Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T21:06:50.260Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Implicit Political Identity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2013

Alexander George Theodoridis*
Affiliation:
University of California, Merced

Extract

It is easy enough to rattle off numerous categories of social identities long of interest to political behavior scholars—race, sex, state or nation, party, ideology, social class, etc. But, a precise definition and measurement strategy for examining these identities is more elusive. This article discusses the conceptual foundations of a recently developed approach to measuring identity and focuses on its specific application as a new measure of partisanship in the United States.

Type
Symposium: Implicit Attitudes in Political Science Research
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arkes, H., and Tetlock, P.. 2004. Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or “Would Jesse Jackson ‘Fail’ the Implicit Association Test?Psychological Inquiry 15 (4): 257–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burden, B., and Klofstad, C.. 2005. “Affect and Cognition in Party Identification.” Political Psychology 26 (6): 869–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, A., Converse, P., Miller, W., and Stokes, D. E.. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Cunningham, W., Zelazo, P., Packer, D., and Van Bavel, J.. 2007. “The Iterative Reprocessing Model: A Multilevel Framework for Attitudes and Evaluation.” Social Cognition 25 (5): 736–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A., and Meltzoff, A.. 2012. “Balanced Identity Theory: Evidence for Implicit Consistency in Social Cognition.” In Cognitive Consistency: A Fundamental Principle in Social Cognition, eds. Gawronski, B. and Strack, F., 157–77. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Decety, J., and Sommerville, J.. 2003. “Shared Representations between Self and Other: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience View.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (12): 527–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devos, T., and Banaji, M.. 2005. “American = White?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (3): 447–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donders, F. 1969. “On the Speed of Mental Processes.” Acta Psychologica 30: 412–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, D., Palmquist, B., and Schickler, E.. 2002. Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Greene, S. 1999. “Understanding Party Identification: A Social Identity Approach.” Political Psychology 20 (2): 393403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, S. 2000. “The Psychological Sources of Partisan-Leaning Independence.” American Politics Research 28 (4): 511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, S. 2004. “Social Identity Theory and Party Identification.” Social Science Quarterly 85 (1): 136–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwald, A., and Banaji, M.. 1995. “Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes.” Psychological Review 102 (1): 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A., Banaji, M., Rudman, L., Farnham, S., Nosek, B., and Mellott, D.. 2002. “A Unified Theory of Implicit Attitudes, Stereotypes, Self-Esteem, and Self-Concept.” Psychological Review 109 (1): 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A., and Farnham, S.. 2000. “Using the Implicit Association Test to Measure Self-Esteem and Self-Concept.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (6): 1022–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gusnard, D. A., Akbudak, E., Shulman, G. L., and Raichle, M. E.. 2001. “Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Self-Referential Mental Activity: Relation to a Default Mode of Brain Function.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(7): 4259–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J., and Hetherington, M. J.. 2012. “Look How Far We've Come Apart.” New York Times, September 17.Google Scholar
Hawkins, C., and Nosek, B.. 2012. “Motivated Independence? Implicit Party Identity Predicts Political Judgments among Self-Proclaimed Independents.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38 (11): 1437–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T., Wyland, C., Macrae, C., Demos, K., Denny, B., and Kelley, W.. 2006. “Medial Prefrontal Activity Differentiates Self from Close Others.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 1 (1): 1825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huddy, L., Mason, L., and Aarøe, L.. 2010. “Measuring Partisanship as a Social Identity, Predicting Political Activism.” San Francisco. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., Mitchell, K. J., Touryan, S. R., Greene, E. J., and Nolen-Hoeksema, S.. 2006. “Dissociating Medial Frontal and Posterior Cingulate Activity during Self-Reflection.” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 1 (1): 5664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karpinski, A., and Hilton, J.. 2001. “Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (5): 774–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, W., Macrae, C., Wyland, C., Caglar, S., Inati, S., and Heatherton, T.. 2002. “Finding the Self? An Event-Related fMRI Study.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14 (5): 785–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, K. A., Banaji, M., Nosek, B., and Greenwald, A.. 2007. “Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: IV.” In Implicit Measures of Attitudes, eds. Wittenbrink, B. and Schwarz, N., 59102. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Mael, F., and Tetrick, L.. 1992. “Identifying Organizational Identification.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 52 (4): 813–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, J., Banaji, M., and Macrae, C.. 2005. “The Link between Social Cognition and Self-Referential Thought in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17 (8): 1306–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, J., Macrae, C., and Banaji, M.. 2006. “Dissociable Medial Prefrontal Contributions to Judgments of Similar and Dissimilar Others.” Neuron 50 (4): 655–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, J. P., Cloutier, J., Banaji, M. R., and Macrae, C. N.. 2006. “Medial Prefrontal Dissociations during Processing of Trait Diagnostic and Nondiagnostic Person Information.” Social Cognition and Affective Neuroscience 1 (1): 4955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, J., Macrae, C., Heatherton, T., Wyland, C., and Kelley, W.. 2006. “Neuroanatomical Evidence for Distinct Cognitive and Affective Components of Self.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (9): 1586–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicholson, Stephen P. 2012. “Polarizing Cues.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (1): 5266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Northoff, G., and Bermpohl, F.. 2004. “Cortical Midline Structures and the Self.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (3): 102–07.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., and Panksepp, J.. 2006. “Self-Referential Processing in Our Brain—A Meta-analysis of Imaging Studies on the Self.” Neuroimage 31 (1): 440–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosek, B., Banaji, M., and Greenwald, A.. 2002. “Math = Male, Me = Female, Therefore Math ≠ Me.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (1): 4459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., and Banaji, M.. 2007. “The Implicit Association Test at Age 7: A Methodological and Conceptual Review.” In Automatic Processes in Social Thinking and Behavior, ed. Bargh, J., 265292. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Smith, C., and Nosek, B.. 2011. “Affective Focus Increases the Concordance between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes.” Social Psychology 42 (4): 300–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sriram, N., and Greenwald, A.. 2009. “The Brief Implicit Association Test.” Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) 56 (4): 283–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tajfel, H. 1969. “Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice.” Journal of Social Issues 25(4): 7997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H. 1974. Social Identity and Intergroup Behaviour. Social Science Information/sur les sciences sociales 13 (2): 6593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H. 1982a. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. 1982b. “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations.” Annual Reviews in Psychology 33 (1): 139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H., Billig, M., Bundy, R., and Flament, C.. 1971. “Social Categorization and Intergroup Behavior.” European Journal of Social Psychology 1 (2): 149–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajfel, H., and Turner, J.. 2004. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In Organizational Identity: A Reader, eds. Hatch, M. J. and Schultz, M., 5665. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Theodoridis, A., and Nelson, A.. 2012. “Of Bold Claims and Excessive Fears: A Call for Caution and Patience Regarding Political Neuroscience.” Political Psychology 33 (1): 2743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theodoridis, A. G. 2012. “Party Identity in Political Cognition.” PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Turk, D., Heatherton, T., Macrae, C., Kelley, W., and Gazzaniga, M.. 2003. “The Distributed Nature of the Self.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1001 (1, The Self: From Soul to Brain): 6578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, J. 1975. “Social Identity and Social Comparison: Some Prospects for Intergroup Behaviour.” European Journal of Social Psychology 5: 534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J., Hogg, M., Oakes, P., Reicher, S., and Wetherell, M.. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Turner, J., and Onorato, R.. 1999. “Social Identity, Personality, and the Self-Concept: A Self-Categorization Perspective.” In The Psychology of the Social Self, eds. Tyler, T. R., Kramer, R. M., and John, O. P., 1146. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C. 1982. “Towards a Cognitive Redefinition of the Social Group.” In Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, ed. Tajfel, H., 93118. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C. 1999. “Some Current Issues in Research on Social Identity and Self Categorization Theories.” In Social Identity: Context, Commitment, Content, eds. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., and Doosje, B., 634. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., and McGarty, C.. 1994. “Self and Collective: Cognition and Social Context.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20 (5): 454–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar