Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:09:19.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dépendance aux benzodiazépines et syndrome de sevrage. Revue de la littérature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

B. Hanin  and
J. Marks
B. Hanin
Affiliation:
Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Service du Dr Ropert, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014Paris, France
J. Marks
Affiliation:
Girton College, Cambridge, UK
Get access

Résumé

Ce travail rapporte les résultats d'une revue de la littérature mondiale (247 publications), concernant les syndromes de sevrage et la dépendance aux benzodiazépines, réalisant ainsi une mise à jour de l'tude eifectuée par Marks (1986) pour la période 1961-1984. Quatre-vingts cas publiés individuellement et 269 cas publiés par séries ont été recensés pour la période 1984-1988 (janvier), soit en ajoutant ces chiffres à ceux de Marks (1986): 928 cas individuels et 969 cas publiés par séries, soit encore au total: 1 897 cas publiés. L'analyse détaillée de ces cas, leur signification en termes de risque sont rapportées et discutées.

Au plan pratique, il apparaît que toutes les benzodiazépines peuvent être à l'origine de syndrome de sevrage, y compris celles à demi-vie courte. Le risque de dépendance est d'autant plus important que la durée de la prescription et les posologies employées sont élevées. Il est donc nécessaire de préconiser un sevrage systématiquement progressif, quelles que soient la molécule et la durée de prescription, d'éviter l'administration aux sujets ayant des antécédents d'abus de toxiques ou de médicaments, de réserver l'usage à long terme aux pathologies anxieuses chroniques, en réévaluant régulièrement l'indication, de prescrire le moins longtemps possible et à la dose la plus faible possible dans tous les autres cas, en faisant varier la posologie selon l'évolution de l'intensité des symptômes.

Summary

Summary

This Paper reports the results of a review of worldwide literature (247 publications) on benzodiazepine dependence and withdrawal syndromes and is thus an update of the study carried out by Marks (1986) for the period 1961-1984. Eighty individually published cases and 269 cases published in series were collected over the period 1984-1988 (January), that is, including these figures with those of Marks (1986), 928 individual cases and 969 cases published in series, i.e., a total of 1897 published cases. A detailed analysis of these cases and their significance in terms of risk are reported and discussed.

From a practical point of view, it appears that all benzodiazepines can cause withdrawal syndromes, including the short half-life type. The risk of dependence is increased by the duration of the prescription and the use of high dosages. Gradual withdrawal is therefore recommended, whatever the substance used and the duration of prescription; benzodiazepines should not be administered to patients with a previous history of drug abuse, and their long-term use should be restricted to cases of chronic anxiety, with a regular re-evaluation of the patient's condition; in all other cases the drug should be prescribed for the shortest possible time and at the lowest dosage possible, with dosage determined by severity of symptoms.

Keywords

benzodiazépinessyndrome de sevragedépendancebenzodiazepineswithdrawal syndromesdependence
Type
Revue générale
Information
Psychiatry and Psychobiology , Volume 3 , Issue 5 , 1988 , pp. 347 - 364
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Abernethy, D.R., Greenblatt, D.J. & Shader, R.l. (1981) Treatment of diazepam withdrawal syndrome with propranolol. Ann. Int. Med. 44, 354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acuda, S.W. & Muhangi, J. (1979) Diazepam addiction in Kenya. East Afr. Med. J. 56, 76–79Google ScholarPubMed
Agrawal, P. (1978) Diazepam addiction - a case report. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J. 23, 35–37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aivazian, G.H. (1964) Clinical evaluation of diazepam. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 25, 491–496Google ScholarPubMed
Albeck, J.H. (1987) Withdrawal and detoxification from benzodiazepine dependance: a potential role for clonazepam. J. Clin. Psychiatry 48, 10, 43–48Google Scholar
Allgulander, C. & Borg, S. (1978) A delirious abstinence syndrome associated with clorazepate. Br. J. Addict. 73, 175–177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ananth, J. (1983) Abstinence syndrome from therapeutic doses of oxazepam. Can. J. Psychiatry 28, 592CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anonyme (1965) Endstation Nervenheilanstalt. Nat. Ztg. Basel 123, 6Google Scholar
Anonyme (1973) Diazepam induced hepatitis. Drag Ther. Rev. 3, 88Google Scholar
Anonyme (1975) Information on adverse reactions to drugs. Jpn Med. Gaz. 12, 10–11, 13Google Scholar
Ashton, H. (1984) Benzodiazepine withdrawal: an unfinished story. Br. Med. J. 288, 1135–1140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayd, F. (1981) Diazepam - the question of long-term therapy and withdrawal reactions. Drug Ther. Rev., Spec. Suppl.Google Scholar
Ayd, F. (1983) Benzodiazepine dependence and withdrawal. J. Psychoact. Drugs 15, 67–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badura, H.O. (1972) Valiumsucht : Beobachtung zum Thema Valiumsucht. Internist. Prax. 12, 349–352Google Scholar
Bakewell, W.E. & Wikler, A. (1966) Non-narcotic addiction: incidence in a university hospital psychiatric ward. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 196, 710–713CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bant, W. (1975) Diazepam withdrawal symptoms. Br. Med. J. 4, 295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barry, D.J. & Weintraub, M. (1978) Barbiturate management of withdrawal syndromes. Drug Ther. Rev. 8, 83–86Google Scholar
Barten, H.H. (1965) Toxic psychosis with transient dysmnetic syndrome following withdrawal from Valium. Am. J. Psychiatry 121, 1201–1211CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartholomew, A. & Reynolds, W.S. (1967) Four cases of progressive drug abuse. Med. J. Aust. 54, 653–657CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, D.F. (1981) More on lorazepam withdrawal. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 15, 134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Battig, K. (1970) Konsum psychoaktiver und illegaler Drogen bei Zürcher Hochschulstudenten. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 100, 1887Google Scholar
Beil, H. (1972) Rauschmittelmissbrauch aus der Sicht des Arztes für Allgemeinmedizin. Therapiewoche 22, 3733–3745Google Scholar
Beil, H. & Trojan, A. (1976) Tilidin/Valoron-Missbrauch. Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Drogenkonsumenten. Muench. Med. Wochenschr. 118, 633–638Google Scholar
Benzer, D. & Cushman, P. (1980) Alcohol and benzodiazepines: withdrawal syndromes. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 4, 243–247CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berezak, A., Weber, M. & Hansmann, J. (1984) Dépendance physique aux benzodiazepines dans un contexte traumatologique. Ann. Fr. Anesth. Réanim. 3, 383–384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, R.M. & Conell, C.J. (1983) Withdrawal symptoms after long-term treatment with therapeutic doses of flurazepam. Am. J. Psychiatry 110, 488–490Google Scholar
Binder, W., Kornhuber, H.H. & Waiblinger, G. (1984) Benzodiazepin-Sucht, unscre iatrogene Seuche - 157 Fälle von Benzodiazepin-Abbängigkeit. Öffentl. Gesundheitswes. 46, 80–86Google Scholar
Bismuth, C., Le Bellec, M.S. & Lagier, G. (1980) Dépendance physique aux benzodiazepines. N. Presse Méd. 9, 1941–1945Google Scholar
Bliding, A. (1979) The abuse potential of benzodiazepines with special reference to oxazepam. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 274, 111–116Google Scholar
Boeszoermenyi, Z. & Solti, G. (1977) Ueber einige atypische Entziehungssyndrome bei Polytoxikomanien. Pharmatherapeutica 1, 570–572Google Scholar
Bond, W.S. & Schwartz, M. (1984) Withdrawal reactions aller long-term treatment with flurazepam. Clin. Pharmacol. 3, 316–318Google Scholar
Bond, W.S., Berwish, N.J. & Swift, B. (1985) Severe withdrawal syndrome after substitution of a short acting benzodiazepine for long-acting benzodiazepine. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 19, 10, 742–744CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boning, J. (1981) Entzugsddelirien unter Bromazepam (Lexotanil) Nervenarzt 52, 293–297Google Scholar
Bonvalot, T., Boulenger, J.P. & Zarifian, E. (1988) Le traitement pharmacologique des crises d'angoisse panique. Nervure 2, 24–28Google Scholar
Bowes, H.A. (1965) The role of diazepam (Valium) in emotional illness. Psychosomatics 6, 336–340CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braestrup, C. & Squires, R.F. (1977) Brain specific benzodiazepine rcceptors in rat characterized by high affinity 3H-diazepam binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74, 3805–3809CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breier, A., Charney, D.S. & Nelson, J.C. (1984) Seizures induced by abrupt discontinuation of alprazolam. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 1606–1607Google ScholarPubMed
Brody, R. (1979) The story behind the pharmacist who got hooked on Rx Drugs. Am. Druggist 179, 32–36Google Scholar
Brown, W.A., Laughren, T.P. & Williams, B.W. (1978) Neuroendocrine correlates of clinical response during withdrawal from chlordiazepoxide. Commun. Psychopharmacol. 2, 251–254Google ScholarPubMed
Browne, J.L. & Hauge, K.J. (1986) A review of alprazolam withdrawal. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 20, 11, 837–841CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brzezinska, I. & Walczak, B. (1973) 14 przypadkow toksykomanii wsrod mlodziezy. Pot. Tyg. Lek. 28, 696–697Google Scholar
Budd, R.D. (1981) The use of diazepam and of cocaine in combination with other drugs by Los Angeles county probationers. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 8, 249–255CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Busto, U., Naranjo, C.A. & Cappel, H. (1983) Patterns of benzodiazepine abuse (BA). Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 32, 237Google Scholar
Busto, V., Sellers, E.M. & Naranjo, C.A. (1986) Withdrawal reaction after long-term therapeutic use of benzodiazepines. N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 14, 854–859CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cerny, M. & Cerna, H. (1967) Lecba fobii chlordiazepoxidem a diazepamem. Activ. Nerv. Superior 9, 371Google Scholar
Chambers, C.D. & Taylor, W.J.R. (1971) Pattern of propoxyphene abuse. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 4, 240Google Scholar
Chandara, D.B. (1980) Delayed diazepam withdrawal syndrome: a case of auditory and visual hallucinations and seizures. J. Med. Assoc. Ga 69, 769–770Google Scholar
Clare, A.W. (1971) Diazepam, alcohol and barbiturate abuse. Br. Med. J. 340Google Scholar
Clift, A.D. (1975) Sleep disturbance in general practice. In: Sleep Disturbance and Hypnotic Drug Dependence. (Clift, A.D., ed.), Excerpta Medica, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M.W., Masters, J.S. & Doyle, C.C. (1980) Relaxation-facilitated EMG biofeedback in the treatment of diazepam withdrawal syndrome: a case study. Am. J. Clin. Biofeedback 3, 68–70Google Scholar
Coid, J. (1984) Relief of diazepam-withdrawal syndrome by shoplifting. Br. J. Psychiatry 145, 552–554CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowen, P.J. & Nutt, D.J. (1982) Symptoms after withdrawal of tranquilizing drugs: is there a common neurological mechanism? Lancet 2, 360–362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cushman, P. & Benzer, D. (1980) Benzodiazepines and drug abuse: clinical observations in chemically dependent persons before and during abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 6, 365–371CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czerwenka-Wenkstetten, A., Hofmann, G. & Kryspin-Exner, K. (1965) Ein Fall von Valium-Entzugsdelir. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 115, 994–995Google Scholar
Darcy, L. (1972) Delirium tremens following withdrawal of nitrazepam. Med. J. Aust. 59, 540Google Scholar
De Bard, M.L. (1979) Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: a case with psychosis seizure and coma. Am. J. Psychiatry 136, 104–105Google ScholarPubMed
De Buck, R. (1973) Clinical experience with lorazepam in the treatment of neurotic patients. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 1, 291–295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De La Fuente, J.R., Rosenbaum, A.H. & Martin, H.R. (1980) Lorazepam-related withdrawal seizures. Mayo Clin. Proc. 53, 190–192Google Scholar
Durrant, B.W. (1965) Amphetamine addiction. Practitioner 194, 649–651Google Scholar
Dysken, M.W. & Chan, C.H. (1977) Diazepam withdrawal psychosis: a case report. Am. J. Psychiatry 134, 573Google ScholarPubMed
Ebihara, H. & Ikeda, R. (1978) A case who has taken chlordiazepoxide in a large quantity for a long time. Clin. Psychiatry 20, 1264–1266Google Scholar
Edwards, J.G. & Glen-Bott, M. (1984) Does viloxazine have epileptogenic properties? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 47, 960–964CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichner, H.L. & Aebi, E. (1970) Septic retinitis due to injection of a homentade alcoholic beverage. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 213, 1644–1646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einarson, T.R. (1980) Lorazepam withdrawal seizures. Lancet 1, 151CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endo, S., Kubota, I. & Kato, IL (1979) Withdrawal syndrome of nitrazepam in an elderly case. Clin. Psychiatry 21, 1117–1119Google Scholar
Epstein, R.S. (1980) Withdrawal symptoms front chrome use of low-dose barbiturates. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 107–108Google Scholar
Ewing, J.A. & Bakewell, W.E. (1967) Diagnosis and management of depressive drug dependence. Am. J. Psychiatry 123, 909–917CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Facey, F.L., Weil, M.H. & Rosoff, L. (1966) Mechanism and treatment of shoek associated with acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Surg. 111, 374–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldbaum, J.S. (1984) Inadvertant benzodiazepine withdrawal. Am. Family Physician 30, 4, 46–50Google Scholar
Fernand, L. & Sagi, E. (1987) Alprazolam withdrawal syndrome. Can. J. Psychiatry 31, 5, 488CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feuerlein, W. & Busch, J. (1972) Valiumsucht. Internist. Prax. 12, 349, 353Google Scholar
Filip, J., Aumaître, O. & Maradeix, B. (1987) Benzodia zepine withdrawal seizures. Analysis of 48 case reports Clin. Neuropharmacology 10, 538–544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filip, V., Sladka, R. & Jarousva, M. (1986) Reaction to abrupt withdrawal of diazepam in anxiety neurosis. Cesk. Psychiatr. 82, 2, 101–103Google Scholar
Fleischhacker, W.W., Barnes, C. & Hackenberg, B. (1986) Epidemiology of benzodiazepine dependence Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 74, 80–83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleischhacker, W.W. & Barnes, C. (1987) Delirium following benzodiazepine withdrawal. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7, 4, 287CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleming, J.A.E. (1984) Triazolam abuse. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 129, 324–325Google Scholar
Floyd, J.B. Jr & Murphy, C.M. (1976) Hallucinations following withdrawal of Valium. J. Kentucky Med. Assoc. 74, 549–550Google ScholarPubMed
Fontaine, R., Chouinard, G. & Annable, L. (1984) Rebound anxiety in anxious patients aller abrupt withdrawal of benzodiazepine treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 848–852Google Scholar
Fontaine, R., Annable, L. & Beaudry, P. (1985) Efficacy and withdrawal of two potent benzodiazepines: bromazepam and lorazepam. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 21, 1, 91–92Google ScholarPubMed
Fox, R. (1978) Abuse of benzodiazepines. Lancet II, 681–682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, A.A. & Ingram, I.M. (1985) Lorazepam dependence and chronic psychosis. Br. J. Psychiatry 147, 211CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fruensgaard, K. (1976) Withdrawal psychosis: a study of 30 consecutive cases. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 53, 105–118CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fruensgaard, K. & Vaag, U.H. (1975) Abstinenspsykose efter nitrazepam. Ugeskr. Laeg. 137, 633–634Google Scholar
Fyer, A.J., Liebowitz, M.R. & Gorman, J.M. (1987) Discontinuation of alprazolam treatment in panic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 144 (3), 303–308Google ScholarPubMed
Gabriel, E. (1966) Valium in der nervenârztlichen Praxis. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 116, 877–879Google Scholar
Good, W.V. & Dubovsky, S.L. (1982) Pseudodementia masking substance abuse and depression. Psychosomatics 23, 656–657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gordon, E.B. (1967) Addiction to diazepam (Valium). Br. Med. J. 1, 112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gossop, M. & Roy, A. (1977) Hostility, crime and drug dependence. Br. J. Psychiatry 130, 272–278CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, W.K., Charney, D.S. & Price, L.H. (1986) Ineffectiveness of clonidine in the treatment of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome: report of three cases. Am. J. Psychiatry 143, 7, 900–903Google ScholarPubMed
Grant, I.N. (1969) Drug habituation in an urban general practice. Practitioner 202, 428–430Google Scholar
Gray, J.A., Holt, L. & McNaughton, N. (1983) Clinical implications of the experimental pharmacology to the benzodiazepines. In: The Benzodiazepines. From Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice. (Costa, ed.) Raven Press, New York, pp. 147–172Google Scholar
Guile, L. (1963) Rapid habituation to chlordiazepoxide (Librium). Med. J. Aust. 50, 56–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunne, L.M. (1965) Om tillvaenjningsrisken vid medikamentell behandling av alkoholabstingens. Nord. Psykiatr. Tidsskr. 19, 352–357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallberg, R.J., Lessler, K. & Kane, F.J. (1964) Korsakoff-like psychosis associated with benzodiazepine overdosage. Am. J. Psychiatry 121, 188–189CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanin, B. & Marks, J. (1988) Dépendance aux benzodiazépines et syndrome de sevrage. Revue de la littérature. Psychiatr. Psychobiol. 3, 347–364Google Scholar
