Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T22:26:45.141Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Benzodiazépines et Mesures de L’attention

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

J.P. Mialet*
Affiliation:
61, boulevard des Invalides, 75007Paris, France
Get access

Résumé

Les troubles de l’attention constituent l’un des effets indésirables les plus courants des benzodiazépines. Leur évaluation fait appel à des méthodes variées impliquant toutes une conduite globale qui permet mal l’analyse fine des défauts de l’attention et qui sont en régle générale incluses dans une batterie d ‘exploration large du fonctionnement cognitif et psychomoteur. Il s’agit classiquement de tests perceptifs qui consistent, en gardant en mémoire un Petit nombre de modèles, à explorer des items perceptivement ou sémantiquement proches, à la recherche de l’itemcible (les tests de barrage en représentent le prototype) ou encore de mesure de temps de réaction qui explorent la rapidité d’une réponse motrice simple en fonction de la complexité de la situation (cette dernière dépendant du nombre de stimulations et du nombre de réponses possibles). Des tests de coordination motrice, plaçant le sujet devant une tâche jugée proche de la conduite automobile, sont fréquemment adjoints. Enfin, les explorations peuvent être complétèes par le recueil d’indices physiologiques qui paraissent liés au niveau d’éveil du sytéme nerveux central: seuil de fusion critique, analyse de certains paramètres de l’EEG quantifié, voire rapidité de certains mouvements oculaires… Au travers de ces mosaïques de tests, on s’en tient en fait à une exploration en surface de l’attention qui semble ignorer les grands progrès réalisés dans ce domaine - autrefois négligé - par la psychologie actuelle. Inspirés par les données de recherches cognitives, nous exposons les différents aspects de l’attention qu’une batterie idéale devrait explorer (attention selective, attention diffuse, processus d’alerte, de préparation, de détection, de décision et d’automatisation, fatigue) et présentons brièvement les épreuves informatisées que nous avons mises au point pour parvenir à une appreciation pratique de certains de ces aspects en tenant compte de deux impératifs: commodité d’utilisation et possibilité de passations répétitives.

Summary

Summary

Attention disturbances are very frequent side effects of benzodiazepines (BZD). The various methods used to evaluate these disturbances do not allow for fine distinctions between different modes of attentional dysfunctions; they generally include a large battery of cognitive and psychomotor tests. The most common tests are perceptive tasks which consist of searching for a target among distractors (as in cancellation tasks) and measures of motor reaction time in simple or complex situations. To these common tests, investigations of coordination in simple tasks (tracking) or sometimes in highly complex tasks (simulated driving or flight) can be added. Moreover, numerous data about effects of BZD on physiological indices which seem to be linked with the level of the non specific autonomic arousal have been collected: critical flicker fusion (CFF), selected data of quantified EEG and even speed of saccadic eye movements. Employing this mosaic of tests, which seems to ignore the great advances in the field of attention made by cognitive psychology, modifications of attentional processes under BZD have only been superficially explored. In this paper, we explain that an ideal investigation of attention according to cognitive data, should enable us: 1) to distinguish between selective attention, attention span, sustained attention: 2) explore different stages of attentional processes: alertness, preparatory sel, detection and decision; 3) discriminate between two modes of attention: controlled and automatic with a special regard for the transfer from the controlled mode to the automatic one. We briefly present computerized tests that we have developed to assess - in a practical manner - some of these aspects of attention, keeping two imperatives in mind: ease of use and lack of incidence of iterative sessions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Barrucand, D. (1983) Benzodiazépines, alcool et effets sur la vigilance. Encephale IX, 117 B - 122 BGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, D.E. (1958) Perception and Communication. Pergamon Press, New York, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, LA. & Deutsch, D. (1963) Attention : Sonic theoretical considerations. Psychol. Rev. 70, 80, 90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gekière, F.Allègre, G.Brindeau, F. & Borenstein, P. (1980) Benzodiazépines et système limbique - anxiètè et vigilance. Pathol, Biol. 28, 6367Google Scholar
Green, D.M. & Swets, J.A. (1966) Signal detection theory and psychophysics. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Harper, C.R. & Kidera, G.J. (1972) Aviation performance and hypnotic drugs. Aerospace Med. 43, 197199Google Scholar
Hindmarch, I. (1976) A subchronic study of the subjective quality of sleep and psychological measures of performance on the morning following night time medication with temazepam. Arzneim. Forsch. 26, 21132116Google Scholar
Hirst, W. (1986) Mind and brain. In: Dialogues in Cognitive Neurosciences (Ledoux, J.E., ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 105-141Google Scholar
Hommer, W.D.Matsuo, V.Wolkowitz, O.Chrousos, G.Greenblatt, D.J.Weingartner, H. & Paul, S.M. (1986) Benzodiazepine sensitivity in normal human subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 542551CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. (1966) Attention in « Principles of Psychology » 1890 - Version abrégée in: Attention (Bakan P., ed.). Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey, 3, 22Google Scholar
Johnson, L.C. & Chernik, D.A. (1982) Sedative hypnotics and human performance. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 76, 101113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahnemann, D. (1973) Attention and Effort. Prentice Hall inc., New JerseyGoogle Scholar
Kleindienst-Vanderbeke, G. (1984) Information Processing and benzodiazepines. Neuropsychobiology 12, 238243CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurowski, M.Ott, H. & Herrmann, W.M. (1982) Relationship between EEG dynamics and pharmacokinetics of the benzodiazepine lormetazepam. Pharmacopsychiatry 15, 7783CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemperière, T.Sarrazin, A.Féline, A.Rucine, M.O.Pilate, C.Basset, P. & Simon, J. (1980) Etude de la vigilance aprés prise de zopiclone en comparaison avec nitrazépam et placebo. Encephale VI, 23-35Google Scholar
Lucki, I.Rickels, K. & Geller, M.A. (1986) Chronic use of benzodiazepine and psychomotor and cognitive test performance. Psychopharmacology 88, 426433CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mialet, J.P. (1981) Les troubles de l’attention dans la schizophrénie. In: Actualités de la Schizophrénie. (Pichot, P., ed.), Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 195-223Google Scholar
Moray, N. & Fitter, M. (1973) A theory and the measurement of attention. In: Attention and Performance (Kornblum, S., ed.), Academie Press, New York, London, pp. 239-256Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1967) Cognitive Psychology. Appleton Century, Crofts, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Norman, D.A. (1968) Toward a theory of memory and attention. Psychol. Rev. 75, 522536CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M.I. (1980) Orienting of attention. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 32, 325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pribran, D.H. & McGuiness, D. (1975) Arousal, activation and effort in the control of attention. Psychol. Rev. 82, 116149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D.L. & Petersen, S.E. (1986) Mind and brain. In: Dialogues in Cognitive Neurosciences (Ledoux, J.E., ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 142-171Google Scholar
Rothenberg, S.J. & Selkoe, D. (1981) Specifie oculomotor deficit after diazepam. 1. Saccadic eye movements. Psychopharmacology 74, 232236CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Routtenberg, A. (1986) The two-arousal hypothesis: reticular formation and limbic System. Psychol. Rev. 75, 1, 5180Google Scholar
Saario, I. & Linnoila, M. (1976) Effect of subacute treatment with hypnotics, alone or in combination with alcohol, on psychomotor skills related to driving. Acta. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Scand. 38, 382392CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiffrin, R.M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information Processing. II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychol. Rev. 84, 2, 127190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokolov, Y.N. (1963) Perception and the Conditioned Reflex. Pergamon Press, Oxford, London, New York, ParisGoogle Scholar
Spinweber, C.L. & Johnson, L.C. (1982) Effects of triazolam (0,5 rng) on sleep, performance and arousal threshold. Psychopharmacology 76, 512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subhan, Z. & Hindmarch, I. (1984) Effects of zopiclone and benzodiazepines hypnotics on search in short term memory. Neuropsychobiology 12, 244248CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Titchener, E.B. (1966) Attention as sensory clearness. In: Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention. Version abrégée dans Attention (Bakan, P., ed.), Van Nostrand, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 23-34Google Scholar
Treisman, A. (1969) Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychol. Rev. 76, 282299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodworth, R.S. & Schlosberg, H. (1954) Experimental Psychology. New York Holt. Rinehart, Winston, pp. 105-106Google Scholar
Ziegler, G.Ludwig, L. & Klotz, U. (1983) Relationships between plasma levels and psychological effects of benzodiazepines. Pharmacopsychiatry 16, 7176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.