Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T14:51:55.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Messenger Matters: Religious Leaders and Overcoming COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 March 2022

Filip Viskupič
Affiliation:
South Dakota State University, USA
David L. Wiltse
Affiliation:
South Dakota State University, USA

Abstract

Experts agree that vaccination is the most effective way to bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control. Nevertheless, vaccination rates have slowed nationwide and substantial segments of the population report an unwillingness to get vaccinated. We conducted an online survey experiment to investigate whether endorsement messages from various types of leaders can encourage the unvaccinated population to receive the vaccine. We surveyed 709 unvaccinated registered voters in South Dakota in April 2021 and presented them with identical messages endorsing vaccination from a political, religious, or medical leader. Our results show that messaging from a religious leader had a positive and statistically significant effect on interest in getting vaccinated, whereas messages from a political or medical leader had no statistically significant effect. These results strongly suggest that religious leaders are more effective messengers than other potential messengers and that public health officials would be well served to coordinate their efforts with leaders in faith communities.

Type
Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allcott, Hunt, Boxell, Levi, Conway, Jacob, Gentzkow, Matthew, Thaler, Michael, and Yang, David. 2020. “Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing During the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Journal of Public Economics 191:104254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Michael J., Mann, Christopher B., Monson, J. Quin, and Patterson, Kelly D.. 2014. “Online Polls and Registration-Based Sampling: A New Method for Pre-Election Polling.” Political Analysis 22 (3): 321–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Behaghel, Luc, and Blau, David M.. 2012. “Framing Social Security Reform: Behavioral Responses to Changes in the Full Retirement Age.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 4 (4): 4167.Google Scholar
Bokemper, Scott E., Huber, Gregory A., Gerber, Alan S., James, Erin K., and Omer, Saad B.. 2021. “Timing of COVID-19 Vaccine Approval and Endorsement by Public Figures.” Vaccine 39 (5): 825–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borah, Porismita, and Hwang, Juwon. 2021. “Trust in Doctors, Positive Attitudes, and Vaccination Behavior: The Role of Doctor–Patient Communication in H1N1 Vaccination.” Health Communication 1–9. DOI:10.1080/10410236.2021.1895426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, David T. 2020. “Religious Elite Cues, Moral Authority, and the Impact of Pope Francis’ Laudato Si.Politics and Religion 1–33. DOI:10.1017/S175504832000067X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. “COVID-19 Vaccination.” Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/keythingstoknow.html.Google Scholar
Chou, Wen-Ying Sylvia, and Budenz, Alexandra. 2020. “Considering Emotion in COVID-19 Vaccine Communication: Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy and Fostering Vaccine Confidence.” Health Communication 35 (14): 1718–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coustasse, Alberto, Kimble, Craig, and Maxik, Kenneth. 2021. “COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy: A Challenge the United States Must Overcome.” Journal of Ambulatory Care Management 44 (1): 7175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeMora, Stephanie L., Merolla, Jennifer L., Newmann, Brian, and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.. 2021. “Reducing Mask Resistance Among White Evangelical Christians with Value-Consistent Messages.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (21): e2101723118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djupe, Paul A., and Burge, Ryan P.. 2020. Politics and Religion 14 (3): 552–73.10.1017/S175504832000053XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djupe, Paul A., and Gilbert, Christopher P.. 2009. The Political Influence of Churches. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Doherty, David, and Stancliffe, James. 2017. “Interpreting and Tolerating Speech: The Effects of Message, Messenger, and Framing.” American Politics Research 45 (2): 224–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dror, Amiel A., Eisenbach, Netanel, Taiber, Shahar, Morozov, Nicole G., Mizrachi, Matti, Zigron, Asaf, Srouji, Samer, and Sela, Eyal. 2020. “Vaccine Hesitancy: The Next Challenge in the Fight against COVID-19.” European Journal of Epidemiology 35 (8): 775–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duquette, Nicolas. 2020. “Heard Immunity: Effective Persuasion for a Future COVID-19 Vaccine.” SocArXiv. Unpublished working paper. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/jwvsp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finset, Arnstein, Bosworth, Hayden, Butow, Phyllis, Bulbrandsen, Pal, Hulsman, Robert L., Pieterse, Arwen H., Street, Richard, Tschoetschel, Robin, and van Weert, Julia. 2020. “Effective Health Communication: A Key Factor in Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Patient Education and Counseling 103 (5): 873–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glazier, Rebecca A. 2013. “Divine Direction: How Providential Religious Beliefs Shape Foreign Policy Attitudes.” Foreign Policy Analysis 9 (2): 127–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens. 2012. “Entropy Balancing for Causal Effects: A Multivariate Reweighting Method to Produce Balanced Samples in Observational Studies.” Political Analysis 20 (1): 2546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, John R., Alexandra, L. J. Freeman, Marteau, Theresa M., and van der Linden, Sander. 