Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T17:00:10.314Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Measuring Ideas More Effectively: An Analysis of Bush and Kerry's National Security Speeches

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2005

Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science

Extract

On Sunday, October 10th, 2004, the New York Times Magazine featured an article with the cover title, “Really, What Does He Think? John Kerry and the Post-9/11 World” (Bai 2004). On the cover of the magazine was a serious-looking photo of Senator Kerry, superimposed with keywords such as “Terrorism,” “Iraq,” “Al Qaeda,” “Multilateralism,” “Nuclear proliferation,” and so on. While the article itself was intriguing, even more intriguing was the magazine's attempt to capture Kerry's core ideas on American national security with the use of keyword graphics—namely, the keywords on the cover, placed in what appeared to be a random order around the photo of Kerry, and the underlining of “John Kerry,” “terrorism,” and “Americans” in the inside title. Catchy graphics, but hardly an accurate depiction of the keywords that might actually represent Kerry's thinking on American national security. And, for all the comparison made in the article itself with President Bush's stance on national security, where were the graphics for George W.? (They did not emerge in the next New York Times Magazine.) The magazine was, nonetheless, making an important point: that words (and the ideas they represent) are emotive—particularly in the highly charged climate of the 2004 presidential campaign.I am grateful for comments and suggestions from Andrew Bailey, Diane Maurice, David Mayhew, and Frances Rosenbluth. I am also grateful to the Georg Walter Leitner Program in International and Comparative Political Economy (Yale Center for International and Area Studies) for funding that initiated this article, and to Mina Moshkeri (LSE Design Unit) for her assistance in preparing the graphs.

Type
Features
Copyright
© 2005 The American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allum, Nicholas C. 1998. A Social Representations Approach to the Comparison of Three Textual Corpora Using Alceste. M.Sc. Dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2004a. “George Bush Wins: Back to Basics.” The Economist, November 6, 2327.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2004b. “The Triumph of the Religious Right.” The Economist, November 13, 2729.Google Scholar
Bai, Matt. 2004. “Kerry's Undeclared War: John Kerry Has a Thoughtful, Forward-looking Theory about Terrorism and How to Fight It. But Can It Resonate with Americans in the Post-9/11 World?New York Times Magazine, October 10, 38–45, 52, 68, 70.Google Scholar
Bailey, Andrew, and Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey. 2005. “Central Bankers and Big Ideas: Independence, Credibility, Uncertainty and Measurement in FOMC Transcripts.” Paper presented at European Public Choice Society Annual Meeting, at Durham (UK).Google Scholar
Barry, Christine A. 1998. “Choosing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: Atlas/ti and Nudist Compared.” Sociological Research Online 3 (3): 116. (www.socresonline.org.uk/socresonline/3/3/4.html).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Martin. 2000. “Classical Content Analysis: A Review.” In Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook, eds. Martin W. Bauer and George Gaskell. London: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benzecri, J. P. 1981. Pratique de l'analyse des donnees: linguistique et lexicologie. Paris: Dunod.Google Scholar
Benzecri, J. P. 1973. L'Analyse des Donnees. Tome1: La Taxinomie. Tome 2: L'Analyse des Correspondances. Paris: Dunod.Google Scholar
Bertier, P., and J. M. Bouroche. 1975. Analyse des donnees multidimensionnelles. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Blasius, Jorg, and Victor Thiessen. 2001. “Methodological Artifacts in Measures of Political Efficacy and Trust: A Multiple Correspondence Analysis.” Political Analysis 9 (1): 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brugidou, Mathieu. 1998. “Epitaphs. Francois Mitterrand's Image: An Analysis of an Open Question Asked on His Death.” Revue Francaise de Science Politique 48 (1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brugidou, Mathieu. 2000. “The Discourse of Demands and Action in [French] Trade Union Press Editorials (1996–1998).” Revue Francaise de Science Politique 50 (6).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diday, E., J. Lemaire, J. Pouget, and F. Testu. 1982. Elements d'analyse des donnees. Paris: Dunod.Google Scholar
Donnelly, Thomas. 2003. The Underpinnings of the Bush Doctrine. American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. (www.aei.org/publications/pubID.15845,filter./pub_detail.asp). (24 Nov. 2004).Google Scholar
Durham, Martin. 2004. “The American Right and the Iraq War.” Political Quarterly 75 (3): 257265.Google Scholar
Elving, Ron. 2004. “Moral Values and the Next ‘Big Story’.” National Public Radio, November 8, 2004. www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4158311.Google Scholar
Finkel, Steven E., and John G. Geer. 1998. “A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising.” American Journal of Political Science 42 (2): 573595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabel, Matthew J., and John D. Huber. 2000. “Putting Parties in Their Place: Inferring Party Left-Right Ideological Positions from Party Manifestos Data.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 94103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garson, G. David. 2002. “Researching and Teaching Political Culture through Web-Based Content Profile Analysis.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.Google Scholar
Garson, G. David. 2003. “Doing Web-Based Content Profile Analysis.” Social Science Computer Review 21 (2): 250260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenacre, Michael J. 1984. Theory and Applications of Correspondence Analysis. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greenacre, Michael J. 1993. Correspondence Analysis in Practice. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greenacre, Michael J., and L. G. Underhill. 1982. “Scaling a Data matrix in Low-dimensional Euclidean Space.” In Topics in Applied Multivariate Analysis, ed. D. M. Hawkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hayashi, C. 1950. “On the Quantification of Qualitative Data from the Mathematics-statistical Point of View.” In Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, II.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, Kim Quaile, Stephen Hanna, and Sahar Shafqat. 1997. “The Liberal-Conservative Ideology of U.S. Senators: A New Measure.” American Journal of Political Science 41 (4): 13951413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogenraad, Robert, Yves Bestgen, and Jean Louis. 1995. “Terrorist Rhetoric: Texture and Architexture.” In From Information to Knowledge: Conceptual and Content Analysis by Computer, eds. E. Nissan and K. Schmidt. Oxford: Intellect.Google Scholar
Iker, Howard P. 1974. “An Historical Note on the Use of Word-Frequency Contingencies in Content Analysis.” Computers and the Humanities 8 (1): 9398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iker, Howard P., and Robert H. Klein. 1974. “WORDS: A Computer System for the Analysis of Content.” Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 6 (4): 430438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins-Smith, Hank C., Gilbert K. St. Clair, and Brian Woods. 1991. “Explaining Change in Policy Subsystems: Analysis of Coalition Stability and Defection over Time.” American Journal of Political Science 35 (4): 851880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabanoff, Boris. 1996. “Computers Can Read as Well as Count: How Computer-aided Text Analysis Can Benefit Organisational Research.” In Trends in Organizational Behavior, eds. C. L. Cooper and D. M. Rousseau. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kabanoff, Boris, and John Holt. 1996. “Changes in the Espoused Values of Australian Organizations 1986–1990.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 17 (3):200219.Google Scholar
Kahn, Kim Fridkin. 1992. “Does Being Male Help? An Investigation of the Effects of Candidate Gender and Campaign Coverage on Evaluation of U.S. Senate Candidates.” The Journal of Politics 54 (2): 497517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kronberger, Nicole. 2004. Personal communication with the author, 24 September.Google Scholar
Kronberger, Nicole, and Wolfgang Wagner. 2000. “Keywords in Context: Statistical Analysis of Text Features.” In Qualitative Researching with Text, Image and Sound: A Practical Handbook, eds. Martin W. Bauer and George Gaskell. London: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahlou, L. 1996. “A Method to Extract Social Representations from Linguistic Corpora.” Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 36: 278291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahlou, S. 1998. Penser manger. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, Michael, and Kenneth Benoit. 2002. “Locating TDs in Policy Spaces: Wordscoring Dail Speeches.” Trinity College: Dublin.Google Scholar
Laver, Michael, Kenneth Benoit, and John Garry. 2002. “Placing Political Parties in Policy Spaces.” Trinity College: Dublin.Google Scholar
Laver, Michael, and John Garry. 2000. “Estimating Policy Positions from Political Texts.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (3): 619634.Google Scholar
Lepgold, Joseph, and Timothy McKeown. 1995. “Is American Foreign Policy Exceptional? An Empirical Analysis.” Political Science Quarterly 110 (3): 369384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, Colin. 1982. “Coding Open-Ended Answers with the Help of a Computer.” Journal of the Market Research Society 24 (1): 927.Google Scholar
Miller, M. Mark. 1997. “Frame Mapping and Analysis of News Coverage of Contentious Issues.” Social Science Computer Review 15 (4): 367378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noel-Jorand, M. C., M. Reinert, M. Bonnon, and P. Therme. 1995. “Discourse Analysis and Psychological Adaptation to High Altitude Hypoxia.” Stress Medicine 11: 2739.Google Scholar
Oberlechner, Thomas, Thomas Slunecko, and Nicole Kronberger. 2004. “Surfing the Money Tides: Understanding the Foreign Exchange Market through Metaphors.” British Journal of Social Psychology 43: 133156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popping, Roel. 2000. Computer-assisted Text Analysis. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popping, Roel. 2004. email correspondence with author (October 29).Google Scholar
Reagan, Ronald. 1983. Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals. www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganevilempire.htmGoogle Scholar
Reinert, Max. 1983. “Une methode de classification descendante hierarchique: application a l'analyse lexicale par contexte.” Les Cahiers de l'Analyse des Donnees 8 (2): 187198.Google Scholar
Reinert, Max. 1993. “Les ‘mondes lexicaux’ et leur ‘logique’ a travers l'analyse statistique d'un corpus de recits de cauchemars.” Langage et societe 66: 539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinert, Max. 1998. ALCESTE users' manual (English version) 4.5 Pro. Image, Toulouse.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano. 1940. The Great Arsenal of Democracy. www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrarsenalofdemocracy.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerald. 1997. “The Past as Prologue? Interests, Identity, and American Foreign Policy.” International Security 21 (4): 89125.Google Scholar
Schonhardt-Bailey, Cheryl. 2006. From the Corn Laws to Free Trade: Interests, Ideas and Institutions in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wagner, Wolfgang, and Nicole Kronberger. Forthcoming. “Quantitative and Qualitative Cross-Cultural Comparison: Cultural Metrics.” In Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. J. Straub.Google Scholar
Weller, Susan C., and A. Kimball Romney. 1990. Metric Scaling: Correspondence Analysis. London: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar