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Home Rule Be Damned: Exploring Policy Conflicts between the Statehouse and City Hall

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2017

William D. Hicks
Affiliation:
Appalachian State University
Carol Weissert
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Jeffrey Swanson
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Jessica Bulman-Pozen
Affiliation:
Columbia Law School
Vladimir Kogan
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Lori Riverstone-Newell
Affiliation:
Illinois State University
Jaclyn Bunch
Affiliation:
University of South Alabama
Katherine Levine Einstein
Affiliation:
Boston University
David Glick
Affiliation:
Boston University
Dorothy M. Daley
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Jonathan M. Fisk
Affiliation:
Auburn University
Jami K. Taylor
Affiliation:
University of Toledo
Donald P. Haider-Markel
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Daniel C. Lewis
Affiliation:
Siena College

Abstract

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Type
Spotlight: Home Rule Be Damned: Exploring Policy Conflicts between the Statehouse and City Hall
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2017 

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References

REFERENCES

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Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander. 2014. “Who Passes Business’s ‘Model Bills’? Policy Capacity and Corporate Influence in US State Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (3): 582602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Olatunde C. A. 2016. “The Local Turn: Innovation and Diffusion in Civil Rights Law.” Law and Contemporary Problems 79: 115–44.Google Scholar
Bridges, Amy. 1984. A City in the Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Jowei, and Rodden, Jonathan. 2013. “Unintentional Gerrymandering: Political Geography and Electoral Bias in Legislatures.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 8 (3): 239–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantelos, John. 2010. “Playing the Field: Federalism and the Politics of Venue Shopping in the United States and Canada.” Publius 40 (3): 460–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daley, David. 2016. Ratf**cked: The True Story Behind the Secret Plan to Steal America’s Democracy. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Erie, Steven P. 1988. Rainbow’s End. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Griffith, Ernest S. 1974. A History of American City Government: The Conspicuous Failure, 1870–1900. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Klarner, Carl E., Phillips, Justin H., and Muckler, Matt. 2012. “Overcoming Fiscal Gridlock: Institutions and Budget Bargaining.” Journal of Politics 74 (4): 9921009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oklobdzija, Stan. 2017. “Closing Down and Cashing In: Extremism and Political Fundraising.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 17 (2): 201–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipan, Charles R., and Volden, Craig. 2008. “Bottom-Up Federalism: The Diffusion of Antismoking Policies from US Cities to States.” Journal of Politics 50 (4): 825–43.Google Scholar
Wasserman, David. 2017. “Purple America Has All But Disappeared.” FiveThirtyEight. URL: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/purple-america-has-all-but-disappeared/.Google Scholar
Berman, David R. 2003. Local Government and the States: Autonomy, Politics, and Policy. New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Bowman, Ann O’M, and Kearney, Richard C.. 2011. “Second-Order Devolution: Data and Doubt.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 41 (4): 563–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, Ann O’M, and Kearney, Richard C.. 2014. “Transforming State-Local Relations.” Presented at the Deil Wright Symposium at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Public Administration, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
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Greenblatt, Alan. 2016. “Beyond North Carolina’s LGBT Battle: States’ War on Cities.” Governing, March 25. http://www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-states-cities-preemption-laws.html.Google Scholar
Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary. 2009. “Does Efficiency Shape the Territorial Structure of Government?” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 225–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krane, Dale, Ebdon, Carol, and Bartle, John. 2014. “Devolution, Fiscal Federalism, and Changing Patterns of Municipal Revenues: The Mismatch between Theory and Reality.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14 (4): 513–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Monardi, F. M., and Glantz, Stanton A.. 1996b. “Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Washington: 1983-1996.” Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/02h70483.Google Scholar
Nicholson-Crotty, Sean, and Theobald, Nick. 2010. “Claiming Credit in the U.S. Federal System: Testing a Model of Competitive Federalism.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 41 (2): 232–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappoport, Abby. 2016. “Blue Cities Red States.” American Prospect, August 22. http://prospect.org/article/blue-cities-battle-red-states.Google Scholar
Wilson, Reid. 2017. “GOP Aims to Rein in Liberal Cities.” The Hill, January 5. http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/312766-gop-aims-to-rein-in-liberal-cities.Google Scholar
Riverstone-Newell, Lori. 2017. “The Rise of State Preemption Laws in Response to Local Policy Innovation.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 47 (3): 403–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shannon, John. 1987. “The Return to Fend-for-yourself Federalism: The Reagan Mark.” Intergovernmental Perspective 13 (3-4): 34–7.Google Scholar
Ward, Kenric. 2017. “Texas Governor Pledges to Sign Anti-Sanctuary City Bill.” The Daily Signal, January 6. http://dailysignal.com/2017/01/06/texas-governor-pledges-to-sign-anti-sanctuary-city-bill/.Google Scholar
Bousqet, Steve. 2017. “Florida Showdown Pits City Hall vs. State Capitol.” Miami Herald, March 28. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article141222763.html Google Scholar
Briffault, Richard. 2015. “Article IX: The Promise and Limits of Home Rule.” Columbia Law: Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper Group 14436.Google Scholar
Bunch, Jaclyn. 2014. “Does Local Autonomy Enhance Representation? The Influence of Home Rule on County Expenditures.” State and Local Government Review 46 (2): 106117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, Jamal, and Gullman, Bethany. 2017. “The Power of State Interest: Preemption of Local Fracking Ordinances in Home-Rule Cities.” Tulane Environmental Law Journal 28 (2): 297314.Google Scholar
Richardson, Jesse J. Jr. 2011. “Dillon’s Rule is From Mars, Home Rule is From Venus: Local Government Autonomy and the Rules of Statutory Construction.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 41 (4): 662–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Jon D. 2016. “Federalism, Dillon Rule and Home Rule.” White Paper: A Publication of the American City County Exchange.Google Scholar
Badger, Emily, Bui, Quoctrung, and Pearce, Adam. 2016. “The Election Highlighted a Growing Rural-Urban Split.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/upshot/this-election-highlighted-a-growing-rural-urban-split.html?_r=0. Accessed on July 3, 2017.Google Scholar
Cohen, Darryl. 2015. “Population Trends in Incorporated Places: 2000 to 2013.” US Census. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1142.html. Accessed on July 3, 2017.Google Scholar
Einstein, Katherine Levine, and Glick, David M.. Forthcoming. “Cities in American Federalism: Evidence on State-Local Government Conflict from a Survey of Mayors.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism.Google Scholar
Gerber, Elisabeth R., and Hopkins, Daniel J.. 2011. “When Mayors Matter: Estimating the Impact of Mayoral Partisanship on City Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (2): 326–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, J. David. 2016. “De Blasio and Big City Mayors Try Pooling Their Power Against Trump.” New York Times. December 29. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/29/nyregion/bill-de-blasio-donald-trump-mayors.html?_r=2. Accessed on April 24, 2017.Google Scholar
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Schragger, Richard. 2016. City Power: Urban Governance in a Global Age. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
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Goldstein, Rebecca, and You, Hye Young. 2017. “Cities as Lobbyists.” American Journal of Political Science doi: 10.1111/ajps.12306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Draft Climate Science Special Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2011. America’s Climate Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, Gwen, Long, Le Anh Nguyen, and Gottlieb, Madeline. 2016. “Social Networks and Policy Entrepreneurship: How Relationships Shape Municipal Decision Making about High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing.” Policy Studies Journal 45 (3): 414–41. Doi:10.1111/psj.12175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Charles. 2012. “The Politics of ‘Fracking”: Regulating Natural Gas Drilling Practices in Colorado and Texas.” Review of Policy Research 29 (2): 177–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Charles. 2014. “Substate Federalism and Fracking Policies: Does State Regulatory Authority Trump Local Land Use Autonomy?” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (15): 8397–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, Jonathan M. 2016. “Fractured Relationships: Exploring Municipal Defiance in Colorado, Texas, and Ohio.” State and Local Government Review 48 (2): 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, Jonathan M. 2017. The Fracking Debate: Intergovernmental Politics of the Oil and Gas Renaissance. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, Jonathan M., Mahafza, Zachary, and Park, Yumni. 2017. “Frackivism in the City: Assessing Defiance at the Neighborhood Level.” State and Local Government Review.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, Russell, and McGinty, Tom. 2013. “Energy Boom Puts Wells in America’s Backyards; Hydraulic Fracturing Largely Driving Transformation of the Nation’s Landscape.” Wall Street Journal, October 25. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303672404579149432365326304 Google Scholar
Integra Realty Resources. 2010. “Flower Mound Well Site Impact Study.” http://www.flower-mound.com/DocumentCenter/View/1456.Google Scholar
Loh, Carolyn G., and Osland, Anna C.. 2016. “Local Land Use Planning Responses to Hydraulic Fracturing.” Journal of the American Planning Association 82 (3): 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riverstone-Newell, Lori. 2012. “Bottom-up Activism: A Local Political Strategy for Higher Policy Change.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 42 (3): 401–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Patrick J., Bird, Stephen, and Heintzelman, Martin D.. 2015. “Understanding Local Regulation of Fracking: A Spatial Econometric Approach.” Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 44 (2): 138–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, Jered. 2015. “What Have We Learned about the Performance of Council-Manager Government: A Review and Synthesis of the Research.” Public Administration Review 75 (5): 673–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diller, Paul. 2012. “The City and the Private Right of Action.” Stanford Law Review 64 (5): 1109–72.Google Scholar
Gossett, Charles. 1999. “Dillon’s Rule and Gay Rights: State Control over Local Efforts to Protect the Rights of Lesbians and Gay Men.” In Gays and Lesbians in the Democratic Process: Public Policy, Public Opinion, and Political Representation, ed. Riggle, Ellen D. B. and Tadlock, Barry L., 6288. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Haider-Markel, Donald P., Querze, Alana, and Lindaman, Kara. 2007. “Lose, Win, or Draw? A Reexamination of Direct Democracy and Minority Rights.” Political Research Quarterly 60 (2): 304–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lax, Jeffrey, and Phillips, Justin. 2009. “Gay Rights in the States: Public Opinion and Policy Responsiveness.” American Political Science Review 103 (3): 367–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Daniel C. 2013. Direct Democracy and Minority Rights: A Critical Assessment of the Tyranny of the Majority in the American States. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Daniel C., Flores, Andrew R., Haider-Markel, Donald P., Miller, Patrick R., Tadlock, Barry L., and Taylor, Jami K.. 2017. “Degrees of Acceptance: Variation in Public Attitudes toward Segments of the LGBT Community.” Political Research Quarterly DOI: 10.1177/1065912917717352 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Briffault, Richard. 1994. “‘What About the “Ism”’? Normative and Formal Concerns in Contemporary Federalism.” Vanderbilt Law Review 47: 1303–53.Google Scholar
DuPuis, Nicole, Langan, Trevor, McFarland, Christiana, Panettieri, Angelina, and Rainwater, Brooks. 2017. City Rights in an Era of Preemption: A State-by-State Analysis. National League of Cities.Google Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander. 2014. “Who Passes Business’s ‘Model Bills’? Policy Capacity and Corporate Influence in US State Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (3): 582602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Olatunde C. A. 2016. “The Local Turn: Innovation and Diffusion in Civil Rights Law.” Law and Contemporary Problems 79: 115–44.Google Scholar
Bridges, Amy. 1984. A City in the Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Jowei, and Rodden, Jonathan. 2013. “Unintentional Gerrymandering: Political Geography and Electoral Bias in Legislatures.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 8 (3): 239–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constantelos, John. 2010. “Playing the Field: Federalism and the Politics of Venue Shopping in the United States and Canada.” Publius 40 (3): 460–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daley, David. 2016. Ratf**cked: The True Story Behind the Secret Plan to Steal America’s Democracy. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Erie, Steven P. 1988. Rainbow’s End. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Griffith, Ernest S. 1974. A History of American City Government: The Conspicuous Failure, 1870–1900. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Klarner, Carl E., Phillips, Justin H., and Muckler, Matt. 2012. “Overcoming Fiscal Gridlock: Institutions and Budget Bargaining.” Journal of Politics 74 (4): 9921009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oklobdzija, Stan. 2017. “Closing Down and Cashing In: Extremism and Political Fundraising.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 17 (2): 201–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipan, Charles R., and Volden, Craig. 2008. “Bottom-Up Federalism: The Diffusion of Antismoking Policies from US Cities to States.” Journal of Politics 50 (4): 825–43.Google Scholar
Wasserman, David. 2017. “Purple America Has All But Disappeared.” FiveThirtyEight. URL: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/purple-america-has-all-but-disappeared/.Google Scholar
