Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T02:49:45.085Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The premenstrual syndrome – a reappraisal of the concept and the evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Monograph
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel, M. H. (1985). Prostaglandins and leukotrienes in menstruation. Prostaglandin Perspectives 1, 14.Google Scholar
Abplanalp, J. M., Livingston, L., Rose, R. M. & Sandwisch, D. (1977). Cortisol and growth hormone responses to psychological stress during the menstrual cycle. Psychosomatic Medicine 39, 158177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adamopoulos, D. A., Loraine, J. A., Lunn, S. F., Coppen, A. & Daly, R. (1972). Endocrine profiles in premenstrual tension. Clinical Endocrinology 1, 283292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andersen, A. N., Larsen, J. F., Streenstrup, O. R., Svendstrup, B. & Nielsen, J. (1977). Effect of bromocriptine on the premenstrual syndrome. A double-blind clinical trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 84 370374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, I. M. (1989). Serotonin receptors, buspirone and the premenstrual syndrome. Lancet ii, 615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashby, R. C. Jr, Carr, L. A., Cook, C. L. & Steptoe, M. H. (1988). Alteration of platelet serotonergic mechanisms and monoamine oxidase activity in premenstrual syndrome. Biological Psychiatry 24, 225233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asso, D. (1983). The Real Menstrual Cycle. Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Asso, D. (1988). Physiology and psychology of the normal menstrual cycle. In Functional Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Brush, M. G.), pp. 1536. Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Asso, D. & Magos, A. L. (1992). Psychological and physiological changes in severe premenstrual syndrome. Biological Psychology 33, 115132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AuBuchon, P. G. & Calhoun, K. S. (1985). Menstrual cycle symptomatology: the role of social expectancy and experimental demand characteristics. Psychosomatic Medicine 47, 3545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayers, J. W. T. & Gidwani, G. P. (1983). The ‘luteal breast’: hormonal and sonographic investigation of benign breast disease in patients with cyclic mastalgia. Fertility and Sterility 40, 779784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bäckström, C. T., Boyle, H. & Baird, D. T. (1981). Persistence of symptoms of premenstrual tension in hysterectomised women. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 88, 530536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäckström, T., Sanders, D., Leask, R., Davidson, D., Warner, P. & Bancroft, J. (1983). Mood, sexuality, hormones and the menstrual cycle. II. Hormone levels and their relationship to the premenstrual syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine 45, 503507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bancroft, J. & Bäckström, T. (1985). Premenstrual syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 22, 313336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bancroft, J. & Rennie, D. (1993). The impact of oral contraceptives on the experience of perimenstrual mood, clumsiness, food craving and other symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 37, 195202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bancroft, J. & Sartorius, N. (1990). The effects of oral contraceptives on wellbeing and sexuality. Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology 12, 5792.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J., Boyle, H., Davidson, D. W., Gray, J. & Fraser, H. M. (1985). The effects of an LHRH-analogue on the premenstrual syndrome: a preliminary report. In LHRH and its Analogues: Fertility and Antifertility Aspects (ed. Schmidt-Gollwitzer, M. and Schley, R.), pp. 307319. Walter De Gruyter & Co.: Berlin.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J., Sanders, D., Warner, P. & Loudon, N. (1987 a). The effects of oral contraceptives on mood and sexuality: a comparison of triphasic and combined preparations. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 7, 18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bancroft, J., Boyle, H., Warner, P. & Fraser, H. (1987 b). The use of an LHRH agonist – buserelin, the long term management of premenstrual syndromes. Clinical Endocrinology 27, 171182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bancroft, J., Boyle, H. & Fraser, H. M. (1987 c). An LHRH agonist, administered by nasal spray, as a long term treatment for premenstrual syndrome. An exploratory study. British Journal of Clinical Practice 41, suppl. 48, 5358.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J., Cook, A. & Williamson, L. (1988). Food craving, mood and the menstrual cycle. Psychological Medicine 18, 855860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bancroft, J., Cook, A., Davidson, D., Bennie, J. & Goodwin, G. (1991). Blunting of neuroendocrine responses to infusion of L-tryptophan in women with perimenstrual mood change. Psychological Medicine 21, 305312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bancroft, J., Williamson, L., Warner, P., Rennie, D. & Smith, S. (1993 a). Perimenstrual complaints in women complaining of PMS, menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea: towards, a dismantling of the premenstrual syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine 55, 133145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bancroft, J., Cook, A. & Cooper, I. (1993 b). Blunting of neuroendocrine response to D-fenfluramine in women with perimenstrual mood change. Submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J., Rennie, D. & Warner, P. (1993 c). Vulnerability to perimenstrual mood change; the relevance of a past history of depressive disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine (in the press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banki, C. M., Bissette, G., Arato, M., O'Connor, L. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1987). CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depression and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 144, 873877.Google Scholar
Barbieri, R. L. & Ryan, J. R. (1981). Danazol: endocrine pharmacology and therapeutic applications. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 141, 453463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron, M., Levitt, M. & Periman, R. (1980). Human platelet monoamine oxidase and the menstrual cycle. Psychiatry Research 3, 323327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belmaker, R. H., Murphy, D. L., Wyatt, R. J. & Loriaux, L. (1974). Human platelet monoamine oxidase changes during the menstrual cycle. Archives of General Psychiatry 31, 553556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, N. R., Rees, M. P., Barlow, D. H. & Cowen, P. J. (1992). Effect of oestradiol treatment on 5-HT and dopamine-mediated neuroendocrine responses. Journal of Psychopharmacology 6, 483488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biegon, A., Bercovitz, H. & Samuel, D. (1980). Serotonin receptor concentration during the oestrous cycle of the rat. Brain Research 187, 221225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blundell, J. E. & Hill, A. J. (1989). Effect of D-fenfluramine on appetite in lean and obese human subjects and on changes associated with PMS (premenstrual syndrome). In Serotonin, from Cell Biology to Pharmacology and Therapeutics (ed. Paoletti, R. and Vanhoutte, P. M.), pp. 645649. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Both-Orthman, B., Rubinow, D. R., Hoban, M. C., Malley, J. & Grover, G. N. (1988). Menstrual cycle phase-related changes in appetite in patients with premenstrual syndrome and in control subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 628631.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowen, D. J. & Grunberg, N. E. (1990). Variations in food preference and consumption across the menstrual cycle. Physiology and Behavior 47, 287291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, A. E. & Sanchez-Franco, E. (1976). Changes in prolactin response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone during the menstrual cycle of normal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 44, 985989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brayshaw, N. D. & Brayshaw, D. D. (1986). Premenstrual syndrome and thyroid function. Integrative Psychiatry 5, 179193.Google Scholar
Brenner, R. M. & Maslar, I. A. (1988). The primate oviduct and endometrium. In Physiology of Reproduction, vol. I (ed. Knobil, E. and Neill, J. D.), pp. 303329. Raven Press: New York.Google Scholar
Briley, M. S. R.Langer, S. Z., Raisman, R., Sechter, D. & Zarifian, E. (1980). Tritiated imipramine binding sites are decreased in the platelets of untreated depressed patients. Science 209, 303305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brzezinski, A. A., Wurtman, J. J., Wurtman, R. J., Gleason, R., Greenfield, J. & Nader, T. (1990). D-Fenfluramine suppresses the increased calorie and carbohydrate intake and improves the mood of women with premenstrual depression. Obstetrics and Gynecology 76, 296301.Google ScholarPubMed
Buckman, M., Peake, G. T. & Srivastava, L. S. (1976). Endogenous oestrogen modulates phenothiazine-stimulated prolactin secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 47, 901906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casper, R. F., Patel-Christopher, A. & Powell, A. M. (1989). Thyrotrophin and prolactin responses to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 68, 608612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casper, R. F. & Hearn, M. T. (1990). The effect of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy in women with severe premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 162, 105109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casson, P., Hahn, P. M., Van Vugt, D. A. & Reid, R. L. (1990). Lasting response to ovariectomy in severe intractable premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 162, 99105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cawood, E., Bancroft, J. & Steel, J. M. (1993). Perimenstrual symptoms in women with diabetes mellitus and their relationship to diabetic control. Diabetic Medicine 10, 444448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, I. T., Sherwin, B. B. & Fleming, A. S. (1987). Food cravings, mood and the menstrual cycle. Hormones and Behavior 21, 457470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, A., Eneroth, P. & Landgren, B. (1985). Psychoneuroendocrine stress responses and mood as related to the menstrual cycle. Psychosomatic Medicine 47, 512527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppen, A. & Kessel, N. (1963). Menstruation and personality. British Journal of Psychiatry 109, 711721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppen, A. J., Milne, H. B., Outram, D. H. & Weber, J. C. P. (1969). Dytide, norethisterone and a placebo in the premenstrual syndrome. A double blind comparison. Clinical Trials Journal 6, 3335.Google Scholar
Costello, C. G. (1992). Research on symptoms versus research on syndromes. Arguments in favour of allocating more research time to the study of symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry 160, 304308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowen, P. J. (1992). Neuroendocrine measures of 5-HT receptor subtype function in depression. In Advances in the Biosciences (ed. Bradley, P. B. Handley, S. L. Cooper, S. J. Key, B. J. Barnes, N. M. and Coote, J. H.), pp. 287296. Pergamon Press: New York.Google Scholar
Cowen, P. J. & Charig, E. M. (1987). Neuroendocrine responses to intravenous tryptophan in major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 44, 958966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowen, P. J. & Anderson, I. M. (1991). Abnormal 5-HT neuroendocrine function in depression: association or artefact? In 5-Hydroxylryptamine in Psychiatry: A Spectrum of Ideas (ed. Sandier, M. Coppen, A. and Harnett, S.), pp. 121145. Oxford University Press: Oxford.Google Scholar
Cowen, P. J. & Wood, A. J. (1991). Biological markers of depression. Psychological Medicine 21, 831836.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, G. (1980). The premenstrual syndrome and prostaglandin metabolism. British Journal of Family Planning 6, 7477.Google Scholar
Cullberg, J. (1972). Mood changes and menstrual symptoms with different gestagen/estrogen combinations. A double blind comparison with placebo. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 236, 186.Google Scholar