Hanna, S.M. (1972) A case of oxazepam (Serenid D) dependence. Br. J. Psychiatry 120, 443–445CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartviksen, I. (1981) Er diazepinene sa uskyldige og forskrivningen blant norske leger sa moderat some ekspertisen gir uttrykk for? Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 101, 595Google Scholar
Haslerud, J. & Heskestad, S. (1981) Abstinens og forvirringsreaksjoner etter Rohypnol-bruk. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 101, 112Google Scholar
Hayashi, Y., Higashi, R. & Kadota, K. (1974) Three cases of chronic chlordiazepoxide intoxication with their withdrawal symptoms. Clin. Psychiatry 16, 77–82Google Scholar
Hayner, G. & Inaba, D. (1983) A pharmacological approach to outpatient benzodiazepine intoxication. J. Psychoact. Drugs, 15, 99–104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heritch, A.J., Capwell, R. & Roy-Byrne, P.P. (1987) A case of psychosis and delirium following withdrawal from triazolam. J. Clin. Psychiatry 48, 2, 168–169Google ScholarPubMed
Higgit, A., Golombok, S. & Fonagy, P. (1987) Group treatment of benzodiazepine dependence. Br. J. Addict. 82, 517–532CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hippius, H.E. & Ruther, F. (1982) Benzodiazepine, Mittel der ersten Wahl. Münch. Med. Wochenschr. 124, 16–18Google Scholar
Hoff, H. & Hofmann, G. (1965) In: Internat Kong, der Internat. Soz. Hyg. Präventivmedizin, Wien, p. 35Google Scholar
Hollister, L.E. (1980) Dependence on benzodiazepines.In: Benzodiazepines : a Review of Research Results. (Szara, S.I. & Ludford, J.P., eds.), NIDA Research Monograph, 33, Rockville, Maryland, pp. 70–82Google Scholar
Hollister, L.E., Motzenbecker, F.P. & Degan, R.O. (1961) Withdrawal reactions from chlordiazepoxide (Librium). Psychopharmacologia 2, 63–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmberg, G. (1969) Misbrukas diazepam. Behandlung av oro, angest och soemnsvarigheter. Lakartidningen 66, 77–81Google Scholar
Holt, R.J. & Perez-Cruet, J. (1982) Hypersomnic diazepam abstinence syndrome: a case report. Bol. Assoc. Med. P.R. 74, 262–264Google ScholarPubMed
Hoover, J.P. (1972) College drug scene as it is. N. Y. State J. Med. 72, 1886–1892Google ScholarPubMed
Howe, J.G. (1980) Lorazepam withdrawal seizures. Br. Med. J. 1, 1163–1164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hugues, F.C., Lejeunne, C. & Jouglard, J. (1988) Risques neuropsychiques des traitements par les benzodiazépines. J. Med. Legale - Droit Med. 31, 1, 49–60Google Scholar
Imoto, R.M. (1980) Benzodiazepine withdrawal reaction. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 14, 187Google Scholar
Iswariah, V. (1966) Survey of the problem of habitual drug usage amongst the public. Traits. All-India Inst. Ment. Health 6, 1–27Google Scholar
Jensen, H.H. & Preskorn, J.C. (1982) Amnesic effects of diazepam: drug dependence explained by state-dependent learning. Scand. J. Psychol. 23, 107–111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jerkovich, G.S. & Presom, S.H. (1987) Failure of buspirone to protect against lorazepam withdrawal symptoms. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258, 2, 204–205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jurgens, S.M. & Morse, R.M. (1988) Alprazolam dependence in seven patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 145 (5), 625–627Google Scholar
Kahan, B.B. & Haskett, R.F. (1984) Lorazepam withdrawal and seizures. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 1011–1012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kales, A., Scharf, M.B. & Kales, J.D. (1979) Rebound insomnia: a potential hazard following withdrawal of certain benzodiazepines. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 241, 1692–1695CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kato, M, Takahashi, N. & Miyagawa, K. (1966) Clinical and statistical study on drug dependence, in particular induced by tranquilising and hypnotic drugs. Clin. Psychiatry 2, 1–12Google Scholar
Kawai, H. (1974) Drug toxicily in view of organ disturbance XVI. Central nervous System VI. Pharm. Monthly 16, 1488–1492Google Scholar
Kellermann, B. (1975) Ueber Medikamenten-Abusus aus klinisch-psychiatrischer Sicht. Hamburger Ärztebl. 29, 28–29Google Scholar
Kellett, J.M. (1974) The benzodiazepine bonanza. Lancet II, 64Google Scholar
Kemper, N., Poser, W. & Poser, S. (1980) Benzodiazepin-Abhängigkeit. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 105, 1707–1712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keup, W. (1968) Abuse-liability and narcotic antagonism of pentazocine (report of two cases). Dis. Nerv. Syst. 29, 599–602Google Scholar
Khan, A., Joyce, P. & Jones, A.V. (1980) Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms. N. Z. Med. J. 92, 94–96Google Scholar
Kielholz, P. (1968) Gesamtschweizerische Enquete über die Hâufigkeit des Medikamenten-Missbrauchs. Schweiz. Aerzteztg. 49, 1077–1096Google Scholar
Klein, E., Uhde, T.W. & Post, R.M. (1986) Preliminary evidence for the utility of carbamazepine in alprazolam withdrawal. Am. J. Psychiatry 143 (2), 235–236Google ScholarPubMed
Koenig, W., Ruther, E. & Filipiak, B. (1987) Psychotropic drug utilization patterns in a metropolitan population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32, 43–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korsgaard, S. (1976) Misbrug af lorazepam (Temesta). Ugeskr. Laeg. 138, 164–165Google Scholar
Koutsky, C.D. & Larson, T.G. (1967) Addiction cases treated in a psychiatric service. Curr. Res. Anesth. Analg. 46, 521–526Google Scholar
Koutsky, C.D. & Larson, T.G. (1966) Miβbrauch von Benzodiazepin-Derivaten bei Alkoholkranken. Br. J. Addict. 61, 283–290Google Scholar
Kryspin-Exner, K. (1970) Alkoholismus und Medikamentenmissbrauch im Alter. In: Geriatricum (Doberauer, W., ed.), pp. 305–314Google Scholar
Krzyzowski, J. & Michniewicz, M. (1966) Przypadek Libriomania. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 16, 195–196Google Scholar
