Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:57:39.514Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response: a review of the literature. Part I.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

I.R. De Oliveira ,
P.A.S. Do Prado-Lima  and
B. Samuel-Lajeunesse
I.R. De Oliveira*
Affiliation:
Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale, 100, rue de la Santé, 75674Paris Cedex 14, France Departamento de Farmacologia e Fisiologia, ICS, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vale do Canela, 40.140, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
P.A.S. Do Prado-Lima
Affiliation:
Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale, 100, rue de la Santé, 75674Paris Cedex 14, France
B. Samuel-Lajeunesse
Affiliation:
Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale, 100, rue de la Santé, 75674Paris Cedex 14, France
*
Reprint requests to: I.R. de Oliveira al the above address (Brazil).
Get access

Summary

Part I of this paper presents a comprehensive review of plasma level monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and their relationship to clinical response to antidepressant therapy. Imipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyline, clomipramine and desipramine are the most widely studied TCAs in this regard. Typical therapeutic plasma concentration ranges are suggested for some of these agents, although a consensus is lacking.

Résumé

Résumé

La première partie de cet article présente une revue exhaustive concernant le contrôle des taux plasmatiques des antidépresseurs tricycliques (ADT) et le rapport entre leurs concentrations plasmatiques et la réponse clinique. L'imipramine, la nortriplyline, l’amitriptyline, la clomipramine et la désipramine sont les ADT les plus étudiés en ce qui concerne ce sujet. De nombreux auteurs suggèrent l'existence de taux plasmatiques thérapeutiques, bien qu'un consensus n’existe pas.

Keywords

tricyclic antidepressantsplasma levelsclinical outcomeimipraminenortriptylineamitriptylineclomipraminedesipramineantidépresseurs tricycliquestaux plasmatiquesréponse cliniqueimipraminenortriptylineamitriptylineclomipraminedésipramine
Type
Review
Information
Psychiatry and Psychobiology , Volume 4 , Issue 1 , 1989 , pp. 43 - 60
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Åberg-Wistedt, A. (1982) A double-blind study of zimelidine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, and desipramine, a noradrenaline uptake inhibitor, in endogenous depression. I. Clinical findings. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 66, 50–65CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexanderson, B., Evans, D.A.P. & Sjöqvist, F. (1979) Steady-state plasma levels of nortriptyline in twins: influence of genetic factors and drug therapy. Br. Med. J. 4, 764–768CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amdisen, A. (1980) Blood concentration of cyclic antidepressants as a daily routine? A critical review from doorstep of the clinical laboratory. Acta psychiatr. Scand. 280, 261–280CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amin, M.M., Cooper, R. & Khalid, R. (1978) A comparison of desipramine and amitriptyline plasma levels and therapeutic response. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 14, 45–46Google ScholarPubMed
Amsterdam, J.D., Brunswick, D.J. & Potter, L. (1985) Desipramine and 2-hydroxydesipramine plasma levels in endogenous depressed patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 42, 361–364CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angst, J. & Rothweiler, R. (1973) Blood levels and clinical effects of maproptiline (Ludiomil). In: Classification and Prediction of Depression (Angst, J., ed.), Schattauer, New York, pp. 237–244Google Scholar
Åsberg, M. (1976) Plasma nortriptyline levels - relationship to clinical effects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 215–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åsberg, M., Cronholm, B. & Sjöqvist, F. (1971a) Relationship between plasma level and therapeutic effect of nortriptyline. Br. Med. J. 3, 331–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åsberg, M.Evans, D.A.P. & Sjöqvist, F. (1971b) Genetic control of nortriptyline kinetics in man. J. Med. Genet. 8, 129–135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballinger, B.R., Presley, A. & Reid, A.H. (1974) The effects of hypnotics on imipramine treatment. Psychopharmacology 39, 267–274CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauman, P. (1986a) New aspects in research on blood and bioavailability of antidepressants. Psychopathology 19(suppl. 2), 79–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauman, P., Jonzier-Perey, M. & Koeb, L. (1986b) Amitriptyline pharmacokinetics and clinical response. I. Free and total plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1, 89–101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhanji, S. & Lader, M. (1977) The electroencephalographic and psychological effects of imipramine in depressed inpatients. Pur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 12, 349–354CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biggs, J.T., Clayton, P.J. & Ziegler, V.E. (1976) Nortriplyline plasma levels and therapeutic response. Pharmacologist 618, 129Google Scholar
Biggs, J.T. & Ziegler, V.E. (1977) Protriptyline plasma levels and antidepressant response. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 269–273CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, P., Tsamis, M. & Mahuzier, P. (1980) Pharmacocinétique et concentrations plasmatiques des antidépresseurs polycycliques. Une revue générale des produits. Encéphale 6, 333–347Google Scholar
Boyer, W.F. (1985) Tricyclic blood levels. Am. J. Psychiatry 142, 1388Google ScholarPubMed
Boyer, W.F. & Lake, C.R. (1987) Initial severity and diagnosis influence the relationship of tricyclic plasma levels to response: a statistical review. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7, 67–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, W.F. & Lake, C.R. (1984) What desipramine plasma levels are therapeutic? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 4, 118Google ScholarPubMed
Braithwaite, R.A., Goulding, R. & Theano, G. (1972) Plasma concentration of amitriptyline and clinical response. Lancet 1, 1297–1300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braithwaite, R.A., Goulding, R. & Theano, G. (1973) Clinical significance of plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in the treatment of depression. Lancet 1, 556–557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breyer-Pfaff, U., Gaertner, H.J. & Giedke, H. (1982a) Plasma levels, psychophysiological variables and clinical response to amitriptyline. Psychiatry Res. 6, 223–234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breyer-Pfaff, U., Gaertner, H.J. & Kreuter, F (1982b) Antidepressive effect and pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline with consideration of unbound drug and 10-hydroxynortriptyline plasma levels. Psychopharmacology 76, 240–244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadhurst, A.D., James, H.D. & Delia Corte, L. (1977) Clomipramine plasma level and clinical response. Postgrad. Med. J. 53 (suppl. 4), 139–145Google ScholarPubMed
Brunswick, D.J. & Mendels, J. (1977) Reduced levels of tricyclic antidepressants in plasma from Vacutainers. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 1, 131–134Google ScholarPubMed
Burrows, GD., Davis, B. & Norman, T. (1978) Should plasma level monotoring of tricyclic antidepressants be introduced in clinical practice? Commun. Psychopharmacol. 2, 393–408Google Scholar
Burrows, G.D., Davies, B. & Scoggins, B.A. (1972) Plasma concentrations of nortriptyline and clinical response in depressive illness. Lancet 2, 619–623CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, G.D., Maguire, K.P. & Scoggins, B.A. (1977) Plasma nortriptyline and clinical response - a study using changing plasma levels. 7, 87–91Google ScholarPubMed
Burrows, G., Scoggins, B.A. & Tureck, L.R. (1974a) Plasma nortriptyline and clinical response. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 639–644CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrows, G., Tureck, L.R. & Davies, B. (1974b) A sequential trial comparing two plasma levels of nortriptyline. Aust. NZJ. Psychiatry 8, 21–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Click, M.A. & Zisook, S. (1982) Amoxapine and amitriptyline: serum levels and clinical response in patients with primary unipolar depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 369–371Google ScholarPubMed
Coppen, A., Ghose, K. & Montgomery, S. (1978) Amitriptyline plasma concentration and clinical effect: a World Health Organization collaborative study. Lancet I, 63–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppen, A., Gupta, R. & Montgomery, S. (1976) Mianserin hydrochloride: a novel antidepressant. Br. J. Psychiatry 129, 342–345CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G.L., Cucchi, M.L. & Frattini, P. (1986) Amitriptyline and nortriptyline plasma levels, urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol and clinical response in depressed women. Neuropsychobiology 16, 97–102CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G.L., Fenoglio, L. & Pinelli, P. (1977) Amitriptyline, nortriptyline plasma levels and therapeutic response in depressed women. Pharmakopsychiatr. 10, 299–308CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G.L., Pinelli, P. & Zerbi, F. (1980) Amitriptyline, nortriptyline plasma levels and clinical response in women with affective disorders. Pharmakopsychiatr. 13, 102–110CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corona, G.L., Zerbi, F. & Pinelli, P. (1981) Amitriptyline and nortriptyline plasma levels monitoring. Perspective in clinical practice. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 4, 309–316Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Turner, R.D. & Sherman, A. (1987) Desipramine plasma levels and clinical response: evidence for curvilinear relationship. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7, 138–142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, D., Predescu, V. & Visan-Ionescu, I. (1980). Endogenous depression and imipramine levels in the blood. Psychopharmacology 70, 291–294CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debray, Q., Goyot, C. & Plaisant, O. (1985) Taux plasmatiques de la clomipramine et de ses métabolites chez des patients dépressifs hospitalisés. Ann. Méd Psychol. 143, 464–474Google Scholar