DSM-III-R, (1987). Appendix A: Proposed diagnostic categories needing further study pp. 367369. APA: Washington DC.Google Scholar
Dalton, K. (1984): Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy. Heinemann: London.Google Scholar
Dalton, K. & Holton, W. M. (1992). Diet of women with severe premenstrual syndrome and the effect of changing to a three-hourly starch diet. Stress Medicine 8, 6165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalvit, S. P. (1981). The effect of the menstrual cycle on patterns of food intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 18111815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dalvit-McPhillips, S. P. (1983). The effect of the human menstrual cycle on nutrient intake. Physiology and Behavior 31, 209212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, J. (1979). Danazol and the premenstrual syndrome. Postgraduate Medicine 55, Suppl. 5, 8789.Google ScholarPubMed
DeJong, R., Rubinow, D. R., Roy-Byrne, P., Hoban, M. C., Grover, G. N. & Post, R. M. (1985). Premenstrual mood disorder and psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 142, 13591361.Google ScholarPubMed
Deakin, J. F. W., Pennell, I., Upadhyaya, A. J. & Lofthouse, R. (1990). A neuroendocrine study of 5HT function in depression: evidence for biological mechanisms of endogenous and psychosocial causation. Psychopharmacology 101, 8592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennerstein, L., Spencer-Gardiner, C. & Brown, J. B. (1984). Premenstrual tension: hormonal profiles. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3, 3751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennerstein, L., Spencer-Gardner, C., Gotts, G., Brown, J. B., Smith, M. A. & Burrows, G. D. (1985). Progesterone and the premenstrual syndrome: a double blind crossover trial. British Medical Journal 290, 16171621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dinan, T. G., Barry, S., Yatham, L. N., Mobayed, M. & O'Hanlon, M. (1990). The reproducibility of the prolactin response to buspirone: relationship to the menstrual cycle. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 5, 119123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dye, L. (1992). Psychophysical measures of visual information processing. In Cognition and the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Richardson, J. T. E.), pp. 6797. Springer: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckerd, M. B., Hurt, S. W. & Severino, S. K. (1989). Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: relationship to personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders 4, 338344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endicott, J., Halbreich, U., Schacht, S. & Nee, J. (1985). Affective disorder and premenstrual depression. In Premenstrual Syndrome: Current Findings and Future Directions (ed. Osofsky, H. J. and Blumenthal, S. J.), pp. 311. American Psychiatric Press: Washington DC.Google Scholar
Englander-Golden, P., Whitmore, M. R. & Dienstbier, R. A. (1978). Menstrual cycle as focus of study and self-reports of moods and behaviors. Motivation and Emotion 2, 7586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faratian, B., Gaspar, A., O'Brien, P. M. S. Johnson, I. R., Filshie, G. M. & Prescott, P. (1984). Premenstrual syndrome: weight, abdominal swelling, and perceived body image. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 150, 200204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernstrom, J. D. & Wurtman, R. J. (1971). Brain serotonin content: increase following ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science 174, 10231025.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernstrom, J. D. & Wurtman, R. J. (1972). Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science 178, 414416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fradkin, B. & Firestone, P. (1986). Premenstrual tension, expectancy, and mother-child relations. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 9, 245259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, E. W., Sondheimer, S., Weinbaum, P. J. & Rickels, K. (1985). Evaluating premenstrual symptoms in medical practice. Obstetrics and Gynecology 65, 500505.Google ScholarPubMed
Gallant, S. J., Popiel, D. A., Hoffman, D. M., Chakraborty, P. K. & Hamilton, J. A. (1992). Using daily ratings to confirm premenstrual syndrome/late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. Part 1. Effects of demand characteristics and expectations. Psychosomatic Medicine 54, 149166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, P. W., Chrousos, G., Kellner, C., Post, R., Augerinos, P., Schulte, H., Oldfield, E. & Loriaux, D. L. (1984). Psychiatric implications of basic and clinical studies with corticotrophin-releasing factor. American Journal of Psychiatry 141, 619627.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. & Huxley, P. (1991). Common Mental Disorders: A Biosocial Model. Routledge: London.Google Scholar
Graham, C. A. & Sherwin, B. B. (1987). The relationship between retrospective premenstrual symptom reporting and present oral contraceptive use. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 31, 4553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, C. A. (1989). Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a triphasic oral contraceptive: a double blind placebo-controlled study. Ph.D thesis. McGill University, Montreal.Google Scholar
Graham, C. A. & Sherwin, B. B. (1992). A prospective treatment study of premenstrual symptoms using a triphasic oral contraceptive. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 36, 257266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, E. C. G. & Pryse-Davies, J. (1968). Effect of oral contraceptives on depressive mood changes and on endometrial monoamine oxidase and phosphatase. British Medical Journal iii, 777780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grevert, P. & Goldstein, A. (1985). Placebo analgesia, naloxone, and the role of endogenous opioids. In Placebo: Theory, Research and Mechanisms (ed. White, L. Tursky, B. and Schwartz, G. E.), pp. 332350. Guilford: New York.Google Scholar
Halbreich, U. & Endicott, J. (1982). Classification of premenstrual syndromes. In Behaviour and the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Friedman, R. C.), pp. 243265. Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York.Google Scholar
Halbreich, U., Endicott, J., Schacht, S. & Nee, J. (1982). The diversity of premenstrual changes as reflected in the Premenstrual Assessment form. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 65, 4665.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halbreich, U. & Endicott, J. (1985 a). Methodological issues in studies of premenstrual changes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 10, 1532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halbreich, U. & Endicott, J. (1985 b). The relationship of dysphoric premenstrual changes to depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 71, 331338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammarbäck, S., Bäckström, T., Hoist, J. V., Schoultz, B. & Lyrenas, S. (1985). Cyclical mood changes as in the premenstrual tension syndrome during sequential estrogen-progestagen postmenopusal replacement therapy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 64, 393397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammarbäck, S. & Bäckström, T. (1988). Induced anovulation as treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 67, 159166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammarbäck, S. & Bäckström, T. (1989). Cyclical symptoms disappeared during anovulation in PMS. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10, Suppl. 1, 157.Google Scholar
Hammarbäck, S., Bäckström, T. & MacGibbon-Taylor, B. (1989). Diagnosis of premenstrual tension syndrome: description and evaluation of a procedure for diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10, 2542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. T. & Abraham, G. E. (1982). The incidence of premenstrual tension in a gynaecologic clinic. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 27, 721724.Google Scholar
Harrison, W. M., Endicott, J., Rabkin, J. G. & Nee, J. (1984). Treatment of premenstrual dysphoric changes: clinical outcome and methodological implications. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 20, 118122.Google ScholarPubMed
Hart, W. G., Coleman, G. J. & Russell, J. W. (1987). Assessment of premenstrual symptomatology: a re-evaluation of the predictive validity of self-report. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 31, 185190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haskett, R. F., Steiner, M., Osmun, J. N. & Carroll, B. J. (1980). Severe premenstrual tension: delineation of the syndrome. Biological Psychiatry 15, 121139.Google ScholarPubMed
Haskett, R. F., Steiner, M. & Carroll, B. J. (1984). A psychoendocrine study of premenstrual tension syndrome. A model for endogenous depression? Journal of Abnormal Psychology 6, 191199.Google Scholar
Hastrup, J. L. & Light, K. C. (1984). Sex differences in cardiovascular stress responses: modulation as a function of menstrual cycle phases. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 28, 475483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hein, P. R. (1975). Motility of the nonpregnant uterus. In Aspects of Obstetrics Today (ed. Eskes, T. K. A. B.), pp. 259272. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Herzberg, B. N., Draper, K. C., Johnson, A. L. & Nicol, G. C. (1971). Oral contraceptives, depression, and libido. British Medical Journal iii, 495500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, A. J., Weaver, C. F. L. & Blundell, J. E. (1991). Food craving, dietary restraint and mood. Appetite 17, 187197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudgens, G. A., Fatkin, L. T., Billingsley, P. A. & Mazurczak, J. (1988). Hand steadiness: effects of sex, menstrual phase, oral contraceptives, practice, and handgun weight. Human Factors 30, 5160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurt, S. W., Schnurr, P. P., Severino, S. K., Freeman, E. W., Gise, L. H., Rivera-Tovar, A. & Steege, J. F. (1992). Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in 670 women evaluated for premenstrual complaints. American Journal of Psychiatry 149, 525530.Google ScholarPubMed
Illingworth, P. J., Reddi, K., Smith, K. & Baird, D. T. (1990). Pharmacological ‘rescue’ of the corpus luteum results in increased inhibin production. Clinical Endocrinology 33, 323332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jakubowicz, D. L., Godard, E. & Dewhurst, J. (1984). The treatment of premenstrual tension with mefenamic acid: analysis of prostaglandin concentrations. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 91, 7884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. M., Fox, R. H., Verow, P. W. & Asscher, A. W. (1966). Variations in capillary permeability to plasma problems during the menstrual cycle. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 73, 666669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordheim, O. (1972). The premenstrual syndrome. Clinical trials of treatment with a progestagen combined with a diuretic compared with both a progestagen alone and a placebo. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 51, 7780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashiwagi, T., McClure, J. N. & Wetzell, R. D. (1976). Premenstrual affective syndrome and psychiatric disorder. Diseases of the Nervous System 37, 116119.Google ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. (1975). The Role of Diagnosis in-Psychiatry. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford.Google Scholar
Keye, W. R. Jr, Hammond, D. C. & Strang, T. (1986). Medical and psychological characteristics of women presenting with premenstrual symptoms. Obstetrics and Gynecology 68, 634637.Google ScholarPubMed
Koyama, T. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1986). A biochemical and neuroendocrine study of the serotonergic system in depression. In New Results of Depression Research (ed. Hippius, H.), pp. 169188. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhl, H., Gahn, G., Romberg, G., Marz, W. & Taubert, H. D. (1985). A randomized cross-over comparison of two low-dose oral contraceptives upon hormonal and metabolic parameters. I. Effects upon sexual hormone levels. Contraception 31, 583593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutner, S. J. & Brown, W. L. (1972). Types of oral contraceptives, depression, and premenstrual symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 155, 153162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leinster, S. J., Whitehouse, G. H. & Walsh, P. V. (1987). Cyclical mastalgia: clinical and mammographic observations in a screened population. British Journal of Surgery, 74, 220222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luine, V. N. & McEwen, B. S. (1985). Steroid hormone receptors in brain and pituitary: topography and possible functions. In Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology, Volume 7. Reproduction (ed. Adler, N., Pfaff, D. and Goy, R. W.), pp. 665724. Plenum: New York.Google Scholar