Berman, David R. 2003. Local Government and the States: Autonomy, Politics, and Policy. New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Bowman, Ann O’M, and Kearney, Richard C.. 2011. “Second-Order Devolution: Data and Doubt.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 41 (4): 563–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, Ann O’M, and Kearney, Richard C.. 2014. “Transforming State-Local Relations.” Presented at the Deil Wright Symposium at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Public Administration, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1999. “Preemptive State Tobacco-Control Laws – United States, 1982-1998.” https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00056152.htm.Google Scholar
Einstein, Katherine Levine, and Glick, David M.. 2017. “Cities in American Federalism: Evidence on State-Local Government Conflict from a Survey of Mayors.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism Advance Access: https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjx026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenblatt, Alan. 2016. “Beyond North Carolina’s LGBT Battle: States’ War on Cities.” Governing, March 25. http://www.governing.com/topics/politics/gov-states-cities-preemption-laws.html.Google Scholar
Hooghe, Liesbet, and Marks, Gary. 2009. “Does Efficiency Shape the Territorial Structure of Government?” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 225–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krane, Dale, Ebdon, Carol, and Bartle, John. 2014. “Devolution, Fiscal Federalism, and Changing Patterns of Municipal Revenues: The Mismatch between Theory and Reality.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 14 (4): 513–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monardi, F. M., and Glantz, Stanton A.. 1996a. “Tobacco Industry Political Activity in Colorado, 1979-1995.” Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0769d1qn.Google Scholar
Monardi, F. M., and Glantz, Stanton A.. 1996b. “Tobacco Industry Political Activity and Tobacco Control Policy Making in Washington: 1983-1996.” Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/02h70483.Google Scholar
Nicholson-Crotty, Sean, and Theobald, Nick. 2010. “Claiming Credit in the U.S. Federal System: Testing a Model of Competitive Federalism.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 41 (2): 232–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappoport, Abby. 2016. “Blue Cities Red States.” American Prospect, August 22. http://prospect.org/article/blue-cities-battle-red-states.Google Scholar
Wilson, Reid. 2017. “GOP Aims to Rein in Liberal Cities.” The Hill, January 5. http://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/312766-gop-aims-to-rein-in-liberal-cities.Google Scholar
Riverstone-Newell, Lori. 2017. “The Rise of State Preemption Laws in Response to Local Policy Innovation.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 47 (3): 403–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shannon, John. 1987. “The Return to Fend-for-yourself Federalism: The Reagan Mark.” Intergovernmental Perspective 13 (3-4): 34–7.Google Scholar
Ward, Kenric. 2017. “Texas Governor Pledges to Sign Anti-Sanctuary City Bill.” The Daily Signal, January 6. http://dailysignal.com/2017/01/06/texas-governor-pledges-to-sign-anti-sanctuary-city-bill/.Google Scholar
Bousqet, Steve. 2017. “Florida Showdown Pits City Hall vs. State Capitol.” Miami Herald, March 28. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article141222763.html Google Scholar
Briffault, Richard. 2015. “Article IX: The Promise and Limits of Home Rule.” Columbia Law: Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper Group 14436.Google Scholar
Bunch, Jaclyn. 2014. “Does Local Autonomy Enhance Representation? The Influence of Home Rule on County Expenditures.” State and Local Government Review 46 (2): 106117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, Jamal, and Gullman, Bethany. 2017. “The Power of State Interest: Preemption of Local Fracking Ordinances in Home-Rule Cities.” Tulane Environmental Law Journal 28 (2): 297314.Google Scholar
Richardson, Jesse J. Jr. 2011. “Dillon’s Rule is From Mars, Home Rule is From Venus: Local Government Autonomy and the Rules of Statutory Construction.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 41 (4): 662–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Jon D. 2016. “Federalism, Dillon Rule and Home Rule.” White Paper: A Publication of the American City County Exchange.Google Scholar
Badger, Emily, Bui, Quoctrung, and Pearce, Adam. 2016. “The Election Highlighted a Growing Rural-Urban Split.” New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/12/upshot/this-election-highlighted-a-growing-rural-urban-split.html?_r=0. Accessed on July 3, 2017.Google Scholar
Cohen, Darryl. 2015. “Population Trends in Incorporated Places: 2000 to 2013.” US Census. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2015/demo/p25-1142.html. Accessed on July 3, 2017.Google Scholar
Einstein, Katherine Levine, and Glick, David M.. Forthcoming. “Cities in American Federalism: Evidence on State-Local Government Conflict from a Survey of Mayors.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism.Google Scholar
Gerber, Elisabeth R., and Hopkins, Daniel J.. 2011. “When Mayors Matter: Estimating the Impact of Mayoral Partisanship on City Policy.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (2): 326–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, J. David. 2016. “De Blasio and Big City Mayors Try Pooling Their Power Against Trump.” New York Times. December 29. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/29/nyregion/bill-de-blasio-donald-trump-mayors.html?_r=2. Accessed on April 24, 2017.Google Scholar
Graham, David A. 2017. “Red State, Blue City.” The Atlantic. March 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/03/red-state-blue-city/513857/. Accessed on April 24, 2017.Google Scholar
Schragger, Richard. 2016. City Power: Urban Governance in a Global Age. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Howe, Peter D., Mildenberger, Matto, Marlon, Jennifer R., and Leiserowitz, Anthony. 2015. “Geographic Variation in Opinions on Climate Change at State and Local Scales in the USA.” Nature Climate Change 5 (6): 596603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Rebecca, and You, Hye Young. 2017. “Cities as Lobbyists.” American Journal of Political Science doi: 10.1111/ajps.12306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Review of the Draft Climate Science Special Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2010. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2011. America’s Climate Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, Gwen, Long, Le Anh Nguyen, and Gottlieb, Madeline. 2016. “Social Networks and Policy Entrepreneurship: How Relationships Shape Municipal Decision Making about High-Volume Hydraulic Fracturing.” Policy Studies Journal 45 (3): 414–41. Doi:10.1111/psj.12175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Charles. 2012. “The Politics of ‘Fracking”: Regulating Natural Gas Drilling Practices in Colorado and Texas.” Review of Policy Research 29 (2): 177–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Charles. 2014. “Substate Federalism and Fracking Policies: Does State Regulatory Authority Trump Local Land Use Autonomy?” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (15): 8397–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, Jonathan M. 2016. “Fractured Relationships: Exploring Municipal Defiance in Colorado, Texas, and Ohio.” State and Local Government Review 48 (2): 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, Jonathan M. 2017. The Fracking Debate: Intergovernmental Politics of the Oil and Gas Renaissance. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisk, Jonathan M., Mahafza, Zachary, and Park, Yumni. 2017. “Frackivism in the City: Assessing Defiance at the Neighborhood Level.” State and Local Government Review.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, Russell, and McGinty, Tom. 2013. “Energy Boom Puts Wells in America’s Backyards; Hydraulic Fracturing Largely Driving Transformation of the Nation’s Landscape.” Wall Street Journal, October 25. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303672404579149432365326304 Google Scholar
Integra Realty Resources. 2010. “Flower Mound Well Site Impact Study.” http://www.flower-mound.com/DocumentCenter/View/1456.Google Scholar
Loh, Carolyn G., and Osland, Anna C.. 2016. “Local Land Use Planning Responses to Hydraulic Fracturing.” Journal of the American Planning Association 82 (3): 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riverstone-Newell, Lori. 2012. “Bottom-up Activism: A Local Political Strategy for Higher Policy Change.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 42 (3): 401–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Patrick J., Bird, Stephen, and Heintzelman, Martin D.. 2015. “Understanding Local Regulation of Fracking: A Spatial Econometric Approach.” Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 44 (2): 138–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, Jered. 2015. “What Have We Learned about the Performance of Council-Manager Government: A Review and Synthesis of the Research.” Public Administration Review 75 (5): 673–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diller, Paul. 2012. “The City and the Private Right of Action.” Stanford Law Review 64 (5): 1109–72.Google Scholar
Gossett, Charles. 1999. “Dillon’s Rule and Gay Rights: State Control over Local Efforts to Protect the Rights of Lesbians and Gay Men.” In Gays and Lesbians in the Democratic Process: Public Policy, Public Opinion, and Political Representation, ed. Riggle, Ellen D. B. and Tadlock, Barry L., 6288. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Haider-Markel, Donald P., Querze, Alana, and Lindaman, Kara. 2007. “Lose, Win, or Draw? A Reexamination of Direct Democracy and Minority Rights.” Political Research Quarterly 60 (2): 304–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lax, Jeffrey, and Phillips, Justin. 2009. “Gay Rights in the States: Public Opinion and Policy Responsiveness.” American Political Science Review 103 (3): 367–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Daniel C. 2013. Direct Democracy and Minority Rights: A Critical Assessment of the Tyranny of the Majority in the American States. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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