Della Corte, L., Broadhurst, A.D. & Sgaragli, G.P. (1979) Clinical response and tricyclic plasma levels during treatment with clomipramine. Br. J. Psychiatry 134, 390–400CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De, Wilde & Doogan, D.P. (1982) Fluvoxamine and clomipramine in endogenous depression. J. Affect. Dis. 4, 249–259Google Scholar
Edelbroeck, P.M., Zitman, F.G. & Schreudr, J.N. (1984) Amitriptyline metabolism in relation to antidepressive effect. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 35, 467–473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faravelli, C., Broadhurst, A.D. & Ambonetti, A. (1983) Double-blind trial with oral versus intravenous clomipramine in primary depression. Biol. Psychiatry 18, 695–706Google ScholarPubMed
Feet, P.O., Larsen, S. & Lillevold, P.E. (1987) Comparison of the serum levels in primary non-agitated depressive outpatients treated with imipramine in combination with placebo, diazepam or dixyrazine. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 75, 435–440CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedel, R.O., Veith, R.C. & Bloom, V. (1979) Desipramine plasma levels and clinical response in depressed outpatients. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 3, 81–87Google ScholarPubMed
Geller, B., Cooper, T.B. & Chestnut, E.C. (1986) Preliminary data on the relationship between nortriptyline plasma level and response in depressed children. Am. J. Psychiatry 143, 1283–1286Google ScholarPubMed
Giedke, H., Gaertner, H. & Breyer-Pfaff, U. (1986) Amitriptyline and oxaprotyline in the treatment of hospitalized depressive patients. Clinical aspects, psychophysiology and drug plasma levels. Eur. Arch. Psychiatr. Neurol. Sci. 235, 329–338CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giedke, H., Gaertner, H. & Breyer-Pfaff, U. (1980) Plasma levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline, clinical response and psychophysiological variables in depression. Arzneim-Forsch. 30, 1201Google Scholar
Glassman, A.H., Perel, J.M. & Shostak, M. (1977) Clinical implications of imipramine plasma levels for depressive illness. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34, 197–204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gram, L.F. (1978) Plasma level monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants and pharmacokinetic considerations. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 2, 373–378Google ScholarPubMed
Gram, L.F. (1977) Plasma level monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant therapy. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2, 237–251CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gram, L.F., Reisby, N. & Ibsen, I. (1976). Plasma levels and antidepressive effect of imipramine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 318–324CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gringas, M., Luscombe, D.K. & Jones, R.B. (1977) A clinical trial of a 50 mg formulation of clomipramine (Anafranil) with steady-state plasma level measurements. J. Int. Med. Res. 5 (suppl. 1), 119–124Google Scholar
Gruvstad, M. (1973) Plasma levels of antidepressants and clinical response. Lancet 1, 95–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guthrie, S., Lane, E.A. & Linnoila, M. (1987) Monitoring of plasma drug concentrations in clinical psychopharmacology. In: Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress (Meltzer, H., ed.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 1323–1338Google Scholar
Hammer, W. & Sjöqvist, F. (1967) Plasma levels of monomethylated tricyclic antidepressants during treatment with imipramine-like compounds. Life Sci. 6, 1985–1903CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haydu, G.G., Dhrymiotis, A. & Quinn, G.P. (1962) Plasma imipramine level in syndromes of depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 119, 574–575CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollister, L.E. (1979) Monitoring tricyclic antidepressant concentrations. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 241, 2530–2533CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollister, L.E., Pfefferbaum, A. & Davis, K.L. (1980) Monitoring nortriptyline plasma concentrations. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 485–486Google ScholarPubMed
Hrdna, P.D. & Lapierre, Y.D. (1981) Clinical response, plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of desipramine in depressed impatients. Prog. Neuro-Pychopharmacol. 4, 591–600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, E.C., Bourne, R.C. & Crow, T.J. (1981) The relationship between clinical response, psychophysiological variables and plasma levels of amitriptyline and diazepam in neurotic outpatients. Psychopharmacology 72, 233–240CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, R.B. & Luscombe, D.K. (1977) Plasma concentrations of clomipramine and its N-desmethyl metabolite in depressive patients following treatment with various dosage regimes of clomipramine. Postgrad. Med. J. 53 (suppl. 4), 63–76Google ScholarPubMed
Jungkunz, G. & Kuss, H.J. (1978) Amitriptyline and its demethylation rate. Lancet 2, 1263–1264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jungkunz, G. & Kuss, H.J. (1980) On the relationship ol nortriptyline:amitriptyline ratio to clinical improvement of amitriptyline treated depressive patients. Pharmakopsychiatr. 13, 11–116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalid, R., Amin, M.M. & Ban, T.A. (1978) Desipramine plasma levels and therapeutic response. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 14, 43–44Google ScholarPubMed
Kocsis, J.H., Hanin, I. & Bowden, C. (1986) Imipramine and amitriptyline plasma concentrations and clinical response in Major depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 148, 52–57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kragh-Sørensen, P., Åsberg, M. & Eggert-Hansen, C. (1973a) Plasma nortriptyline levels in endogenous depression. Lancet 1, 113–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kragh-Sørensen, P., Hansen, C.E. & Åsberg, M. (1973b) Plasma levels of nortriptyline in the treatment of endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 49, 444–456CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kragh-Sørensen, P., Hansen, C.E. & Baastrup, P.C. (1976) Self-inhibiting action of nortriptyline's antidepressive effect at high plasma levels. Psychopharmacology 45, 305–312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, V., Smith, R.C. & Reed, K. (1987) Plasma levels and effects of nortriptyline in geriatric depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 75, 20–28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Hanin, I. & Spiker, D.G. (1977) Amitriptyline plasma levels and clinical response in primary depression. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 22, 904–911CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Hanin, I. & Spiker, D. (1978) Amitriptyline plasma levels and clinical response in primary depression : II. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 2, 441–450Google ScholarPubMed
Kuss, H.J., Jungkunz, G. & Holsboer, F. (1984) Amitriptyline: looking through the therapeutic window. Lancet 1, 464–465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liisberg, P., Moose, H. & Amdisen, A. (1978) A clinical trial comparing sustained release amitriptyline (Saroten Retard) and conventional amitriptyline tablets (Saroten) in endogenously depressed patients with simultaneous determination of serum levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 57, 426–435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linden, M., Müller-Oerlinghausen, B. & Schüsslcr, G. (1983) Dosages and serum levels of amitriptyline in depressed outpatients under routine treatment condition. Supporting low-dose therapy? Psychopharmacol. Bull. 19, 106–108Google Scholar
Lingjaerde, O., Bratfos, O. & Bratlid, T. (1983) A double-blind comparison of zimelidine and desipramine in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 68, 22–30CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linnoila, M., Seppala, T. & Mattila, M.J. (1980) Clomipramine and doxepin in depressive neurosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37, 1295–1299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyle, W.H., Braithwaite, R.A. & Brooks, P.W. (1974) Plasma concentrations of nortriptyline as a guide to treatment. Postgrad. Med. J. 50, 282–287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matuzas, W., Javaid, J.I. & Glass, R. (1982) Plasma concentrations of imipramine and clinical response among depressed outpatients. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2, 140–142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matuzas, W., Javaid, J.I. & Uhlenhuth, E.H. (1983) Plasma and red blood cell imipramine levels and clinical response among depressed outpatients. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 19, 652–654Google Scholar
Mendlewicz, J., Linkowski, P. & Rees, J.A. (1980) A double-blind comparison of dothiepin and amitriptyline in patients with primary affective. Br. J. Psychiatry 136, 154–160CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, P.I., Beaumont, G. & Seldrup, J. (1977) Efficacy, side-effects, plasma and blood levels of maprotiline (Ludiomil). J. Int. Med. Res. 5 (suppl- 4), 101–111Google Scholar
Montgomery, S.A. (1980) Measurement of serum drug levels in the assessment of antidepressants. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10, 411–416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, S.A., Braithwaite, R.A. & Crammer, J.L. (1977) Routine nortriptyline levels in treatment of depression. Br. Med. J. 3, 166–167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, S.A., Braithwaite, R. & Dawling, S. (1978a) High plasma nortriptyline levels in the treatment of depression. I. Clin. Phamacol. Ther. 23, 309–314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, S.A., McAuley, R. & Montgomery, D.B. (1980a) Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of maproptiline and amitriptyline in endogenous depression: a double-blind controlled trial. Clin. Ther. 3, 292–310Google Scholar
Montgomery, S.A., McAuley, R. & Montgomery, D.B. (1980b) Plasma concentration of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine and clinical response in depressed patients. Postgrad. Med. J. 56 (suppl. 1), 130-133Google Scholar
Montgomery, S.A., McAuley, R. & Montgomery, D.B. (1978b) Relationship between mianserin plasma levels and antidepressant effect in a double-blind trial comparing a single night-time and divided daily dose regimens. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5, 71s-76sGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, S.A., McAuley, R. & Rani, S.J. (1981) A double-blind comparison of zimelidine and amitriptyline in endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 290 (suppl.), 314–327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, S.A., McAuley, R. & Rani, S.J. (1979) Amitriptyline plasma concentration and clinical response. Br. Med. J. 1, 230–231CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, S.A., Montgomery, D.B. & McAuley, R. (1978c) Mianserin plasma levels and differential clinical response in endogenous and reactive depression. Acta Psychiatr. Belg. 78, 798–812Google Scholar
Montgomery, S.A., Roy, D. & Wynne-Wilson, S. (1983). Plasma levels and clinical response with imipramine in a study comparing efficacy with mianserin and nomifensine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 25, 205s-211sCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyes, I.C.A., Ray, R.L. & Moyes, R.B. (1980) Plasma levels and clinical improvement - a comparative study of clomipramine and amitriptyline in depression. Postgrad. Med. J. 56 (suppl. 1) 127–129Google ScholarPubMed
Mulgirigama, L.D., Pare, C.M.B. & Turner, P. (1977) Clinical response in depressed patients in relation to plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants and tyramine pressor response. Postgrad Med. J. 53 (suppl. 4) 155–159Google ScholarPubMed
Müller-Oerlinghausen, B. & Ruther, E. (1979) Clinical profile and serum concentration of viloxazine as compared to amitriptyline. Pharmakopsychiatr. 12, 321–337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, G.E., Simons, A.D. & Wetzel, R.D. (1985) Plasma nortriptyline and clinical response in depression. J. Affect. Dis. 9, 123–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muscettola, G., Goodwin, F.K. & Potter, W.Z. (1978) Imipramine and desipramine in plasma and spinal fluid: relationship to clinical response and serotonin metabolism. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35, 621–625CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J.C., Jatlow, P.I. & Mazure, C. (1985) Desipramine plasma levels and response in elderly melancholic patients. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 5, 217–220CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J.C., Jatlow, P. & Quinlan, D.M. (1982) Desipramine plasma concentration and antidepressant response. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 1419–1422CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J.C., Price, L.H. & Jatlow, P.I. (1986) Neuroleptic dose and desipramine concentrations during combined treatment of unipolar delusional depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 143, 1151–1154Google ScholarPubMed
Norman, T.R., Burrows, G.D. & Davis, B.M. (1980) Viloxazine plasma concentrations and clinical response. J. Affect. Dis. 2, 157–164CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, T.R., Burrows, G.D. & McGuire, K.P. (1983) Maprotiline in affective illness. Plasma concentration and clinical response. J. Affect. Dis. 5, 147–154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliveira, I.R. (1988) L’apport des dosages sanguins des antidépresseurs polycycliques au traitement des dépressions: revue de la littérature et proposition d’une méthode d’évaluation de la qualité des études. Mémoire pour le CES de Psychiatrie, p. 123Google Scholar
Olivier-Martin, R., Marzin, D. & Buschsenschutz, E. (1975) Concentrations plasmatiques de l’imipramine et de la desméthylimipramine et effet antidépresseur au cours d’un traitement contrôlé. Psychopharmacology 41, 187–195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier-Martin, R., Marzin, D. & Lacassin, J. (1974) Une étude pharmacoclinique du traitement par l’imipramine. J. Pharmacol. Clin. 1, 233–236Google Scholar
Peet, M. (1973) A clinical trial of ICI 58,834 - a potential antidepressant. J. Int. Med. Pes. I, 624-626Google Scholar
Perry, P.J., Browne, J.L. & Alexander, B. (1985) Relationship of free nortriptyline levels to therapeutic response. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 72, 120–125CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, P.J., Pfohl, B.M. & Holstad, S.G. (1987) The relationship between antidepressant response and tricyclic antidepressant plasma concentrations: a retrospective analysis of the literature using logistic regression analysis. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 13, 381–392CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, W.Z., Calil, H.M. & Manian, A.A. (1979) Hydroxylated metabolites of tricyclic antidepressants: preclinical assessment of activity. Biol. Psychiatry 14, 601–613Google ScholarPubMed
Preskorn, S.H., Weller, E.B. & Weller, R.A. (1982) Depression in children: relationship between plasma imipramine levels and response. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 450–453Google ScholarPubMed
Puig-Antich, J., Perel, J.M. & Lupatkin, W. (1987) Imipramine in prepubertal major depressive disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 81–89CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puig-Antich, J., Perel, J.M. & Lupatkin, W. (1979) Plasma levels of imipramine (IM1) and desmethylimipramine (DMI) and clinical response in prepubertal major depressive disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child. Psychiatry 18, 616–627CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reisby, N., Gram, L. & Bech, P. (1979) Clomipramine: plasma levels and clinical effects. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 1, 341–351Google Scholar
Reisby, N., Gram, L.F. & Bech, P. (1977) Imipramine: clinical effects and pharmacokinetic variability. Psychopharmacology 54, 263–272CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickels, K., Weise, C. & Case, G. (1983) Tricyclic plasma levels in depressed outpatients treated with amitriptyline. Psychopharmacology 80, 14–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigal, J.C., Albin, H.C. & Duchier, A.R. (1987) Imipramine blood levels and clinical outcome. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7, 222–259CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Risch, S.C., Huey, L.Y. & Janowsky, D.S. (1979a) Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants and clinical efficacy: review of the Iiterature-part I. J. Clin. Psychiatry 40, 4–16Google Scholar
Risch, S.C., Huey, L.Y. & Janowsky, D.S. (1979b) Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants and clinical efficacy: review of the literature - part II. J. Clin. Psychiatry 40, 58–69Google Scholar
Robinson, D.S., Cooper, T.B. & Howard, D. (1985) Amitriptyline and hydroxylated metabolite plasma levels in depressed outpatients. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 5, 83–88CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D.S., Cooper, T.B. & Nies, A. (1981) Plasma levels of antidepressant and therapeutics effects. Adv. Biol. Psychiatry 7, 198–207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D.S., Cooper, T.B. & Ravaris, C.L. (1979) Plasma tricyclic drug levels in amitriptyline-treated depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 63, 223–231CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowan, P.R., Paykel, E.S. & Marks, V. (1984) Serum levels and response to amitriptyline in depressed outpatients. Neuropsychohiology 12, 9–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathananthan, G.L., Gershon, S. & Almeida, M. (1976) Correlations between plasma and cerebrospinal levels of imipramine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 33, 1109–1110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoggins, B.A., Maguire, K.P. & Norman, T.R. (1980a) Measurement of tricyclic antidepressants, part 1: a review of methodology. Clin. Chem. 26, 5–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scoggins, B.A., Maguire, K.P. & Norman, T.R. (1980b) Measurement of tricyclic antidepressants, part II: applications in methodology. Clin. Chem. 26 805–815CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, G.M., Pi, E.H. & Abdelnalck, E. (1983) Relationship between plasma desipramine levels and clinical outcome for RDC Major Depressive inpatients. Psychopharmacology 80, 240–242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, G.M., White, K.L. & Boyd, J.L. (1982) Relationship between plasma antidepressant levels and clinical outcome for inpatients receiving imipramine. Am. J. Psychiatr 139, 358–360Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, A.H.W., Naylor, G.S. & Mood, G.P. (1978) Placebo controlled double-blind trial of mianserin hydrochloride. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5, 67s-70sGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, R.C., Reed, K. & Leelavathi, D.E. (1980) Pharmacokinetics and the effects of nortriptyline in geriatric depressed patients. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 16, 54–57Google ScholarPubMed
Sørensen, B., Kragh-Sørensen, P. & Larsen, N.E. (1978) The practical significance of nortriptyline plasma control. Psychopharmacology 59, 35–39CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiker, D.G., Edwards, D. & Hanin, I. (1980) Urinary MHPG and clinical response to amitriptyline in depressed patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 1183–1187Google ScholarPubMed
Spiker, D.G., Perel, J.M. & Hanin, I. (1986) The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. Part II. 7. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 6, 339–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, J.W., Quitkin, F. & Fyer, A. (1980) Efficacy of desipramine in endogenomorphically depressed patients. J. Affective Disord. 2, 165–176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Task Force on the Use of Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry (1985) Tricyclic antidepressants - blood level measurements and clinical outcome. An APA task force report. Am. J. Psychiatry 142, 155–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Träksman, L., Åsberg, M. & Bertilsson, L. (1979). Plasma levels of clomipramine and its dcsmethyl metabolite during treatment of depression. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 26, 600–610Google Scholar
Van Brunt, N. (1983) The clinical utility of tricyclic antidepressant blood levels: a review of the literature. Ther. Drug Munit. 5, 1–10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandel, B., Vandel, S. & Allers, G. (1981a) Clinical pharmacology of viloxazine hydrochloride. Pharmakopsychialr. 14, 66–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandel, B., Vandel, S. & Allers, G. (1979) Interaction between amitriptyline and phenothiazine in man: effect on plasma concentration of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline and the correlation with clinical response. Psychopharmacology 65, 187–190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandel, B., Vandel, S. & Jouvet, J.M. (1981b) Clomipramine et desméthylclomipramine: relation entre les concentrations plasmatiques et l’effet clinique. Encéphale 7, 601–608Google Scholar
Vandel, S., Vandel, B. & Sandoz, M. (1978) Clinical response and plasma concentration of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14, 185–190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volmat, R., Bechteel, P. & Allers, G. (1977) Mesure de la concentration plasmatique et effet antidépresseur de l’amitriptyline. Thérapie 32, 309–319Google Scholar
Walter, C.J.S. (1971) Clinical significance of plasma imipramine levels. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 64, 282–285Google ScholarPubMed
Ward, N.G., Bloom, V.L. & Wilson, L. (1982) Doxepin plasma levels and therapeutic response in depression: preliminary findings. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2, 126–128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wargny, E., Lamiable, D. & Havet, J.M. (1986) Concentrations plasmatiques de clomipramine et de déclomipramine chez des patients atteints de dépression : recherche de corrélations avec l’efficacité thérapeutique. Ann. Méd. Psychol. 144, 396–406Google Scholar
Whyte, S.F., MacDonald, A.J. & Naylor, G.J. (1976) Plasma concentrations of protriptyline and clinical effects in depressed women. Br. J. Psychiatry 128, 384–390CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yates, C.M., Todrick, A. & Tait, A.C. (1963) Aspects of the clinical chemistry of desmethylimipramine in man. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 15, 432–439CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, R.C., Alexopoulos, G.S. & Shamoian, C.A. (1984) Plasma 10-hydroxynortriptyline in elderly depressed patients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 35, 540–544CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeidenberg, P., Perel, J.M. & Kanzler, M. (1971) Clinical and metabolic studies with imipramine in man. Am. J. Psychiatry 127, 1321–1326CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziegler, V.E. & Biggs, J.T. (1977a) Tricyclic plasma levels: effect of age, race, sex and smoking. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 238, 2167–2169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, V.E., Clayton, P.J. & Biggs, J.T. (1977b) A comparison study of amitriptyline and nortriptyline with plasma levels. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34, 607–612CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, V.E., Clayton, P.J. & Taylor, J.R. (1976a) Nortriptyline plasma levels and therapeutic response. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 20, 458–463CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, V.E., Co, B.T. & Taylor, J.R. (1976b) Amitriptyline plasma levels and therapeutic response. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 795–801CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, V.E., Wylie, L.T. & Biggs, J.T. (1978) Intrapatient variability of serial steady-state plasma tricyclic antidepressant concentrations. J. Pharm. Sci. 67, 554–555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.