MacDonald, P. C., Dombroski, R. A. & Casey, M. L. (1991). Recurrent secretion of progesterone in large amounts: an endocrine/metabolic disorder unique to young women? Endocrine Reviews 12, 372400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackenzie, T. B., Wilcox, K. & Baron, H. (1986). Lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in women with perimenstrual difficulties. Journal of Affective Disorders 10, 1519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeill, E. (1992). Variation in subjective state over the oral contraceptive cycle: the influence of endogenous steroids and temporal manipulation. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
McNeilly, A. S. & Hagen, C. (1974). Prolactin, TSH, LH and FSH responses to a combined LHRH/TRH test at different stages of the menstrual cycle. Clinical Endocrinology 3, 427435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maddocks, S., Hahn, P., Moller, F. & Reid, R. L. (1986). A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of progesterone vaginal suppositories in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 154, 573581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magos, A. L. & Studd, J. W. W. (1984). The premenstrual syndrome. In Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ed. Studd, J. W. W.), pp. 334350. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Magos, A. L., Collins, W. P. & Studd, J. W. W. (1984). Management of the premenstrual syndrome by subcutaneous implants of oestradiol. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3, 9399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magos, A. L., Brincat, M. & Studd, J. W. W. (1986 a). Trend analysis of the symptoms of 150 women with a history of the premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 155, 277282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magos, A. L., Brincat, M. & Studd, J. W. W. (1986 b). Treatment of the premenstrual syndrome by subcutaneous oestradiol implants and cyclical oral norethisterone: placebo controlled study. British Medical Journal 292, 16291633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magos, A. L., Brewster, E., Singh, R., O'Dowd, T., Brincat, M. & Studd, J. W. W. (1986 c). The effects of norethisterone in postmenopausal women on oestrogen replacement therapy: a model for the premenstrual syndrome. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 93, 12901296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magyar, D. M., Boyers, S. P., Marshall, J. R. & Abraham, G. E. (1979). Regular menstrual cycles and premenstrual molimina as indicators of ovulation. Obstetrics and Gynecology 53, 411414.Google ScholarPubMed
Mansel, R. E. (1988). Investigation and treatment of cyclical benign breast disease. In Functional Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Brush, M. G. and Goldsmit, E. M.), pp. 191198. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Mansel, R. E., Wisbey, J. R. & Hughes, L. E. (1982). Controlled trial of the antigonadotrophin danazol in painful nodular benign diseases. Lancet i, 928930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinari, K. T., Leshner, A. & Doyle, M. (1976). Menstrual cycle status and adrenocortical reactivity to psychological stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1, 213218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markum, R. A. (1976). Assessment of the reliability of and the effect of neutral instructions on the symptom ratings on the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. Psychosomatic Medicine 38, 163172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marriot, A. & Faragher, E. B. (1986). An assessment of psychological state associated with the menstrual cycle in users of oral contraceptives. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 30, 4147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matussek, N., Ackenheil, M. & Herz, M. (1984). The dependence of the clonidine test on alcohol drinking habits and the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9, 173177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metcalf, M. G. (1983). Incidence of ovulation from the menarche to the menopause: observations of 622 subjects. New Zealand Medical Journal 96, 645648.Google Scholar
Metcalf, M. G. & Hudson, S. M. (1985). The premenstrual syndrome: selection of women for treatment trials. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 29, 631638.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metcalf, M. G., Livesey, J. H., Wells, J. E., Braiden, V., Hudson, S. M. & Bamber, L. (1991). Premenstrual syndrome in hysterectomized women: mood and physical symptom cyclicity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 35, 555567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Metcalf, M. G., Braiden, V., Livesey, J. H. & Wells, J. E. (1992). The premenstrual syndrome: amelioration of symptoms after hysterectomy. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 36, 569584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milligan, D., Drife, J. O. & Short, R. V. (1975). Changes in breast volume during normal menstrual cycles and after oral contraception. British Medical Journal iv, 494496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mira, M., Vizzard, J. & Abraham, S. (1985). Personality characteristics in the menstrual cycle. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 4, 329334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mira, M., McNeill, D., Fraser, I. S., Vizzard, J. & Abraham, S. (1986). Mefenamic acid in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Obstetrics and Gynecology 68, 395398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moos, R. (1969). Assessment of psychological concomitants of oral contraceptives. In Metabolic Effects of Gonadal Hormones and Contraceptive Steroids (ed. Salhanik, K. A.), pp. 676705. Plenum: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moos, R. H. (1968). Psychological aspects of new contraceptives. Archives of General Psychiatry 19, 8794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, N. M. & Udry, J. R. (1972). Contraceptive pills and day-by-day feelings of wellbeing. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 113, 763765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morse, C. A. & Dennerstein, L. (1988). Cognitive therapy for premenstrual syndrome. In Functional Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Brush, M. G. and Goldsmit, E. M.), pp. 177190. Wiley: Chichester.Google Scholar
Mortola, J. F., Girton, L. & Fischer, U. (1991). Successful treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome by combined use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and estrogen/progestin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 71, 252A252F.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muse, K. N., Cetel, N. S., Futterman, L. A. & Yen, S. S. C. (1984). The premenstrual syndrome. Effects of ‘medical ovariectomy’. New England Journal of Medicine 311, 13451349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NIMH National Institute of Mental Health, (1983). Premenstrual Syndrome Workshop. Rockville, MD, April 14–15.Google Scholar
Nemeroff, C. B. (1988). The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the pathogenesis of major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 21, 7682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nemeroff, C. B., Owens, M. J., Bissette, G., Andorn, A. C. & Stanley, M. (1988). Reduced corticotropin releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 577580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nikolai, T. F., Mulligan, G. M., Gribble, R. K., Harkins, P. G., Meier, P. R. & Roberts, R. C. (1990). Thyroid function and treatment in premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 70, 11081113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Keane, V., O'Hanlon, M., Webb, M. & Dinan, T. (1991). D-Fenfluramine/prolactin response throughout the menstrual cycle: evidence for an oestrogen-induced alteration. Clinical Endocrinology 34, 289292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oian, P., Tollan, A., Fadnes, H. O., Noddeland, H. & Maltau, J. M. (1987). Transcapillary fluid dynamics during the menstrual cycle. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 156, 952957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olasov, B. & Jackson, J. (1987). Effects of expectancies on women's reports of moods during the menstrual cycle. Psychosomatic Medicine 49, 6578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orth, D. N. (1992). Corticotropin-releasing hormone in humans. Endocrine Reviews 13, 164191.Google ScholarPubMed
Osborn, M. F. & Gath, D. H. (1990). Psychological and physical determinants of premenstrual symptoms before and after hysterectomy. Psychological Medicine 20, 565572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parlee, M. B. (1974). Stereotypic beliefs about menstruation: a methodological note on the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire and some new data. Psychosomatic Medicine 36, 229241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parlee, M. B. (1982). Changes in moods and activation levels during the menstrual cycle in experimentally naive subjects. Psychology of Women Quarterly 72, 119131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parry, B. L. & Wehr, T. A. (1987). Therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation in patients with premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 144, 808810.Google ScholarPubMed
Parry, B. L. Mendelson, W. B., Duncan, W. C., Sack, D. A. & Wehr, T. A. (1989). Longitudinal sleep EEG, temperature, and activity measurements across the menstrual cycle in patients with premenstrual depression and in age-matched controls. Psychiatry Research 30, 285303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parry, B. L. Berga, S. L., Kripke, D. F., Klauber, M. R., Laughlin, G. A., Yet, S. C. & Gillin, J. C. (1990). Altered waveform of plasma nocturnal melatonin secretion in premenstrual depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 11391146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, J. R., Elliott, J. & Grahame-Smith, D. G. (1979). Effect of oral contraceptives on platelet noradrenaline and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine receptors and aggregation. Lancet ii, 933936.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pilner, P. & Fleming, A. S. (1983). Food intake, body weight, and sweetness preferences over the menstrual cycle in humans. Physiology and Behavior 30, 663666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plante, T. G. & Denney, D. R. (1984). Stress responsivity among dysmenorrheic women at different phases of their menstrual cycle: more ado about nothing. Behaviour Research and Therapy 22, 249258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poirier, M., Benkelfat, C., Galzin, A. & Langer, S. Z. (1986). Platelet H-imipramine binding and steroid hormone serum concentrations during the menstrual cycle. Psychopharmacology 88, 8689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poirier, M. F., Loo, H., Dennis, T., Le Fur, G. & Scatton, B. (1985). Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and plasma 3, 4-dihydroxy-phenylethylene glycol levels during the menstrual cycle. Neuropsychobiology 14, 165169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rabin, D. S., Schmidt, P. J., Campbell, G., Gold, P. W., Jensvold, M. J., Rubinow, D. R. & Chrousos, G. P. (1990). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in patients with the premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 71, 11581162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapkin, A. J., Edelmuth, E., Chang, L. C., Reading, A. E., McGuire, M. & Su, T. (1987). Whole-blood serotonin in premenstrual syndrome. Obstetrics and Gynecology 70, 533537.Google ScholarPubMed
Rausch, J. L. & Janowsky, D. S. (1982). Premenstrual tension: etiology. In Behaviour and the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Friedman, R. C.), pp. 397427. Marcel Dekker: New York.Google Scholar
Reid, R. L. (1985). Premenstrual syndrome. Current Problems in Obstetrics, Gynecology and Fertility 8, 157.Google Scholar
Reid, R. L. (1986). Premenstrual syndrome: a time for introspection. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 155, 921926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, R. L. & Yen, S. S. C. (1981). Premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 139, 85104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, M. L. & Harding, S. S. (1981). Retrospective and daily menstrual distress measures in men and women using Moos's instruments (Forms A and T) and modified versions of Moos's instruments. In The Menstrual Cycle. Vol. 2. Research and Implications for Women's Health (ed. Komnenich, P., McSweeney, M., Noak, J. A. and Elder, N.), pp. 7181. Springer: New York.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, N. E., Cenhart, M., Cabellero, B., Jacobson, F. M., Skwerer, R., Wurtman, J. & Spring, B. (1986). Carbohydrate craving in seasonal affective disorder. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society,Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Rubinow, D. R., Gwirtsman, H. G., Hoban, M. C. & Grover, G. N. (1986). Cortisol response to dexamethasone in women with premenstrual syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 16, 6163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Rubinow, D. T. R., Hoban, M. C., Grover, G. N. & Blank, D. (1987). TSH and prolactin responses to TRH in patients with premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry 144, 480484.Google ScholarPubMed
Rubinow, D. R. (1987). Practical and ethical aspects of pharmacotherapeutic evaluation. In Premenstrual Syndrome: Ethical and Legal Implications in a Biomedical Perspective (ed. Ginsburg, B. E. and Carter, B. F.), pp. 4764. Plenum: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinow, D. R. & Schmidt, P. J. (1992). Premenstrual syndrome: a review of endocrine studies. Endocrinologist 2, 4754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinow, D. R., Hoban, C., Roy-Byrne, P., Grover, G. N. & Post, R. M. (1985). Premenstrual syndromes: past and future research strategies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 30, 467473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruble, D. N. (1977). Premenstrual symptoms: a reinterpretation. Science 197, 291292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, G. A. (1979). Premenstrual syndrome. A double-blind controlled trial of progesterone and placebo. British Journal of Psychiatry 135, 209215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, G. A., Heathcote, P. R. M., Wordsworth, J., Prescott, P. & Hodgson, A. (1988). Premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind cross-over study of treatment with dydrogesterone and placebo. British Journal of Psychiatry 153, 232235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, D., Warner, P. & Bäckström, T. (1983). Mood, sexuality, hormones and the menstrual cycle. I. Changes in mood and physical state: description of subjects and methods. Psychosomatic Medicine 45, 487501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarno, A. P., Miller, E. J. Jr & Lundblad, E. G. (1987). Premenstrual syndrome: beneficial effects of periodic, low-dose danazol. Obstetrics and Gynecology 70, 3336.Google ScholarPubMed
Schechter, D., Bachmann, G. A., Vaitukaitis, J., Phillips, D. & Saperstein, D. (1989). Perimenstrual symptoms: time course of symptom intensity in relation to endocrinologically defined segments of the menstrual cycle. Psychosomatic Medicine 51, 173194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, P. J., Nieman, L., Grover, G. N., Muller, K. L., Merriam, G. R. & Rubinow, D. R. (1991). Lack of effect of induced menses on symptoms in women with premenstrual syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 324, 11741179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, P. J., Grover, G. N., Roy-Byrne, P. P. & Rubinow, D. R. (1993). Thyroid function in women with premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 76, 671674.Google ScholarPubMed
Schnurr, P. P. (1989). Measuring amount of symptom change in the diagnosis of premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1, 277283.Google Scholar
Sherwin, B. B. (1991). The impact of different doses of estrogen and progestin on mood and sexual behavior in postmenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 72, 336343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siegel, J. M., Johnson, J. H. & Sarason, I. G. (1979). Life changes and menstrual discomfort. Journal of Human Stress 5, 4146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommer, B. (1992). Cognitive performance and the menstrual cycle. In Cognition and the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Richardson, J. T. E.), pp. 3966. Springer-Verlag: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spring, B., Chiodo, J. & Bowen, D. J. (1987). Carbohydrates, tryptophan and behavior: a methodological review. Psychological Bulletin 102, 234256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steege, J. F., Stout, A. L. & Rupp, S. L. (1985). Relationships among premenstrual symptoms and menstrual cycle characteristics. Obstetrics and Gynecology 65, 398402.Google ScholarPubMed
Stout, A. L., Steege, J. F., Blazer, D. G. & George, L. K. (1986). Comparison of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses in premenstrual syndrome clinic and community samples. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174, 517522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tam, W. Y. K., Chan, M. & Lees, P. H. K. (1985). The menstrual cycle and platelet 5-HT uptake. Psychosomatic Medicine 47, 352362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, Y. M., Steele, P. A. & Judd, S. J. (1986). The effect of physiological changes in ovarian steroids on the prolactin response to gonadotrophic releasing factor. Clinical Endocrinology 24, 7178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, D. L., Mathew, R. J., Beng, T. H. & Weimman, M. L. (1984). Serotonin levels and platelet uptake during premenstrual tension. Neuropsychobiology 12, 1618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turkkan, J. S. & Brady, J. V. (1985). Mediational theory of the placebo effect. In Placebo: Theory, Research and Mechanisms (ed. White, L., Tursky, B. and Schwartz, G. E.), pp. 324331. Guildford: New York.Google Scholar
Ulmsten, U. (1985). Uterine activity and blood flow in normal and dysmenorrheic women. In Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhoea (ed. Dawood, M. Y., McGuire, J. L. and Demers, L. M.), pp. 87102. Urban and Schwarzenberg: Baltimore.Google Scholar
Upadyhaya, A. K., Pennell, I., Cowen, P. J. & Deakin, J. F. W. (1991). Blunted growth hormone and prolactin responses to 1-tryptophan in depression–a state dependent abnormality. Journal of Affective Disorders 21, 213218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ussher, J. M. (1992). The demise of dissent and the rise of cognition in menstrual-cycle research. In Cognition and the Menstrual Cycle (ed. Richardson, J. T. E.), pp. 132173. Springer-Verlag: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Akker, O. & Steptoe, A. (1985). The pattern and prevalence of symptoms during the menstrual cycle. British Journal of Psychiatry 147, 164169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Akker, O. & Steptoe, A. (1989). Psychophysiological responses in women reporting severe premenstrual symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine 51, 319328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van der Meer, Y. G., Benedek-Jaszmann, L. J. & Van Loenen, A. V. (1983). Effect of high dose progesterone on the premenstrual syndrome: a double-blind cross-over study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2, 220225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vergare, M. J. (1987). Premenstrual syndrome: implications for psychiatric practice. In Premenstrual syndrome: Ethical and Legal Implications in a Biomedical Perspective (ed. Ginsburg, B. E. & Carter, B. F.), pp. 215222. Plenum: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, A. (1987). The relationship between premenstrual symptoms and the ovarian cycle. Ph.D thesis. University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Walker, A. & Bancroft, J. (1990). The relationship between premenstrual symptoms and oral contraceptive use: a controlled study. Psychosomatic Medicine 52, 8696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, P. & Bancroft, J. (1988). Mood, sexuality, oral contraceptives and the menstrual cycle. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 32, 417427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, P. & Bancroft, J. (1990). Factors related to self-reporting of the premenstrual syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 157, 249260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, P., Bancroft, J., Dixson, A. & Hampson, M. (1991). The relationship between perimenstrual depressive mood and depressive illness. Journal of Affective Disorders 23, 923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, N. R., Studd, J. W. W., Riddle, A. F. & Savvas, M. (1988). Suppression of ovulation by transdermal oestradiol patches. British Medical Journal 297, 900901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, N. R., Studd, J. W. W., Savvas, M., Garnett, T. & Baber, R. J. (1989). Treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome with oestradiol patches and cyclical oral norethisterone. Lancet ii, 730732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, J. F., Butt, W. R. & Edwards, R. L. (1987). A clinical trial using danazol for the treatment of premenstrual tension. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 94, 3034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watts, J. F., Butt, W. R., Edwards, R. L. & Holder, G. (1985). Hormonal studies in women with premenstrual tension. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 92, 247255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wehr, T. A., Wirz-Justice, A., Duncan, W., Gillin, J. C. & Goodwin, F. K. (1979). Phase-advance of the circadian sleep–wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science 206, 710713CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, C. P. (1990). Inhibition of ovulation with oral progestins-effectiveness in premenstrual syndrome. European Journal of Gynaecology and Reproductive Biology 34, 119128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. G. C., Martin, A. J. & Hulkenberg-Tromp, T. E. M. L. (1983), PMS in four European countries: part 2. A double-blind placebo controlled study of dydrogesterone. British Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, 818.Google Scholar
Witschy, J. K., Schlesser, M. A. & Fulton, C. L. (1984). TRH-induced prolactin release is blunted in females with endogenous unipolar major depression. Psychiatric Research 12, 321331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, P. H. (1987). Development of Behavioral States and Expressions of Emotions in Early Infancy. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.Google Scholar
Wong, W. H., Freedman, R. I., Levan, N. F., Hyman, C. & Quilligan, E. J. (1972). Changes in the capillary filtration coefficient of cutaneous vessels in women with premenstrual tension. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 114 950955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, C. & Jakubowicz, D. (1980). The treatment of premenstrual symptoms with mefenamic acid. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 87, 627630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, C., Larsen, L. & Williams, R. (1979). Menstrual characteristics of 2, 343 women attending the Shepherd Foundation. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 19, 107110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurtman, J. J., Brzezinski, A., Wurtman, R. J. & Laferrere, B. (1989). Effect of nutrient intake on premenstrual depression. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161, 12281234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, S. N., Pihl, R. O. & Ervin, F. R. (1988). The effect of altered tryptophan levels on mood and behavior in normal human males. Clinical Neuropharmacology 11, S207215.Google ScholarPubMed
Zimmerman, E. & Parlee, M. B. (1973). Behavioral changes associated with the menstrual cycle: an experimental investigation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 3, 335344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar