Fieldwork—leaving your home institution to acquire data as part of a research project (Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015, 8)—can bring new stressors because it involves physically leaving daily support structures and entering unfamiliar situations. We argue that political scientists should discuss and include their mental health concerns in their fieldwork preparations. When fieldwork removes researchers from their support structures, we posit that the field-research process can introduce isolation and stress that may exacerbate preexisting mental health conditions (Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015). When fieldwork involves violent situations or topics, researchers may experience trauma (Loyle and Simoni Reference Loyle and Simoni2017; Nordstrom and Robben Reference Nordstrom and Robben1995). We use research from anthropology, psychology, and political science to suggest that researchers can manage these stressors by setting up support structures and coping skills before, during, and after fieldwork.
The structures and skills that support mental health during fieldwork also can support it during an academic career (Loyle and Simoni Reference Loyle and Simoni2017). We suggest that healthy fieldwork practices can spill over to other parts of our professional lives, particularly in situations in which we leave support structures and enter potentially isolating or traumatic environments, such as starting a graduate program or moving for an academic job (Dutt-Ballerastadt Reference Dutt-Ballerstadt2020; Grollman Reference Grollman2015).
Political science publications cover research design and logistics, such as Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read’s (Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015) thorough guide to implementing field research and Gerber and Green’s (Reference Gerber and Green2012) handbook on field experiments. Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read (Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015, 57–59) included survey questions and discussions about common hardships and researchers’ emotional experiences. Moreover, Loyle and Simoni (Reference Loyle and Simoni2017) directly addressed mental health and fieldwork by discussing how fieldwork can expose researchers to secondary trauma and how researchers can address it. Psychologists and anthropologists have incorporated these concerns into research design and training (Nordstrom and Robben Reference Nordstrom and Robben1995; van der Merwe and Hunt Reference van der Merwe and Hunt2019). This article is an extension of the work on research design and implementation to encourage discussions about mental health in graduate training and among fieldworkers.
MENTAL HEALTH AND ACADEMIA
Academics, universities, and professional associations have discussed “a mental health crisis” (Evans et al. Reference Evans, Bira, Jazmin Beltran Gastelum and Vanderford2018, 282) in academia. Mental health issues disproportionately affect academics who are untenured, in training, and/or a minority in their field (Evans et al. Reference Evans, Bira, Jazmin Beltran Gastelum and Vanderford2018; Levecque et al. Reference Levecque, Anseel, DeBeuckelaer, der Heyden and Gisle2017; Smith et al. Reference Smith, Peterson, Degenhardt and Johnson2007). Evans et al. (Reference Evans, Bira, Jazmin Beltran Gastelum and Vanderford2018) surveyed graduate students worldwide and documented mental health issues at rates of more than six times the overall population. About 40% of graduate students reported anxiety and 40% reported depression. Evans et al.’s (Reference Evans, Bira, Jazmin Beltran Gastelum and Vanderford2018) findings corroborated individual university surveys that found that approximately 50% of graduate students suffer from anxiety, depression, stress, and other mental health issues (Evans et al. Reference Evans, Bira, Jazmin Beltran Gastelum and Vanderford2018; Levecque et al. Reference Levecque, Anseel, DeBeuckelaer, der Heyden and Gisle2017). Evans et al. (Reference Evans, Bira, Jazmin Beltran Gastelum and Vanderford2018) and Levecque et al. (Reference Levecque, Anseel, DeBeuckelaer, der Heyden and Gisle2017) concluded that academia’s professional pressures lead to a high incidence of mental health issues.
Despite more sector-wide conversations about mental health and more institutional resources for treatment (Woolston Reference Woolston2018), few political science venues discuss the mental health challenges of conducting research. Fieldwork warrants its own discussion because most political scientists conduct fieldwork away from the networks of family, friends, and medical providers who support their mental health (Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015). Some fieldwork topics—including civil war, gendered and racist oppression, and state repression—are particularly likely to expose researchers to violence and incidents of death, putting them at risk for trauma (Loyle and Simoni Reference Loyle and Simoni2017; Nordstrom and Robben Reference Nordstrom and Robben1995).