Lader, M. (1983) Benzodiazepine withdrawal States. In: Benzodiazepines Divided (Trimble, M.R., ed.), John Wiley, New York, pp. 17–31Google Scholar
Lader, M. & Petursson, H. (1983) Long-term effects of benzodiazepines. Neuropharmacology 22, 527–533CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lader, M. & Olajide, D. (1987) A comparison of buspirone and placebo in relieving benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7 (1), 11–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladewig, D., Banzider, W. & Lownheck, M. (1981) Tranquillizer abuse-results of a nationwide Swiss survey. TGO Tijdschr. Geneesmiddelenonderzoek 6, 1132–1137Google Scholar
Lai, G. (1961) Toxicité du Librium: observations après tentatives de suicide. Med. Hyg. 19, 685Google Scholar
Laughren, T.P., Battey, Y.W. & Greenblatt, D.J. (1982) Chronic diazepam treatment in psychiatric outpatients. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 461–462Google ScholarPubMed
Laux, G. (1979) Ein Fall von Lexotanil-Abhängigkeit. Kasuistischer Beitrag zum Tranquilizermissbrauch. Nervernarzt 50, 326–327Google Scholar
Ledda, F. (1968) Intossicazzione acute da clordiazepossido in tossicomani seguita da sindronte astinenziale. Clin. Ther. 44, 167–171Google Scholar
Le Fêvre, C.G. (1971) Drug dependence and drug abuse in New South Wales. Med. J. Aust. 58, 715–716Google Scholar
Lennane, K.J. (1982) Oxazepam withdrawal syndrome. Med. J. Aust. 1, 545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lennane, K.J. (1982) Oxazepam withdrawal syndrome. Med. J. Aust. 1, 287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, F.W. & Guze, P.A. (1983) Diazepam withdrawal. West J. Med. 138, 98–101Google ScholarPubMed
Levy, A.B. (1984) Delirium and seizures due to abrupt alprazolam withdrawal: case report. J. Clin. Psychiatry 45, 38–39Google ScholarPubMed
Levy, R.M., Brown, A.R. & Halikas, J.A. (1972) Illicit pentazocine (Talwin) use: a report of thirteen cases. Int. J. Addict. 7, 693–700CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lingjhaerde, O. (1965) Acute and chronic overdosage of diazepam (Valium). Nord Psykiatr. Tidsskr. 19, 73–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loveridge, P.L. (1981) Physical dependence on diazepam. Can. Fam. Phys. 27, 1109–1111Google ScholarPubMed
Lunde, A.O. & Ropstad, O. (1970) Misbruk au lette ataratica. Nord. Med. 85, 655–658Google Scholar
Lupolover, R., Dazzi, H. & Ward, J. (1982) Rebound phenomena: results of a 10 year's (1970 to 1980) literature review. Int. Pharmacopsychiatry 17, 194–237CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn, E.J. (1985) Triazolam addiction. Hospital Community Psychiatry 36 (7), 779–780Google ScholarPubMed
Mader, R. (1972) Primäre Valiumabhängigkeit beieinem Jugendlichen. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 122, 699–700Google Scholar
Malatinsky, J., Prochazka, M. & Kadlic, T. (1975) Transient psychological syndrome following diazepam therapy for tetanus. Postgrad. Med. J. 51, 860–863CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malcolm, M.T. (1972) Temporal lobe epilepsy due to drug withdrawal. Br. J. Addict. 67, 309–312CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maletzky, B.M. & Klotter, J. (1975) Addiction to diaze pam. Int. J. Addict. 2, 95–115Google Scholar
Marjot, D.H. (1966) Drug dependence. J. R. Nav. Med. Serv. 52, 150–156Google ScholarPubMed
Marks, J. (1986) Les Benzodiazépines: Usage Légitime, Usage Excessif et Mésusage, Abus. Edition Roche. BâleGoogle Scholar
Martin, P.R., Kapur, B.M. & Whiteside, E.A. (1979) Intravenous phenobarbital therapy in barbiturate and other hypnosedative withdrawal reactions: a kinetic approach. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 26, 256–264CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maruta, T., Swanson, D.W. & Finlayson, R.E. (1979) Drug abuse and dependency in patients with chronic pain. Mayo Clin. Proc. 54, 241–244Google ScholarPubMed
Mayfield, D.G. & Montgomery, D. (1972) Alcoholism, alcohol intoxication and suicide attempts. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 27, 349–353CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellerio, F. (1980) Apport de l'électroencéphalographie dans les accidents de sevrage des tranquillisants. Rev. Electroencéphalogr. Neurophysiol. Clin. 10, 95–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mellinger, G.D., Balter, M.B. & Uhlenhuth, E.H. (1984) Prevalence and correlates of the long-term use of anxiolytics. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 251, 375–379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellman, T.A. & Uhde, T.W. (1986) Withdrawal syndrom with gradual tapening of a prazolam. Am. J. Psychiatry 143 (11), 1464–1466Google Scholar
Mellor, L.S. & Jain, V.K. (1982) Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: its prolonged and changing nature. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 127, 1093–1096Google ScholarPubMed
Mendelson, G. (1978) Withdrawal symptoms after oxazepam. Lancet 1, 565CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merz, W.A. (1982) Standardized assessment of the symptoms of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. 13th CINP Congress, Jerusalem, 20-25, 6Google Scholar
Merz, W.A. & Ballmer, U. (1983) Symptoms of the barbiturate/benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in healthy volunteers: standardized assessment by a newly developed self-rating scale. J. Psychoact. Drugs 15, 71–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, F. & Nulsen, J. (1979) Diazepam (Valium) detoxification. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 167, 637–638CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, R.R. (1974) Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions - a report froin the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Arch. Int. Med. 134, 219–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minter, R. & Murray, G.B. (1978) Diazepam withdrawal: a current problem in recognition. J. Fam. Pract. 7, 1233–1235Google ScholarPubMed
Misra, P.C. (1975) Nitrazepam (Mogadon) dependence. Br. J. Psychiatry 126, 81–82CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molhler, H. & Okada, T. (1977) Benzodiazepine receptor: demonstration in the central nervous system. Science 198, 849–851CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moerck, H.J. & Magelund, G. (1979) Gynaecomastia and diazepam abuse. Lancet 1, 1344–1345CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, C. (1982) Oxazepam withdrawal syndrome. Med. J. Aust. 2, 220CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, H.G., Bouluois, J. & Burns-Cox, C. (1973) Addiction to prednisone. Br. Med. J. 2, 93–94CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, K.. & Oswald, I. (1982) Anxiety caused by a short-life hypnotic. Br. Med. J. 284, 942CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morse, R.M. (1970) Postoperative deliria and emergency surgery: Dr Morse replies. Am. J. Psychiatry 126, 1041CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, B.R. & Dillman, C.E. (1981) Case report of unusual diazepam abstinence syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry 138, 694–695Google ScholarPubMed
Naylor, M., Grunhaus, L. & Cameron, D. (1987) Myoclonic seizures after abrupt withdrawal from phenelzine and alprazolam. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 175 (2), 111–114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nerenz, K. (1974) Ein Fall von Valium-Entzugsdelir mit Grand-mal-Anfällen. Nervenarzt 45, 384–386Google Scholar
Nicholson, A.N., Stone, B.M. & Spencer, M.B. (1982) Anxiety caused by a short-life hypnotic. Br. Med. J. 284, 1785Google Scholar
Noble, P.J. (1970) Drug-taking in delinquent boys. Br. Med. J. 1, 102–105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nurco, D.M. & Lerner, M. (1972) Drug abuse seen by physicians in a wealthy suburban county. In: Report 34th Ann. Scient. Meet. Comm., Problems of Drug Depend., pp. 643–658. Ann Arbor, Mich., Natl. Acad. Sci., Natl. Res. Counc. Rev.Google Scholar
O'Brien, J. (1978) The Chemical trap-a patient's view.In: The Chemical Dependent Woman, Rx, Recognition, Referral, Rehabilitation. (Dowsling, J. & A., Maclennan, eds.), Proc. Conf. Dunwood Inst., Toronto Add. Res. Found., Toronto, Canada, pp. 49–55Google Scholar
Ochs, H.R., Miller, L.G. & Greenblatt, D.J. (1987) Actual versus reported benzodiazepine usage by medical outpatients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32, 383–388CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olajide, D. & Lader, M. (1984) Depression following withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a report of four cases. Psychol. Med. 14, 4, 937–940CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, J., Baden, M.B. & Richter, R.W. (1974) Neuronal depletion in the globus pallidus of heroin addicts. In: 36th Animal Meeting Scientific Conmmittee on Drug Dependence, Mexico City, pp. 187–199Google Scholar
Pecknold, J.C. & Swinson, R.P. (1986) Taper withdrawal studies with alprazolam in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 22, 1, 173–176Google ScholarPubMed
Peters, U.H. & Boeters, U. (1970) Valium-Sucht : eine Analyse anhand von 8 Fällen. Pharmakopsychiatr. Neuro-Psychopharmakol 3, 339–348CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petursson, H. & Lader, M.H. (1981) Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment. Br. Med. J. 283, 643–645CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petursson, H. & Lader, M.H. (1981) Withdrawal reaction from clobazam. Br. Med. J. 282, 1932–1933CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petursson, H. & Lader, M.H. (1984) Dependence on tranquillizers. Maudsley Monograph No. 28. Oxford University Press, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Petzold, E. (1972) Valiumsucht. Intern. Prax. 12, 355Google Scholar
Pevnick, J.S., Jasinski, D.R. & Haertzen, C.A. (1978) Abrupt withdrawal from therapeutically administered diazepam. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35, 995–998CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Power, K.J., Jerrom, D.W.A. & Simpson, R.J. (1985) Controlled study of withdrawal symptoms and rebound anxiety after six week course of diazepam for generalised anxiety. Br. Med. J. 290, 6477, 1246–1248CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preskorn, S.H. & Denner, L.J. (1977) Benzodiazepines and withdrawal psychosis: report of three cases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 237, 36–38CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quitkin, F.M., Rifkin, A. & Kaplan, J. (1972) Phobie anxiety syndrome complicated by drug dependence and addiction. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 27, 159–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raskind, M. & Bradford, T. (1975) Methylphenidate (Ritalin) abuse and methadone maintenance. Dis. Nerv. Syst. 36, 9–12Google ScholarPubMed
Ratna, L. (1981) Addiction to temazepam. Br. Med. J. 282, 1827–1828CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rechenberger, H.G. (1972) Valiumsucht. Intern. Prax. 12, 349, 354Google Scholar
Reeve, A.M. (1972) Treatment of persons addicted to or dependent on drugs. J. Iowa State Med. Soc. 62, 436–437Google ScholarPubMed
Relkin, R. (1966) Death following withdrawal of diazepam. N. Y. State J. Med. 1770–1772Google ScholarPubMed
Remschmidt, H. & Dauner, I. (1970) Klinische und soziale Aspekte der Drogenabhängigkeit bei Jugendlichen. Teil 1. Med. Klin. 65, 1993–1997Google Scholar
Remschmidt, H. & Dauner, I. (1970) Klinische und soziale Aspekte der Drogenabhängigkeit bei Jugendlichen. Teil 2. Med. Klin. 65, 2041–2047Google Scholar
Rhodes, P.J. & Rhodes, R.S. (1984) Elimination kinetics and symptomatology of diazepam withdrawal in abusers. Clin. Toxicol. 22, 4, 371–385Google ScholarPubMed
Rickels, K. (1981) Diazepam: the question of long-term therapy and withdrawal reactions. Drug Ther. Rev. (Spec. Suppl.), 5–30Google Scholar
Rickels, K. (1982) Benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety. Am. J. Psychother. 36, 358–370CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickels, K. (1983) Benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety: North American experience.In: The Benzodiazepines: from Molecular Biology to Clinical Practice, (Costa, E., ed.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 295–310Google Scholar
Rickels, K. & Brand, M.E. (1969) Incidence of nonnarcotic drug addictions at a large city hospital. In: Drug Abuse - Social and Psychopharmacological Aspects (Cole, J.O. & Wittenborn, J.R., eds.), Charles C. Thomas. Springfield, 111, p. 49Google Scholar
Rickels, K., Case, W.G. & Schweizer, E.E. (1986) Lowdose dependence in chronic benzodiazepine users: a preliminary report on 119 patients. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 22, 2, 407–415Google Scholar
Rickels, K., Fox, I.L. & Greenblatt, D.J. (1988) Clorazepate and lorazepam : clinical improvement and rebound anxiety. Am. J. Psychiatry 145, 3, 312–317Google ScholarPubMed
Rifkin, A., Klein, F. & Quitkin, F. (1976) Withdrawal reaction to diazepam. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 236, 2172–2173CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, K. & Vass, N. (1986) Schneiderian first-rank symptoms caused by benzodiazepine withdrawal. Br. J. Psychiatry 148, 593–594CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, G.M. & Sellers, E.M. (1982) Diazepam withdrawal seizures. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 126, 944–945Google ScholarPubMed
Rodrigo, E.K. & Williams, P. (1986) Frequency of self-reported «anxiolytic withdrawal» symptoms in a group of female students experiencing anxiety. Psychol. Med. 16, 467–472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rummele, W. (1968) Zeitliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Erkrankungen, Operationen oder Unfällen und dem Ausbruch eines Delirium Tremens. Schweiz Arch. Neurol. Neurochir. Psychiatr. 101, 192–200Google Scholar
Runge, M., Arnold, W. & Schreiber, D. (1971) Aktuelle Formen der Drogenabhängigkeit unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Haschisch und LSD. Med. Welt 22, 1301–1308Google Scholar
Saker, G. (1968) Ihr Fall - und ihre Diagnose. Aerztl-Praxis 20, 48Google Scholar
Sandman, A.R. (1976) Drug addiction. Osteopath. Ann. 4, 63, 65–68Google Scholar
Sardemann, H. & Friis-Hansen, B. (1975) Nyfodte Bron af Narkomodre. Ugeskr. Laeg. 137, 859–863Google Scholar
Schopf, J. (1981) Long-term use of benzodiazepines: an unusual withdrawal syndrome may appear. (Exposé) Third World Cong. Biol. Psychiatr., StockhomGoogle Scholar
Schneider, D., Hermann, E. & Schoenenberger, G.A. (1987) Efficacy of DSIP for withdrawal treatment of low-dose benzodiazepine-dependent insomniacs.In: Sleep Research (Chase, M.H.et al., eds.), BIS/BRI, Los AngelesGoogle Scholar
Schneider, L.S., Syapin, P.J. & Pawluczyk, S. (1987) Seizures following triazolam withdrawal despite benzodiazepine treatment. J. Clin. Psychiatry 48, 10, 418–419Google ScholarPubMed
Schuster, C.L. & Humphries, R.H. (1981) Benzodiazepine dependency in alcoholics. Conn. Med. 45, 11–13Google ScholarPubMed
Schweizer, E. & Rickels, K. (1986) Failure of buspirone to manage benzodiazepine withdrawal. Am. J. Psychiatry 143 (12), 1590–1592Google ScholarPubMed
Selig, J.W. (1966) A possible oxazepam abstinence syndrome. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 198, 951–952CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shinfuku, S. (1979) Long-term continued administration of sleep inducer-nitrazepam. Jpn. Med. J. 136Google Scholar
Simon, P. (1983) Antidepressants, benzodiazepines and convulsions. Biol. Psychiatry 18, 517Google ScholarPubMed
Singh, A.N., Chemij, M. & Jewell, J. (1986) Treatment of triazolam dependence with a tapering withdrawal regimen. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 134, 243–245Google ScholarPubMed
Sironi, V.A., Franzini, A., Ravagnati, L. & Marossero, F. (1979) Interictal acute psychoses in temporal lobe epilepsy during withdrawal of anticonvulsant therapy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 42, 724–730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sironi, V.A., Miserocchi, G. & De Riu, P.L. (1984) Clonazepam withdrawal syndrome. Acta Neurol. (Naples) 6, 134–139Google ScholarPubMed
Sjoe, O., Hvidberg, E.F., Naestoft, J. & Lund, M. (1975) Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonazepam and its 7-amino metabolite in man. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 8, 249 254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slak, S. (1986) Alprazolam withdrawal. Insomnia Psychol. Rep., 58, 343–346CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slater, J. (1966) Suspected dependence on chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium). Can. Med. Assoc. J. 95, 416Google Scholar
Smith, A.J. (1972) Self poisonning witli drugs: a worsening situation. Br. Med. J. 4, 157–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.E. (1979) Valium and low-dose withdrawal syndrome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 3, 7–8Google Scholar
Smith, D.E. & Wesson, D.R. (1983) Benzodiazepine dependency syndromes. J. Psychoact. Drugs 15, 85–96CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soni, S.D., Smith, E.D. & Shah, A. (1986) Lorazepam withdrawal seizures: role of predisposition and multi-drug therapies. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1, 165–169CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Speirs, C.J., Navey, F.L. & Brooks, D.J. (1986) Opisthotonos and benzodiazepine withdrawal. In: The Elderly. Lancet 2, 8515, 1101–1102CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squires, R.F. & Braestrup, C. (1977) Benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain. Nature 266, 732–734CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steinberg, R., Brenner, P.H. & Lund, R. (1987) Withdrawal in benzodiazepine addicts: clinical course, urinary control and somnopolygraphy.In: Sleep Research (Chese, M.H.et al., eds.), BIS/BRI, Los AngelesGoogle Scholar
Stewart, R.B., Salem, R.B. & Springer, P.K. (1980) A case of lorazepam withdrawal. Am. J. Psychiatry 137, 1112–1114Google ScholarPubMed
Sturmer, W.Q. & Garriott, J.C. (1973) Deaths involving propoxyphene. A study of 41 cases over a two-year period. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 233, 1125–1130Google Scholar
Sumiyoshi, S. & Tsuzuki, J. (1977) A case presenting marked withdrawal symptoms after prolonged nitrazepam medication. Kyorhu J. Psychiatry 23, 234Google Scholar
Swanson, D.W., Weddige, R.L. & Morse, R.M. (1973) Abuse of prescription drugs. Mayo Clin. Proc. 48, 359–367Google ScholarPubMed
Tagaya, M. & Koshino, Y. (1979) Withdrawal reaction to nitrazepam. Jpn Med. J. 43–47Google Scholar
Tait, I. & Hutchinson, E.C. (1977) An addiction to drug treatment. Br. Med. J. 1, 40-42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takahashi, N., Miyagawa, K., Tauchi, K. & Fujita, E. (1965) Dependence of chlordiazepoxide-with special reference to cases demonstrating hallucinatory - delusional state after withdrawal. Jpn Med. J. 2163, 31–34Google Scholar
Teigen, A. (1961) Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 81, 1375Google Scholar
Tennant, F.S. (1979) Outpatient treatment and outcome of prescription drug abuse. Arch. Intern. Med. 139, 154–156CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenntant, F.S. & Fumphrey, E.A. (1985) Benzodiazepine dependence of several years' duration: clinical profile and therapeutic benefits. Nida Research Monograph Series 55, 211–216Google Scholar
Teo, S.H., Chee, K.T. & Tan, C.T. (1979) Psychiatric complications of Rohypnol abuse. Singapore Med. J. 20, 270Google ScholarPubMed
Tien, A.Y. & Gujavarty, K.S. (1985) Seizure following withdrawal from triazolam. Am. J. Psychiatry 142, 12, 1516Google ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, F. (1980) Lorazepam withdrawal seizures. Lancet 1, 151Google Scholar
Tyrer, P., Qwen, R. & Dowling, S. (1983) Gradual withdrawal of diazepant after long-term therapy. Lancet 1, 1402–1406CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, P., Rutherford, D. & Huggett, T. (1981) Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms and propranolol. Lancet 1, 520-522CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyrer, P., Steinberg, P. & Watson, B. (1981) Possible epileptogenic effect of mianserin. Lancet 1, 798–799Google Scholar
Tyrer, P. & Murphy, S. (1988) In: Inpharma 3, 30, January 1988Google Scholar
Urban, H. (1964) Schäden atn Zentralnervensystem durch Missbrauch phenacetinhaltiger Mischpräparate. Dtsch Med. Wochenschr. 89, 223–229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaag, U.H. (1970) Lettere Abstinenssymptomer. Ugeskr. Laeg. 132, 1875–1877Google Scholar
Vaag, U.H. (1975) Abstinenspsykose i Tilslutning til Indsaettelse i Faengelsinstitution. Ugeskr. Laeg. 137, 634–635Google Scholar
Van Oefele, K., Wolf, B. & Ruther, T. (1983) Poster presentation at 4th International Congress of Sleep Research, Bologna, Italy, 18-22, 7Google Scholar
Venzlaff, U. (1972) Uber Valiummissbrauch und Valiuntsucht. Intern. Prax. 12, 349–352Google Scholar
Vescovi, P.P., Gerra, G. & Ippolito, L. (1987) Nicotinic acid effectiveness in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 41, 6, 1017–1021Google Scholar
Vinogradov, S., Reiss, A.L. & Csernansky, J.G. (1986) Clonidine therapy in withdrawal from high-dose alprazolam treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 143 (9), 1188Google ScholarPubMed
Votolato, N.A., Batcha, K.J. & Olson, J.C. (1987) Comment : alprazolant withdrawal. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 21, 9, 754–755CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vyas, I. & Carney, M.W. (1975) Diazepant withdrawal fits. Br. Med. J. 1, 44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walters, L. & Nel, P. (1981) Die Afhanklikheidspotensiaal van die benzodiasepiene. S. Afr. Med. J. 59, 115–116Google Scholar
Watzig, H. & Michaelis, R. (1973) Tavor : Kein problemloses Benzodiazepin-Derivat. Nervenarzt 44, 499–500Google Scholar
Weizel, A. (1973) Drogenmissbrauch tins der Sicht des lnternisten. Therapiewoehe 22, 3727-3733Google Scholar
Wilbur, R. & Kulik, A.V. (1983) Abstinence syndrome from therapeutic doses of oxazepam. Can. J. Psychiatry 28, 298-300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winokur, A. & Rickels, K. (1981) Withdrawal and pseudo-witltdrawal from diazepant therapy. J. Clin. Psychiatry 42, 442–444Google ScholarPubMed
Winokur, A. & Rickels, K. (1984) Withdrawal responses to abrupt discontinuation of desmetliyldiazepam. Am. J. Psychiatry 141, 1427 1429Google Scholar
Winokur, A., Riekels, K. & Greenberg, D.J. (1980) Withdrawal reaction front long-term, low-dosage administration of diazepam. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 37, 101 105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woimant, F., de Liege, F. & Dorey, F. (1983) Sevrage aux benzodiazepines Complication par coma avec rigidité de décérébration.. Presse Méd. 12, 2765Google Scholar
Wolf, B. & Ruther, E. (1984) Benzodiazepine abuse and dependence in psychiatric inpatients. In : Collégien) Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum 14th CINP Congress, Juin 19-23, Abstracts, 70Google Scholar
Wolf, B., Brenner, P.M. & Ruther, E. (1986) Benzodiazepine dependence, description and classification of the withdrawal syndrome. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. Suppl 5, 118, Abstr n° 1006Google Scholar
Woody, G.E., O'Brien, C.P. & Greenstein, R. (1975) Misuse and abuse of diazepam - an increasingly common medical problem. Int. J. Addict. 10, 843–848CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Worm, K. & Schou, J. (1970) Narkomandodsfald. Ugesk. Laeg. 132, 1955–1960Google Scholar
Yamasaki, M., Nomura, S. & Kimura, N. (1977) EEG on a case of diazepam abuse. Clin. Electroencephalogr. 19, 760–761Google Scholar
Yamashita, I. (1981) Paper read at the 4th S.E. Asia Psychotropics Meeting, PhilippinesGoogle Scholar
Yoshioka, S., Hasegawa, G. & Uno, M. (1977) Zur physischen und psychischen Abhängigkeit von Meprobamat. Kasuistischer Bericht aus Japan. Pharmakopsychiatr. Neuro-psychopharmakol. 3, 1127Google Scholar
Zaccara, G., Innocenti, P. & Bartelli, M. (1986) Status epilepticus due to abrupt diazepam withdrawal : a case report. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49, 959–960CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zisook, S. & De Vaul, R.A. (1977) Adverse behavioral effects of benzodiazepines. Fam. Pract. 5, 963–966Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.