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Defining Cognitive Changes in Depression and Anxiety: a Psychobiological Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

O.M. Wolkowltz*
Affiliation:
University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
H. Weingartner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; and National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
*
*Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Summary

While it is generally assumed that pathological anxiety states are associated with impaired cognition, surprisingly few studies have formally tested this theory. This is in marked contrast to the study of cognition in depression, where specific cognitive deficits have been delineated. A conceptual framework for the study of cognition. which we have previously utilized in studying the psychobiology of cognitive failure, may facilitate the study of cognition in pathological anxiety States. We propose that memory is not a unitary process; rather, it is composed of several psychobiologically distinct components, which may be specifically disrupted or spared. This differentiated approach to the study of cognition permits the comparison of disease or drug effects on specific cognitive processes and may allow a mapping of individual processes onto specific psychobiological determinants. In this framework, change in cognitive performance may be related to alterations in “intrinsic” cognitive processes or noncognitive “intrinsic” processes. “Intrinsic” processes include the memory of specific biographical or contextually-related recent events (episodic memory) and the memory of previously acquired knowledge, language, procedures and rules (knowledge memory) Processes that require effort and cognitive capacity and those that can be performed more automatically may characterize “intrinsic” memory function. “Extrinsic” modulatory processes include mood, sensitivity to reinforcement,arousal/activation, and sensorimotor capabilities. Findings in patients with depression, Alzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's disease, as well as findings in individuals who have received benzodiazapines, anticholnergic medications, or corticosteroids highlight the utility of this framework and support the notion that these component processes of memory are psychobiologically distinct. Memory-testing paradigms based on this framework may further our knowledge of the specific cognitive alterations that are associated with States of pathological anxiety.

Résumé

Résumé

Alors qu’il est généralement admis que les états d’anxiété pathologique sont associés à des troubles de la cognition, il est étonnant de constater que peu d’études ont tenté de tester formellement cette théorie. Le contraste est grand avec l'étude de la cognition dans les états dépressifs où des troubles spécifiques ont été individualisés. Le cadre conceptuel dont nous nous sommes déjà servis pour étudier l’aspect psychobiologique des altérations cognitives peut nous aider à étudier les aspects cognitifs des troubles anxieux. Nous avons établi que la mémoire n’était pas un processus unitaire mais bien plutôt un ensemble de plusieurs composantes psychobiologiques distincts t/td pouvaient être spécifiquement désorganisés ou, au contraire, respectés.

Cette approche différentielle de la cognition permet de comparer l’effet des maladies ou des drogues sur des processus cognitifs particuliers et d’établir une cartographie des procédures individuelles en relation avec des déterminantes psychobiologiques spécifiques. Dans ce cadre, les modifications des performances cognitives peuvent être liees à des altérations de procédures cognitives «intrinséques» ou de procédures non cognitives «extrinseques». Les procédures «intrinsèques» correspondent à la mémoire de faits biographiques précis ou d’événements récents liés à un contexte défini (mémoire épisodique) et à la mémoire de connaissances acquises antérieurement comme le langage, les règles et les procédures (mémoire de connaissance). Les processus qui impliquent un effort et la mise en jeu de capacités cognitives ainsi que ceux déclenchés d’une façon plus automatique caractérisent les fonctions mnémoniques «intrinsequés». Les processus de modulation «extrinsèques» correspondent à l’humeur, à la sensibilité au renforcement, à l’éveil et à l’activation et aux capacités sensori-motrices. Les résultats chez les patients déprimés, chez ceux présentant une maladie d Alzheimer ou de Korsakoff ou chez les sujets qui ont reçu des benzodiazépines, des anticholinergiques ou des corticostéroïdes mettent en évidence l’utilité de ce cadre conceptuel et confirment que ces composants mnésiques processuels sont distincts au niveau psychobiologique. Les paradigmes issus de ces épreuves de mémoire et fondés sur ce cadre conceptuel peuvent nous permettre d’approfondir nos connaissances sur les perturbations cognitives spécifiquement associées aux differents états d’anxiété.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1988

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