Psychologists incorporate mental health, self-care, and traumatology into academic and practitioner training (Knight Reference Knight2013; Stamm Reference Stamm1995). Anthropologists discuss risks and mental health in ethnographic training (e.g., Nordstrom and Robben Reference Nordstrom and Robben1995), and some sociologists include their struggles and trauma in methodological discussions and appendices (e.g., Contreras Reference Contreras2013). Political science trails behind, even as we encourage and reward risky fieldwork (Driscoll and Schuster Reference Driscoll and Schuster2017). For example, Cronin-Furman and Lake (Reference Cronin-Furman and Lake2018) noted that weak state capacity and crises in conflict zones enable researchers to gain access in ways that would be frowned on (at best) in other contexts. Access to vulnerable populations, including children, can add a new angle to a researcher’s project while exploiting subjects (Sukarieh and Tannock Reference Sukarieh and Tannock2012). Yet, such behavior often is rewarded because it results in novel data.
When political scientists address mental health and fieldwork, it often is tangential. Sriram et al. (Reference Sriram, King, Mertus, Martin-Ortega and Herman2009), for instance, included a section on surviving research and the impact of fieldwork on researcher behavior, but they did not directly address mental health. When researchers discuss mental health, as in Wood (Reference Wood2006), they focus on how the stress of fieldwork environments inhibits research, with less focus on how the environment impacts them. An exception is Loyle and Simoni’s (Reference Loyle and Simoni2017) PS article, which identified research-related trauma and discussed how to manage it. We argue that political science training and institutions need to engage the connections among trauma, fieldwork, and existing mental health concerns.
We argue that political science training and institutions need to engage the connections among trauma, fieldwork, and existing mental health concerns.
MENTAL HEALTH AND FIELDWORK
Many of us come to fieldwork with chronic mental health conditions (Evans et al. Reference Evans, Bira, Jazmin Beltran Gastelum and Vanderford2018; Smith et al. Reference Smith, Peterson, Degenhardt and Johnson2007). Academic pressure can exacerbate these conditions, and fieldwork includes the pressure of implementing a large project with little external structure (Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015). We use existing research to suggest that research questions, research designs, and social identities influence our mental health during fieldwork.
Managing Existing Mental Health Conditions
If researchers have existing mental health treatment protocols at their home institution, they have options for continuing medication, therapy, and other treatments at their field site. For example, one of the authors manages chronic anxiety and addiction. She takes medications with her and ensures that she can get them through customs when leaving the United States. She has video appointments with her therapist and sends her family information about where she will be, what she is doing, and emergency contacts. We have condensed the author’s planning into Safety Card #1 (table 1), which helps her think through health logistics before research. It also centralizes information for support people. Another affordable and portable option for fieldworkers are mental health workbooks, which contain exercises for managing conditions such as depression and anxiety. One author uses Mind Over Mood (Greenberger and Padesky Reference Greenberger and Padesky2015), which includes guided journaling, charts for tracking emotions, and exercises such as developing an exposure plan for anxiety.
Table 1 Safety Card #1: Basics
This author works with a therapist and her support network to prevent relapse into addiction when she is overwhelmed or isolated, which can occur when she moves for work, has a large project to complete alone, or starts fieldwork. Before starting a fieldwork project, she lists activities in advance that she can do to stay healthy and prevent relapse. Her planning is condensed in Safety Card #2 (table 2).
Table 2 Safety Card #2: Information for Support People
We recommend that researchers have discussions with their support people about how they can receive support before giving them information in this “cheat-sheet” format. As political scientists, we base these suggestions on our experiences; however, our experience and the options we suggest are not substitutes for medical assistance. We recommend that researchers seek assistance from other sources and medical professionals.
Therapy
Being proactive about mental health can protect us from further stress, and one established option is therapy (Hargrave, Scott, and McDowall Reference Hargrave, Scott and McDowall2006). Therapists teach evidence-based tools for managing anxiety, depression, and other issues. These professionals can confidentially monitor our mental health throughout our career.
Many therapists offer video sessions for traveling clients, which is helpful when we do fieldwork away from home. Moreover, a growing number of apps offer therapy through a client’s smartphone or texting, which can be useful during fieldwork (Firth et al. Reference Firth, Torous, Nicholas, Carney, Rosenbaum and Sarris2017a). These apps have proven effective in managing depression and anxiety and in developing healthy mental habits (Chandrashekar Reference Chandrashekar2018; Firth et al. Reference Firth, Torous, Nicholas, Carney, Pratap, Rosenbaum and Sarris2017b).
Peer-Support Networks
Studies on fieldwork in authoritarian contexts note the importance of formal support networks in maintaining the safety and security of researchers, as well as that of their interlocutors (Lake and Parkinson Reference Lake and Parkinson2017). However, this literature does not emphasize building networks for maintaining mental health, a strategy that can apply to fieldworkers in all contexts. This option is corroborated by research on the benefits of peer-support groups (Cassese and Holman Reference Cassese and Holman2018; Trippany, White Kress, and Wilcoxon Reference Trippany, Kress and Wilcoxon2004).
We found that there are two components to our peer-support networks: field-site peers and peers who know our regular routines. Researchers can create a group of friends and contacts, local academics, and other researchers at a field site, whether or not the site is home for the researcher. Researchers can reach out to organizations, research centers, and university departments before fieldwork to affiliate with them, or ask their academic networks for contacts who live and/or conduct research in the area. These networks enrich research and establish academic support networks once fieldwork starts. They are crucial to maintaining the well-being of researchers, particularly in authoritarian or violent environments (Parkinson Reference Parkinson, Clark and Cavatorta2018).
Researchers can establish a routine with their field peers through coffee dates, telephone calls, writing groups, and events. Vital in this is at least one person whom researchers can ask about informal rules and important logistics, such as doctor recommendations and bureaucratic issues. This group of people is the core of a fieldwork support structure. Their friendship and advice on rules and behavior are important resources and they help us process our experiences (Trippany, White Kress, and Wilcoxon Reference Trippany, Kress and Wilcoxon2004).
For example, one author experienced sexual harassment during field research from the leaders of an organization with whom she was working. She reported the harassment to her adviser and friends at her home institution and her field site. Those at her home institution tried to help but were unsure what to do. Her local peers, however, had useful and concrete advice about addressing sexual harassment, managing it, and when to leave. The advice helped her take better precautions, address some behaviors directly, and redirect other parts of her fieldwork. The other author experienced politically motivated legal issues regarding her entry to the field site. Her fieldwork took place in an environment with rampant repression. Without her local support structure and its ability to safely intervene on her behalf, it would have been impossible to navigate the state’s coercive apparatus or the local bureaucracy. The local support structure also helped alleviate the stress and fear arising from fieldwork under a repressive, authoritarian regime and military occupation.
Field researchers can cultivate a group of people who do fieldwork and are familiar with their usual routines, institutions, and support structure. Vital in this is at least one person whom the researcher trusts enough to call or text to process difficult experiences. Our peer network, plus our therapists, is how we process secondary trauma from hearing about other people’s trauma as part of our research. This mutual-support group helps researchers maintain a connection to their usual support structure, which also helps them understand and process challenges that arise during fieldwork.
Our peer network, plus our therapists, is how we process secondary trauma from hearing about other people’s trauma as part of our research.
Secondary Trauma
Fieldwork may expose researchers to secondary trauma. People whose jobs expose them to trauma—including researchers—can experience traumatic stress (Browne, Evangeli, and Greenberg Reference Browne, Evangeli and Greenberg2012; Cieslak et al. Reference Cieslak, Shoji, Douglas, Melville, Luszczynska and Benight2014). Van der Merwe and Hunt (Reference van der Merwe and Hunt2019) and Goldenberg (Reference Goldenberg2002) found that field researchers who listen to research participants’ stories of trauma may develop secondary traumatic stress—that is, they develop traumatic-stress symptoms after working with people who have experienced violence or death (Cieslak et al. Reference Cieslak, Shoji, Douglas, Melville, Luszczynska and Benight2014; Stamm Reference Stamm1995). Loyle and Simoni (Reference Loyle and Simoni2017, 141) called this “research-related trauma” and extended this work to political scientists.
Witnessing and listening to experiences of injustice can lead to secondary trauma (Goldenberg Reference Goldenberg2002; van der Merwe and Hunt Reference van der Merwe and Hunt2019). Even in a safe environment, many of our questions can elicit difficult answers, and researchers should process those traumatic stories, experiences, and conditions that the people with whom we work share with us (Scheper-Hughes Reference Scheper-Hughes1992; Trippany, White Kress, and Wilcoxon Reference Trippany, Kress and Wilcoxon2004). For example, when one author interviewed street vendors about their lives and choices, her questions elicited stories of slavery, assault, police brutality, and domestic violence. She subsequently experienced fatigue, anxiety, reduced trust, and fear, and needed to take frequent breaks from research. The other author’s research on repression in Palestine involved interviews with Palestinians who had suffered incarceration, physical abuse, and political repression for their views and activities. One interviewee described how his 15-year-old son had been burned to death by Israeli settlers two houses down from where the author was staying. Israeli forces physically abused and arrested people that she interviewed during her stay, and she witnessed their families’ hardship as they fought charges. These experiences induced secondary trauma that then needed to be treated and resolved through therapy, journaling, and peer-support networks.
Psychologists and others who research trauma find that training, preparing for, and treating that stress as it happens alleviates the impact (Knight Reference Knight2013; Loyle and Simoni Reference Loyle and Simoni2017; Stamm Reference Stamm1995). Field researchers report more positive than negative effects of working with trauma, particularly when institutions and researchers take steps to alleviate the negative effects (Goldenberg Reference Goldenberg2002; van der Merwe and Hunt Reference van der Merwe and Hunt2019).
Research supports actively processing feelings and experiences through journaling (Goldenberg Reference Goldenberg2002; Trippany, White Kress, and Wilcoxon Reference Trippany, Kress and Wilcoxon2004; Ullrich and Lutgendorf Reference Ullrich and Lutgendorf2002). Journaling is a low-cost option: a few minutes of unstructured writing in any format can have major benefits (Ullrich and Lutgendorf Reference Ullrich and Lutgendorf2002). Additionally, many field-research methods, including ethnography and interviewing, encourage researchers to take notes about their feelings, impressions, and experiences (Nordstrom and Robben Reference Nordstrom and Robben1995). In this way, researchers can incorporate journaling into their existing habits and protocols.
Managing Expectations and Preventing Burnout
Clear goals and plans prior to fieldwork set manageable expectations; we follow Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read’s (Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015) guidelines on planning and implementing fieldwork. This includes a checklist for setting up fieldwork and a spreadsheet to divide data collection into manageable tasks at the field site. Regardless of how organized a researcher may be, fieldwork may not pan out as productively as intended. In our experience, field researchers overestimate how much they can accomplish. Peer-support networks can help establish reasonable goals; recalibrate plans; and address feelings of stress, anxiety, and failure if the researcher falls short of initial fieldwork goals.
Peer-support networks can help establish reasonable goals; recalibrate plans; and address feelings of stress, anxiety, and failure if the researcher falls short of initial fieldwork goals.
Fieldwork takes time and energy, and researchers can supplement work with leisure and rest to prevent burnout (Trippany, White Kress, and Wilcoxon Reference Trippany, Kress and Wilcoxon2004). Cieslak et al. (Reference Cieslak, Shoji, Douglas, Melville, Luszczynska and Benight2014) found a significant and positive association between secondary trauma and burnout across 41 studies, which is particularly strong for people working in the United States and for women. Researchers can plan to take regular and substantial breaks before, during, and after fieldwork.
One option is the revolutionary nineteenth-century idea of taking two days off a week and establishing a regular workday. One author started the practice of taking two days off every week during dissertation fieldwork. She found that she is consistently more productive and creative when she schedules breaks throughout the day and downtime during the week. Another option is to take time off after fieldwork, resources permitting. We both take breaks or vacations—that is, at least 48 hours away from work to do something for fun or relaxation—before diving into analysis after fieldwork. Trippany, White Kress, and Wilcoxon (Reference Trippany, Kress and Wilcoxon2004) recommended that institutions provide regular paid vacations for people who work with trauma.
CONCLUSION
Fieldwork is integral to political science research. Researchers answer pressing questions about politics by collecting original data through field experiments, ethnographic projects, surveys, and interviews with experts, politicians, and voters. Political scientists report that fieldwork is a professionally and personally rewarding experience (Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015). Although political scientists discuss the logistics of doing fieldwork well (Gerber and Green Reference Gerber and Green2012; Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015), they rarely address the particular challenges of mental health during its process. Anthropologists and psychologists build mental health plans into research designs, protocols, and academic training, and we suggest that political scientists follow suit.
Adding mental health discussions into fieldwork planning could have a positive impact on the daily work of political scientists more generally. Specifically, political scientists report feeling overwhelmed, isolated, and traumatized by rejection, racism, sexism, classism, ableism, the job market, dissertations, and advisers (Cassese and Holman Reference Cassese and Holman2018; Dutt-Ballerstadt Reference Dutt-Ballerstadt2020; Kapiszewski, MacLean, and Read Reference Kapiszewski, MacLean and Read2015). These stressors are doubly intense for women and people of color (Niemann Reference Niemann, Harris, Muhs, Niemann and Gonzalez2012). The options discussed in this article could help political scientists process the stress of our daily activities, particularly those that induce trauma and trigger depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Planning for mental health wellness, therefore, is essential to healthier fieldwork experiences and may have positive spillover effects on other aspects of our work.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Kim Guiler, Luciana Molina Barragán, and Sam Serrano for their support and early conversations on this topic, as well as the Political Science Faculty Seminar at the University of Miami and two anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments. Any errors are our own.