2021. “Effect of Information about COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and Side Effects on Behavioral Intentions: Two Online Experiments.” Vaccines 9 (4): 379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khubchandani, Jagdish, Sharma, Sushil, Price, James H., Wiblishauser, Michael J., Sharma, Manoj, and Webb, Fern J.. 2021. “COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in the United States: A Rapid National Assessment.” Journal of Community Health 46 (2): 270–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuklinski, James H., and Hurley, Norman L.. 1994. “On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messages: A Cautionary Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking.” Journal of Politics 56 (3): 729–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margolis, Michele F. 2018. “How Politics Affects Religion: Partisanship, Socialization, and Religiosity in America.” Journal of Politics 80 (1): 3043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motta, Matt, Sylvester, Steven, Callaghan, Timothy, and Lunz-Trujillo, Kristin. 2021. “Encouraging COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake through Effective Health Communication.” Frontiers in Political Science, January 28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.630133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmann, Brian. 2018. “Who Supports Syrians? The Relative Importance of Religion, Partisanship, and Partisan News.” PS: Political Science & Politics 51 (4): 775–81.Google Scholar
Nyhan, Brendan, and Reifler, Jason. 2015. “Does Correcting Myths about the Flu Vaccine Work? An Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Corrective Information.” Vaccine 33 (3): 459–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palm, Risa, Bolsen, Toby, and Kingsland, Justin T.. 2021. “The Effect of Frames on COVID-19 Vaccine Resistance.” Frontiers in Political Science, May 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.661257 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Samuel L., Whitehead, Andrew L., and Grubbs, Joshua B.. 2020. “Culture Wars and COVID-19 Conduct: Christian Nationalism, Religiosity, and Americans’ Behavior During the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 59 (3): 405–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, Michael Bang, Bor, Alexander, Jørgensen, Frederik J., and Lindholt, Marie F.. 2021. “Transparent Communication about COVID-19 Vaccines Is Not Sufficient for Acceptance but It Is Necessary for Trust.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (29): e2024597118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pevehouse, Jon. 2020. “The COVID-19 Pandemic, International Cooperation, and Populism.” International Organization 74 (1): 191212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2019. “Most Congregants Trust Clergy to Give Advice about Religious Issues, Fewer Trust Clergy on Personal Matters.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. www.pewforum.org/2019/11/15/most-congregants-trust-clergy-to-give-advice-about-religious-issues-fewer-trust-clergy-on-personal-matters.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. 2021. “Intent to Get Vaccinated Against COVID-19 Varies by Religious Affiliation in the U.S.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/20/10-facts-about-americans-and-coronavirus-vaccines/ft_21-03-18_vaccinefacts. Google Scholar
Pink, Sophia L., Chu, James, Druckman, James N., Rand, David G., and Willer, Robb. 2021. “Elite Party Cues Increase Vaccination Intentions among Republicans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (32): e2106559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Public Religion Research Institute. 2021. “Religious Identities and the Race Against the Virus: Engaging Faith Communities on COVID-19 Vaccination (Wave 1: March 2021).” Washington, DC: Public Religion Research Institute. www.prri.org/research/prri-ifyc-covid-vaccine-religion-report.Google Scholar
Ratzan, Scott, Schneider, Eric C., Hatch, Hilary, and Cacchione, Joseph. 2021. “Missing the Point: How Primary Care Can Overcome COVID-19 Vaccine ‘Hesitancy.’New England Journal of Medicine 384 (25): e100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renne, Elisha. 2006. “Perspectives on Polio and Immunization in Northern Nigeria.” Social Science & Medicine 63 (7): 1857–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romer, Daniel, and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 2020. “Conspiracy Theories as Barriers to Controlling the Spread of COVID-19 in the U.S.” Social Science & Medicine 263:113356.10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruijs, Wilhelmina L. M., Jeannine, L. A. Hautvast, Kerrar, Said, van der Velden, Koos, and Marlies, E. J. L. Hulscher. 2013. “The Role of Religious Leaders in Promoting Acceptance of Vaccination within a Minority Group: A Qualitative Study.” BMC Public Health 13 (1): 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slothuus, Rune, and Bisgaard, Martin. 2021. “How Political Parties Shape Public Opinion in the Real World.” American Journal of Political Science 65 (4): 896911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smothers, Hannah, Burge, Ryan, and Djupe, Paul. 2020. “The Gendered Religious Response to State Action on the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Politics and Gender 16:1063–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toni-Uebari, Thelma K., and Baba, P. D. Inusa. 2009. “The Role of Religious Leaders and Faith Organizations in Haemoglobinopathies: A Review.” BMC Hematology 9 (6). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2326-9-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, Joel. 2007. “The Messenger Overwhelming the Message: Ideological Cues and Perceptions of Bias in Television News.” Political Behavior 29 (4): 441–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viskupič, Filip, and Wiltse, David L.. 2022. “Replication Data for: ‘The Messenger Matters: Religious Leaders and Overcoming COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy.’” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XIMJMM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Viskupič and Wiltse supplementary material

Viskupič and Wiltse supplementary material

Download Viskupič and Wiltse supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 231.4 KB
Supplementary material: Link

Viskupič and Wiltse Dataset

Link