, R. (1983). Depressive Disorders in Different Cultures. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Ernberg, G., Leff, J., Korten, A. & Gulbinat, W. (1987). Course of schizophrenia in different countries: some results of a WHO international comparative 5-year followup study. In Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia (ed. Häfner, H., Gattaz, W. F. and Janzarik, W.), pp. 107113. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scharfetter, C., Moerbt, H. & Wing, J. K. (1976). Diagnosis of functional psychoses: comparison of clinical and computerized classifications. Archiv für Psychiatrischen Nervenkrankenheiten 222, 6167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, K. (1959). Clinical Psychopathology. Grune & Stratton: New York.Google Scholar
Schwartz, C. C. & Myers, J. K. (1977). Life events and schizophrenia. I. Comparison of schizophrenics with a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry 34, 12381241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yucun, Shen, Weixi, Zhang, Liang, Shu, Xiaoling, Yang, Yuhua, Cui & Dongfeng, Zhou (1981). Investigations of mental disorders in Beijing suburban district. Chinese Medical Journal 94, 153156.Google Scholar
Shepherd, M. (1957). A Study of the Major Psychoses in an English County. Maudsley Monograph No. 3. Chapman & Hall: London.Google Scholar
Shepherd, M. (1982). Psychiatric epidemiology and the classification of mental disorder. International Journal of Epidemiology 11, 312314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shmaonova, L. M. (1983). Possibilities of the epidemiological method and results of population studies on schizophrenia. Zhurnal Nevropatologii Psikijatrii 83, 707716.Google ScholarPubMed
Sjögren, T. (1948). Genetic-statistical and psychiatric investigations of a West Swedish population. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica, Suppl. 52.Google Scholar
Strömgren, E. (1938). Beiträge zur psychiatrischen Erblehre, auf Grund von Untersuchungen an einer Inselbevölkerung. Acta Psychiatrica Neurologica Scandinavica, Suppl. 19.Google Scholar
Strömgren, E. (1950). Statistical and genetical population studies within psychiatry. Methods and principal results.Proceedings of First International Congress of Psychiatry,Paris 1950, vol. VI pp. 155192. Herman et Cie: Paris.Google Scholar
Temkov, I., Jablensky, A. & Boyadjieva, M. (1980). Use of reported prevalence data in cross-national comparisons of psychiatric morbidity. Social Psychiatry 3, 111117.Google Scholar
Torrey, E. F. (1980). Schizophrenia and Civilization. Jason Aronson: New York.Google Scholar
Torrey, E. F., McGuire, M., O'Hare, A., Walsh, D. & Spellman, M. P. (1984). Endemic psychosis in Western Ireland. American Journal of Psychiatry 141, 966970.Google ScholarPubMed
Walsh, D. (1969). Mental illness in Dublin – first admissions. British Journal of Psychiatry 115, 449456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walsh, D., O'Hare, A., Blake, B., Halpenny, J. V. & O'Brien, P. F. (1980). The treated prevalence of mental illness in the Republic of Ireland – the three county cases register study. Psychological Medicine 10, 465470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, D. C., Katz, K. & Shepherd, M. (1983). The natural history of schizophrenia: a 5-year prospective follow-up of a representative sample of schizophrenics by means of standardized clinical and social assessment. Psychological Medicine 13, 663670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waxier, N. E. (1979). Is outcome for schizophrenia better in nonindustrial societies? The case of Sri Lanka. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders 167, 144158.Google Scholar
Weiner, B. P. & Marvit, R. C. (1977). Schizophrenia in Hawaii: analysis of cohort mortality risk in a multi-ethnic population. British Journal of Psychiatry 131, 497503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO (1973). Report of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (1978). Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
WHO (1979). Report of the International Follow-up Study of Schizophrenia. John Wiley & Sons: New York.Google Scholar
WHO (1981). Current State of Diagnosis and Classification in the Mental Health Field. Document MNH/81.11. World Health Organization: Geneva.Google Scholar
Wig, N. N. (1982). Methodology of data collection in field surveys. In Epidemiology and Mental Health Services. Principles and Applications in Developing Countries (ed. Baasher, T. A., Cooper, J. E., Davidian, H., Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N. and Strömgren, E.). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 65, Suppl. 296, pp. 7786.Google Scholar
Wig, N. N., Menon, D. K., Bedi, H., Ghosh, A., Kuipers, L., Leff, J., Nielsen, J. A., Thestrup, Grethe, Korten, A., Day, R., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G. & Jablensky, A. (1987). Expressed emotion and schizophrenia in North India. I. Cross-Cultural transfer of ratings of relatives' expressed emotion. British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 156160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijesinghe, C. P., Dissanayake, S. A. W. and Dassanayake, P. V. I. N. (1978). Survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semi-urban population in Sri Lanka. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 58, 413441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, J. K. (1976). A technique for study psychiatric morbidity in inpatient and out-patient series and in general population samples. Psychological Medicine 6, 665671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. K. & Fryers, T. (1976). Statistics from the Camberwell and Salford Psychiatric Registers 1964–1974. MRC Social Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, and Dept. of Community Medicine, University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974). Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press: London.Google Scholar
Wing, L., Wing, J. K., Hailey, A., Bahn, A. K., Smith, H. E. & Baldwin, J. A. (1967). The use of psychiatric services in three urban areas: an international case register study. Social Psychiatry 2, 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar