Dorset County Hospital is part of the West Dorset General Hospitals NHS Trust and is a modern hospital with 500 beds. The mean attendance rate of patients presenting with self-harm to the accident and emergency (A&E) department is 46 patients a month. Psychiatric services are provided in partnership with a neighbouring trust.

Self-harm is an umbrella term for causing harm to oneself. Allen (Reference Allen1995) explores the difficulty with definition of this term, and describes a very wide range of methods that people use to hurt themselves, including scratching, cutting, stabbing, scalding, burning themselves or overdose of prescribed medication. The self-harm may or may not have suicidal intent.

Dealing with self-harm has been a national priority for some time (Department of Health, 1992, 2002). Those who harm themselves remain at a substantially increased level of completed suicide for some time after the episode of self-harm (Reference Eastwick and GrantEastwick & Grant, 2004). Self-harm accounts for 150 000 attendances at general hospitals each year, and is one of the top five causes of acute medical admissions in the UK (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2006; http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/crtu/centreforqualityimprovement/self-harmproject.aspx).

The National Service Framework for Mental Health (Department of Health, 1999) emphasised the need for a specialist psychosocial assessment following self-harm. The Royal College of Psychiatrists' view (2004) is that this can be done by trained A&E personnel and doctors working in the A&E department, although this has been debated by other authors (Reference Hughes and OwensHughes & Owens, 1996; Reference CookCook, 1998).

The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2004) published guidelines on self-harm, which give recommendations to improve care for people who self-harm to all professionals involved in their care. Among other standards, this report gives service standards for A&E departments.

Simpson (Reference Simpson2006) concludes that the NICE (2004) recommended that self-harm services needed to be reviewed as a matter or urgency, but Simpson considers that this is difficult to do inside an organisation where the term self-harm itself presents ambiguity; continuing that many of the recommendations made had to be differentiated between people that had presented with self-harm and those applicable to individuals that had attempted self-poisoning. Also difficulties arise where there exists prejudice from nurses towards people who self-harm. Owens (Reference Owens2006) also argues about the accuracy of psychosocial assessments and risk assessments in the A&E department and details the flaws in trying to meet the guidelines.

Lyons et al (Reference Lyons, Price and Embling2000) report that suicide risk assessment is an important part of the nurse's role and should be systematic. Some identified risk factors in suicide include being unmarried, being unemployed, living alone, poor physical health/chronic pain, previous self-harming behaviour, loss events (health, person, cherished idea, material possession), mental illness, substance use and suicidal behaviour in first-degree relatives (Reference Cheng, Chen and ChenCheng et al, 2000).

The problems in developing tools to support clinical decision-making after a person has self-harmed are the subject of a recent paper from the Manchester group (Reference Cooper, Kapur and DunningCooper et al, 2006), and Lyons et al (Reference Lyons, Price and Embling2000) write that a one-off scoring system does not reflect the dynamic nature of suicidal behaviour.

Barr et al (Reference Barr, Leitner and Thomas2004) suggest that there is evidence that people presenting with self-harm are considerably likely to self-discharge or abscond. Pennycook et al (Reference Pennycook, Mcnaughton and Hogg1992) report that 4% of all patients attending an A&E department self-discharged, with the most common medical diagnosis being self-poisoning.

This paper uses the results of a broad clinical audit to consider how well patients with self-harm presenting to the A&E department were managed. A pro forma to improve standards was designed and a repeat audit carried out to investigate the outcomes.

Method

A working group led by N.K. was formed to look at how Dorset County Hospital managed people that presented with self-harm. The working group included an A&E consultant, a lead from the audit department of Dorset County Hospital and a dual-trained nurse (mental health and adult; L.H.). There were three main areas for investigation, although only the first will be examined in this paper:

1. • an audit of patient's casualty notes over the previous 6 months (May 2004 to November 2004) to establish how well the NICE guidelines were met

2. • a questionnaire study examining training of staff at Dorset County Hospital, knowledge about self-harm and staff attitudes and values underpinning the care given and confidence levels in managing self-harm

3. • Patient satisfaction with the care they received.

Results

Initial audit

Table 1 shows the practice at the A&E department on various standards regarding risk assessment and its documentation.

Table 1. Emergency department practice on standards of risk assessment and its documentation

	Documentation of
	Capacity to consent, n (%)	Patient's willingness to stay for treatment, n (%)	Planning around the attempt, n (%)	Comments on mood, n (%)	Obvious mental illness, n (%)	Completed risk assessment,1 n (%)
Yes	0 (0)	5 (5)	29 (28)	47 (45.6)	2 (2)	6 (6)
No	101 (98)	98 (93)	65 (63)	46 (44.6)	95 (92)	89 (86)
Patient unconscious	2 (2)	2 (2)				3 (3)

Table 2 shows some of the parameters of care. Most patients were seen quickly (84% within 30 min). The most common initial disposal was assessment by psychiatric services (40%), with 21% being admitted to a medical or surgical ward. However, 16% were sent home without specialist assessment and 13% self-discharged before being assessed.

Table 2. Emergency department practice on parameters of care

	Patients, n (%)
How long did the patient wait before initial assessment?
≤ 15 min	79 (76)
16-30 min	8 (8)
31-45 min	3 (3)
46-60 min	1 (1)
> 60 min	1 (1)
Patient self-discharged	1 (1)
Not documented	10 (10)
Outcome for patients
Home	16 (16)
Admitted to West Dorset General Hospital	22 (21)
Psychiatric team (either seen in department or referred for future assessment)	20 (19)
Self-harm worker	3 (3)
Crisis response (out-of-hours team)	19 (18)
Police	1 (1)
Prison	3 (3)
Community Alcohol Drug Advisory Service	1 (1)
Self-discharged	13 (13)
Not documented	5 (5)

Repeat audit

Table 3 gives results before and after the introduction of the pro forma.

Table 3. Emergency department practice before and after introduction of pro forma

Factor assessed	Before pro forma	After pro forma
Capacity to consent documented, %
Yes	0.0	91.0
No	98.0	8.0
Patient unconscious		1.0
Patient's willingness to stay for treatment documented, %
Yes	4.8	87.0
No	93.0	11.0
Patient unconscious		2.0
Any obvious mental illness documented, %
Yes	2.0	74.0
No	92.0	24.0
Patient unconscious		2.0
Australian triage used, %
Yes	NA	97.0
No	NA	3.0
Patient unconscious	NA	1.0
Did patient get discharged without being seen by specialist services in the emergency department, %
Yes	28.0	43.0
No	23.0	57.0
Patients self-discharged from emergency department, %	12.6	6.0
Comments on patient's mood documented, %
Yes	45.6	92.0
No	44.6	7.0
Patient unconscious	2.9	1.0
Risk assessment completed1, %
Yes	5.8	97.0
No	86.4	2.0
Patient unconscious	2.9	1.0
Patient's past psychiatric and medical history documented, %
Yes	NA	75.0
No	NA	25.0
Patient unconscious	NA
Treatment plan documented on the designated form, %
Yes	NA
No	NA	70.0
Patient unconscious	NA	30.0

Discussion

The results of the first audit suggest that the A&E department was falling below identified standards in some areas of practice, especially on risk assessment and arrangements for safe discharge.

The pro forma that was subsequently designed allows A&E clinicians to make informed choices about appropriate treatment by helping them to discriminate between patients at higher and lower risks. Cooper et al (Reference Cooper, Kapur and Dunning2006) have shown that a simple screening tool can work in an A&E department to highlight those patients at high risk and in need of a more specialist assessment by a trained mental health professional. They also report that the assessment is for short-term risk only.

The value of this new approach helped to challenge attitudes and cemented engagement. Nurses' attitudes can stand in the way of following the NICE guidelines (Reference SimpsonSimpson, 2006). McCann et al (Reference McCann, Clark and Mcconnachie2006) agree that A&E nurses frequently have negative attitudes and lack appropriate assessment and interpersonal skills to care for individuals who self-harm.

The results of the secondary audit suggest that the introduction of the self-harm pro forma improved the frequency of formal risk assessment and the documentation of important risk factors. It appears to be associated with a reduction in the frequency of patients discharging themselves before assessment and an increase in the number having specialist psychosocial assessment. Clinical implications are that the introduction of a relatively simple tool and consequent change in clinical process following work designed to improve local ownership can lead to an apparent improvement in clinical care for patients.

Declaration of interest

None.