Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:02:22.524Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Le sommeil de sujets dépressifs endogenes avant, pendant et apres un décalage des horaires de sommeil

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

E. Souêtre ,
E. Salvati ,
D. Pringuey  and
G. Darcourt
E. Souêtre
Affiliation:
Clinique de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale de la Faculté de Médecine de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur. B.P. N°69 - 06002, NICE CÉDEX
E. Salvati
Affiliation:
Clinique de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale de la Faculté de Médecine de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur. B.P. N°69 - 06002, NICE CÉDEX
D. Pringuey
Affiliation:
Clinique de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale de la Faculté de Médecine de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur. B.P. N°69 - 06002, NICE CÉDEX
G. Darcourt*
Affiliation:
Clinique de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Médicale de la Faculté de Médecine de Nice, Hôpital Pasteur. B.P. N°69 - 06002, NICE CÉDEX
*
Correspondance à adresser à: G. Darcourt Corresponding author
Get access

Résumé

Cette étude décrit la structure et l'organisation temporelle du sommeil de 5 sujets dépressifs endogènes qui participèrent à un processus de décalage en avance de 5 heures des horaires de sommeil maintenu pendant deux semaines.

Comparée à ces témoins du même âage, I'architecture du sommeil est, chez les dépressifs avant décalage, très perturbée avec, notamment, fragmentation et inefficacité du sommeil, réduction du taux de sommeil lent et raccourcissement de la latence du sommeil paradoxal. L'organisation temporelle semble traduire, elle, une lutte entre tendance au sommeil lent et tendance au sommeil paradoxal.

Le sommeil des mêmes sujets s'est pratiquement normalisé pendant et surtout après le decalage des horaires de sommeil, exceptée la persistance de la réduction importante de la latence du sommeil paradoxal.

Il serait ainsi possible d'associer la dépression à une désynchronisation entre rythmicités contrôlant sommeil lent, sommeil paradoxal et d'autres rythmes circadiens. Une resynchronisation forcée par décalage des horaires de sommeil pourrait alors rendre compte des améliorations cliniques et biologiques qui ont été observées.

Summary

Summary

This study describes the structure and the temporal organization of the sleep of 5 depressed patients placed on a phase shift protocol, and of 6 controls (age range 30-52).

The same depressed patients (Bipolar, D.S.M. Ill) (age range 33-57) (1 male, 4 females) were observed :

- after a drug-free period of at least 10 days;

- on the 3rd and 4th days of a 5-hour phase advance process (advancing by 5 hours the major synchronizers: the sleep/wake cycle, the light/dark cycle, meals, and social activities). This phase advance was maintained for 14 days;

- on the 2nd and 3rd days after a 5-hour phase delay process (return to normal).

At each session, sleep was continuously recorded by means of a 4-channel Medilog recorder for at least 3 nights. Daily clinical evaluations were performed using the Hamilton rating scale. Other circadian parameters such as temperature, and plasma Cortisol, T.S.H. and norepinephrine were also recorded (results described elsewhere).

Compared to controls, the sleep continuity of depressed patients was altered; there was an increased percentage of wakefulness, an increased sleep latency, and a reduced sleep efficiency. The main disruption of the sleep architecture was the reduced rate of S.W.S.*. The REM sleep latency was dramatically lower in depressed patients. Concerning the temporal organization, even though the REM sleep propensity was advanced (2 hours) in depression, the S. W.S. propensity appeared to be delayed, involving a reduced and abnormal margin between the two propensities.

During the phase advance process, despite a significant clinical improvement, the sleep of the patients remained altered, showing reduced T.S.T.* and sleep efficiency. The S.W.S. duration was normal but the REM sleep latency remained reduced. The process seemed to have entrained the S. W.S. and the REM sleep rhythms since the two propensities were shifted in advance by 5 to 7 hours with a very short margin.

Under a normal schedule, the sleep of the patients appeared improved. Although the REM sleep latency remained reduced, the temporal organization was then close to that of the controls with a normalization of the S.W.S. propensity. However, the REM sleep propensity remained advanced (2 hours).

These results, especially the temporal organization analysis, support the hypothesis of a chronobiological disruption in depression. Depression could be linked to a temporal desynchronization between the S.W.S., REM sleep propensities and other circadian rhythms. The clinical and biological improvement observed after the phase advance process may thus be understood as a re-entrainment effect of this process. Tliis desynchronization could be explained by a failure of the entrainment process of the external synchronizers; the internal clocks could then oscillate on their own period, leading to an unsteady internal desynchronization.

Keywords

Dépression endogéneSommeilDéxalageRythme circadianEndogenous depressionSleepPhase advanceCircadian rhythm
Type
Research Article
Information
Psychiatry and Psychobiology , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , 1986 , pp. 29 - 48
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*S.W.S.: Slow Waves Sleep

T.S.T: Total Sleep Time

References

Bibliographie/References

Adam, K. - Sleep in changed by blood sampling through an indwelling venous catheter. Sleep 1982; 5:155–158.Google ScholarPubMed
Agnew, H.J., Webb, W., Williams, R. - Sleep patterns in late middle aged males : an EEG study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophsyiol 1967; 23: 168–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akiskal, H.S., Lemmi, H., Yerevanian, B., King, D., Belluni, J. - The utility of the REM latency test in psychiatric diagnosis. Psychiatry Res 1982; 7:101–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association DSM III, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, 1980.Google Scholar
Brezinova, V. - The number and duration of the episodes of the various EEG stages of sleep in young and older people. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975; 39: 273–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carskadon, M.A., Dement, W.C. - Sleep studies on a 90 minute day. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975; 39:145–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charney, D.S., Menkes, D.B., Heninger, G.R. - Receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 1160–1180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chernik, D.A., Mendels, J.Sleep in bipolar and unipolar depressed patients. Sleep Res 1974; 3:123.Google Scholar
Coble, P., Foster, G., Kupfer, D.J. - Electroencephalographic sleep diagnosis of primary depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 1124–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coble, P.A., Kupfer, D.J., Shaw, D.H. - Distribution of REM latency in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1981; 16:453–466.Google ScholarPubMed
Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique. Statistique appliquée à l'exploitation des mesures. Tomes I et II. Masson, Paris, 382–385, 1979.Google Scholar
Czeisler, C.A. - Glossary of termes used in the sleep disorders classification. Sleep 1979; 2:123–129.Google Scholar
Davies, P., Maloney, A. - Slective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1976; 2: 1403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, P. - Theoretical treatment possibilities for dementia of the Alzheimer type : the cholinergic hypothesis, in : Crook, T., Gershon, S. eds : Strategies for the development of an affective treatment for senile demantia. Mark Powley Associates, New Canaan, p. 19–34, 1981.Google Scholar
Dement, W.C., Carskadon, M.A.Distribution of REM sleep in a 90 min. sleep wake schedule. Sleep 1980; 2:309–317.Google Scholar
Draper, S., Smith, - Applied regression analysis. Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics, 1966.Google Scholar
Feinberg, I., Koresko, R., Heller, N. - EEG sleep patterns as a function of normal and pathological aging in man. Psychiatry Res 1967; 5: 107–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, M., Gillin, J.C., Caroll, B.J., Greden, J.F., Zis, A.P. - EEG studies of sleep in the diagnosis of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1982; 17: 305–316.Google ScholarPubMed
Foster, F.G., Kupfer, D.J., Coble, P., Me Partland, R.J. - Rem sleep density : an objective indicator in severe medical-depressive syndromes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:1119–1123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaillard, J.M., Ioric, G., Blois, G., Richard, J., Tissot, R. - Temporal organization of paradoxal sleep in depressed Patients with reference to brain catecholaminergic activity. Research communications in psychology, psychiatry and Behaviour 1981; 6, 2:141–161.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J.M., Kafi, S. - Involvement of pre and post synaptic receptors in catecholaminergic control of paradoxical sleep in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 15: 83–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaillard, J.M. - Une approche biologique des états dépresses : l'étude du sommeil. Am Biol Clin 1979; 37:59–63.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J.M. - Temporal organization of human sleep : general trends of sleep stages and their ultradia cyclic comparents. L'Encéphale 1979; 5: 71–93.Google Scholar
Gerner, R.H., Post, R.M., Gillin, J.L., Bunney, W.E. - Biological and Behavioral effects of one night's sleep deprivation in depressed patients and normals. Psychiatry Res 1979; 15: 21–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillin, J.C., Bunney, W.E., Buchbinder, R. - Sleep changes in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients as compared with normals. Second International Sleep Research Congress. Edinburgh, Scotland, and 15th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of sleep, 1975.Google Scholar
Gillin, J.C.et al. - Relationship between changes in REM sleep and clinical improvement in depressed patients treated with amitriptyline. Psychopharmacology 1976; 59: 267–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillin, J.C., Ducan, W., Pettigrew, K.D., Frankel, B.L., Synder, F. - Successful separation of depressed, normal and insomniac subjects by EEG sleep date. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36: 85–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gresham, S.C., Agnew, H.W., Williams, R.L. - The sleep of depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1965; 13: 503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartmann, E. - Longitudinal study of sleep and dream patterns in manic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1968; 10: 312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauri, P., Chernik, D.A., Hawkins, D. - Sleep of depressed Patients in remission. Sleep Res 1973; 2: 155.Google Scholar
Hawkins, D., Mendels, J., Scott, J. - The psychophysiology ot sleep in psychotic depression : a longitudinal study. Psychosom Med 1967; 29: 329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, Y., Otomo, E., Endo, S., Watanabe, H. - The all-night polygraphies for healthy aged persons. Sleep Res 1979; 8: 122.Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A., Me Carley, R.W. - The brain as a dreamstate generator : an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process. Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134:1335–1348.Google ScholarPubMed
Hume, K.I., Mills, J.N. - Rhythm of REM and slow wave sleep in subjects living on anormale time schedules. Waking and sleeping 1977; 1 (3): 291–296.Google Scholar
Hume, K.I. - Sleep adaptation after phase shifts of the sleep wakefulness rhythm in man. Sleep 1980; 2: 309–317.Google ScholarPubMed
Insel, T.R., Gillin, J.C., Moore, A., Mendelson, W.B., Loewenstein, R.J., Murphy, D.L. - The sleep of patients with obsessive - compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39:1372–1377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janowsky, D.S., Risch, S.C., Parker Huey, L., Judo, L.- Increased vulnerability cholinergic stimulation in affect disorder patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1980; 16: 29–31.Google Scholar
Johnsson, A., Pflug, G., Engelmann, W., Klemke, W. - Effect of lithium carbonate on circadian periodicity in humans. Pharmakopsych 1979; 12:423–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jouvet, M. - The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep/waking cycle. Ergbn Physiol 1972; 64: 166–307.Google Scholar
Kafi, S., Bouras, C, Constantinidis, J., Gaillard, J.M. - Paradoxical sleep and brain catecholamines in the rat after single and repeated administration of alpha-methylparatyrosine. Brain Res 1977; 135:123–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, E., Fisher, C. - The sleep characteristics of the normal aged male. J Nerv Ment Dis 1969; 148:474–494.Google ScholarPubMed
Kales, A., Wilson, T., Kales, J., Jacobson, A., Paulson, M., Kollar, E., Walter, R.D. - Measurements of all-night sleep in normal elderly persons : effects of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1967; 15:405–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kales, J. - Aging and sleep, in : Goldman, R. and Rockstein, M. eds : The physiology and pathology of human aging, New York, Academic Press, 117–120, 1975.Google Scholar
King, D., Akiskal, H.S., Lemmi, H., Wilson, W., Belluomini, J., Yerevanian, B.I. - Rem density in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric from medical neurologic disorders : a replication. Psychiatry Res 1981; 5: 267–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, K.E., Wegmann, H.M. - Circadian rhythms in air operations in Agard lecture n°105, 1979: 10-1 10-25.Google Scholar
Knowles, J.B., Mc Lean, A.W., Cairns, J. - REM sleep abnormalitie in depression : a test of the phase advance hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 1982; 17:605–609.Google Scholar
Kripke, D.F., Mullaney, D.J., Atkinson, M., Wolf, S. - Circadian rhythm disorders in manic depressives. Biol Psychiatry 1978; 13: 335–351.Google ScholarPubMed
Kripke, D.F.et al. - Lithium slows rat circadian activity rhythms. Life Science 1980; 26: 1319–1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Foster, F.G. - Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as indicator of depression. Lancet 1972; 2: 684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Foster, F.G., Reich, L., Thompson, K.S., Weiss, B. - EEG sleep changes as predictors in depression. Am J Psychiatry 1976; 133:622–626.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Foster, F.G., Detre, T.P. - Sleep EEG and motor activity as indicators in affective states. Neuropsychobiology 1976; 1: 296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupfer, D.J., Foster, E.G., Coble, P.A., Mc Paertland, R.J., Ulrich, R.F. - The application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis of affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135:69–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Foster, F.G. - EEG sleep and depression, in : Williams, R.L., Karacan, I. eds : Sleep disorders, John Wiley and Sons, New York : 163–204, 1978.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D.J., Spiker, D., Coble, P.A., Neil, J.F., Ultich, R., Shaw, D.H. - Depression, EEG sleep and clinical response. Comp Psychiatry 1980; 21: 212–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Broudy, D., Coble, P.A., Spiker, D.G. - EEG sleep and affective psychosis. J Affective Disord 1980; 2: 17–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Gillin, J.C., Coble, P.A.et al. - REM sleep, naps and depression. Psychiatry Res 1981; 5: 195–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Coble, P., Foster, F.J.et al. - REM latency a psychobiologic marker for primary depressive disease. Biol Psychiatry 1976; 11:159.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Spiker, D.G., Coble, P.A., Neil, J.F., Ulrich, R., Shaw, D.H. - Sleep and treatment prediction in endogenous depression. Am J Psychiatry 1981; 138:429–434.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D.J., Schaw, D.H., Ulrich, R., Coble, P.A., Spiker, D.J. - Application of automated REM analysis in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 569–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lingjearde, O. - The biochemestry of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 302:36–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maas, J.W. - Neurotransmitters and depression. Trends in Neuroscience 1979; 2: 306–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malatino, L.S., Fiore, C.E., Cesta, M., Canlandra, C., Petrone, G., Cacciola, S. - Circadian rhythm of plasma trypophan in clinically healthy subjects and patients with endogenous depression. Chronobiologia 1981; 9: 13–20.Google Scholar
Mc Ginty, P.J., Drucker-Colin, P.R. - Sleep mechanisms : biology and control of REM sleep. International review of Neurobiology 1982; 23: 391–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendels, J., Hawkins, D.R. - Sleep and depression longitudinal studies. J Nerv Ment Dis 1971; 153: 251–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendels, J., Chernik, D.A. - Sleep changes and affective illness, in : Flack, F.F., Dragh, S.C. eds : The nature and treatment of depression, John Wiley and Sons, New York : 309, 1975.Google Scholar
Mendels, J., Hawkins, D.R. - Sleep and depression : a controlled EEG study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1967; 16: 344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendels, J., Hawkins, D.R. - Sleep and depression : a follow up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1967; 16: 536.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendels, J., Chernik, D.A. - Sleep of manic depressives and recurrent depressives. Sleep Res 1972; 1:142.Google Scholar
Miles, L.E., Dement, W.C. - Sleep and aging. Sleep 1980; 3:119–220.Google ScholarPubMed
Moses, J.M., Hord, D.J., Lubin, A., Johnson, L.C., Naitoh, P. - Dynamics of rap sleep during a 40 hour period. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1975; 39: 627–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papousek, M. - Chronobiologische aspekte der zyklothymie. Forschr, Neuro Psychiatr 1975; 43: 381–440.Google Scholar
Perry, E.K., Tomlinson, B.E., Blessed, G., Bergmann, K., Gibson, P.H., Perry, R.H. - Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental tests scores in senile dementia. Br Med J 1978; 2: 1457–1459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pflug, B.et al. - Depression and daily temperature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976; 54: 254–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pflug, B., Johnson, A., Ekse, T. - Manic depressive states and daily temperature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981; 63: 277–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prinz, P.N., Peskind, E., Raskind, M. - EEG and sleep changes in normal aging and in Alzheirmer's disease. Sleep Res 1980; 9:104.Google Scholar
Prinz, P., Obrist, W., Wang, H. - Sleep patterns in healthy elderly subjects : individual differences as related to other neurological variables. Sleep Res 1975; 4: 132.Google Scholar
Prinz, P., Peskind, E., Vitaliano, P., Pakind, M., Eisdorfer, C., Zemeuznikor, N., Gerber, G. - Changes in the sleep dans waking EEG's of nondemented and demented elderly subjects. J Am Geriat Soc 1982; 30: 86–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapaport, J., Elkins, R., Langer, D.H. - Childhood deseasive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1981; 138: 1545–1554.Google Scholar
Rechtshaffen, A., Kales, A. (Eds) - A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. UCLA brain information Service brain research institute - Los Angeles, 1968.Google Scholar
Reynolds, C.F., Newton, T.F., Shaw, D.H., Coble, P.A., Kupfer, D.J. - Electroencephalographic sleep findings in depressed out patients. Psychiatry Res 1982; 6:65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, C.F., Spiker, D.G., Hanin, I., Kupfer, D.J. - Electroencephalographic sleep, aging and psychopathology : new data and state of the Art. Biol Psychiatry 1983; 18: 139–155.Google ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, C.F., Shaw, D.H., Newton, T.F., Coble, P.A., Kupfer, D. - EEG sleep in outpatients with generalized anxiety : a prelimary comparison with depressed outpatients. Psychiatry Res 1983; 8: 81–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richter, C. - Biological clocks in medecine and psychiatry : «shok phase hypothesis». Proc Nat Acad Sci 1960; 46: 1506–1530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, R.T., Poland, R.E. - The chronoendocrinology of endogenous depression, in : Muller, E.E., Mc Leod, R.M. eds : Neuroendocrine perspectives, vol. 1, Elsevier biomedical press : 305–323, 1982.Google Scholar
Sachar, E.J.et al. - Disrupted 24 hour pattern of Cortisol secretion in psychotic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28:19–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachar, E.J., Roffwag, H.P., Gruen, P.H., Actman, N., Sassin, J. - Neuroendocrine studies in depressive illness. Pharmacopsych 1976; 9: 11–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvati, E. - Sommeil paradoxal ct dépression. Étude chronobiologique. Thèse Nice 1984, 180 p, 1984.Google Scholar
Sitaram, N., Wyatt, R.J., Dawson, S. - REM sleep induction by physostigmine infusion during sleep. Science 1976; 191: 1281–1283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sitaram, N., Moore, A.M., Gillin, J.C. - Induction and resetting of REM sleep in normal man by acetylcholine blockage by scopolamine. Sleep 1978; 1:339–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitaram, N., Nurnberger, J.I., Gershon, E.S., Gillin, J-R. - Faster cholinergic REM induction in euthymic patients with primary affective illness. Science 1980; 208: 200–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, F. - Electroencephalography studies of sleep in depression, in : Kline, N.S., Laska, E. eds : Computers and Electronic devices in Psychiatry, New York, Grune and Stratton : p. 272, 1968.Google Scholar
Souêtre, E. - Synchronisation circadienne et physiopathologie de la dépression endogène. Thèse pour le Doctorat en Médecine - Nice, 1983.Google Scholar
Souêtre, E., Pringuey, D., Sudaka, P., Plasse, Y., Salvati, E., Darcourt, G. - Circadian rhythm of plasma TSH in patients with endogenous depression : longitudinal study. International Chronobiology, submitted for publication.Google Scholar
Souêtre, E., Pringuey, D., Salvati, E., Robert, P., Darcourt, G. - Rythmes circadiens de la température centrale et de la cortisolémie dans les dépressions endogènes. L'Encéphale 1985; 11: 185–198.Google Scholar
Svendsen, K., Christensen, P.G. - Duration of REM sleep latency as predictor of effect of antidepressant therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1981; 64: 238–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, W.B. - The forty-eight hour day. Sleep 1978; 1; 191–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webb, W.B., Agnew, H.W. - Analysis of the sleep stages in sleep-wakefulness regimens of varied length. Psychophysiology 1977; 14: 445–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weeke, A., Weeke, J. - Disturbed circadian variation of serum thyrotropin in patients with endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1978; 57: 281–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weeke, A.et al. - The 24 hour pattern of serum TSH in patients with endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980; 62:69–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wehr, T.A., Wirz-Justice, A., Goodwin, F.K., Ducan, W., Gillin, J.C. - Phase advance of the sleep : wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science 1979; 206:710–713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wehr, T.A., Wirz-Justice, A. - Internal coincidence model for sleep deprivation and depression. 5th european congress of sleep research - Amsterdam 1980 Karger, Basel : 25–33, 1981.Google Scholar
Wehr, T.A., Muschetola, G., Goodwin, F.K. - Urinary MHPG circadian rhythm. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 257–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wehr, T.A., Goodwin, F.K. - Biological rhythms and psychiatry. Arieti, S., Brodie, H. eds : American Handbook of Psychiatry, vol. VII. Basic Books, 1980.Google Scholar
Wehr, T.A., Wirz-Justice, A. - Circadian rhythm mechanism in affective illness and in antidepressant drug action. Pharmacopsych 1982; 15: 31–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weitzman, E.D. - Effects of a prolonged 3 hour sleep-wake cycle on sleep stages plasma Cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 38: 1018–1030.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weitzman, E.D., Czeisler, C.A., Zimmerman, J.C., Moore-Ede, M.C. - Biological system in man : relationship of sleep/wake, Cortisol growth hormone and temperature during temporal isolation, in : Martin, J.B., Reichlin, S., Bik, K.L. eds : Neurosecretions and brain peptides, New York, Raven Press : 474–499, 1981.Google Scholar
White, P., Hiley, C., Goodhardt, M., Carrasco, L.H., Keet, J.P., Williams, I.E.I, Bowen, D. - Neocortical cholinergic neurones in elderly people. Lancet 1977; 1:668–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R., Karacan, I., Hursch, C. - Electroencephalography of human sleep : clinical applications - New York, John Wiley and sons : p. 1–169, 1970.Google Scholar
Wilse, B., Webb, A., Dube, M.G. - Temporal characteristics of sleep, in :Achoff, J. eds: Biological rhythms : Handbook of behavioral neurobiology 4. Plenum Press, New York : 499–522, 1981.Google Scholar
Wirz-Justice, A., Wehr, T.A. - Neuropharmacology and biological rhythms. Adv Biol Psychiatr 1983; 11: 20–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirz-Justice, A., Campbelli, C. - Antidepressant drugs can slow or dissociate circadian rhythms. Experientia 1982; 38: 1301–1309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zulley, J. - Distribution of REM sleep in entrained 24 h and free-running sleep/wake cycle. Sleep 1980; 2:377–389.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.