Author's note: Some of the ideas for this essay were first voiced at the 1985 Salzburg Seminar, and its first full version was presented at the Seminar on International Perspectives on American Literature at the Bellagio Study and Conference Center, Italy, in December, 1987. I would like to thank the members of both seminars for their helpful criticism and warm companionship; the organizing bodies of the seminars (the Salzburg Seminar and the Rockefeller Foundation) for providing wonderful and supportive settings; and particularly Huck Gutman of the University of Vermont, for arranging the Bellagio Conference.

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13. Williams, Francis, The American Invasion (London: Anthony Blond, 1962).Google Scholar An invaluable and exhaustive sourcebook on negative European attitudes to America is Gerbi, Antonello, The Dispute of the New World: The History of a Polemic, 1750–1900, rev. ed., trans. Moyle, Jeremy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973).Google Scholar Some early British responses to jazz are to be found in Godbolt, Jim, A History of Jazz in Britain 1919–50 (London: Quartet Books, 1984), pp. 3–13.Google Scholar

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20. Leavis, F. R., “The Americanness of American Literature,” rpt. in Anna Karenina and Other Essays (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969), p. 140.Google Scholar

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27. Cunliffe, Marcus, “American Studies in Europe,” American Studies International 9, no. 3 (Spring 1971): 21.Google Scholar There have been several reviews of the state of British American Studies: Temperley, Howard, “American Studies in Britain,” American Quarterly 18, no. 2 (1965): 251–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morpurgo, J. E., “American Studies in Britain,” American Studies 10, no. 2 (1971): 18–22Google Scholar; Welland, Dennis, “American Studies in Britain,” American Studies International 16, no. 1 (Autumn 1977): 38–46Google Scholar; and Allen, Harry C., “American Studies and the Study of America: The Future of American Studies in Europe,” American Studies International 17, no. 3 (Spring 1979): 9–26.Google Scholar

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33. Bush, Clive, The Dream of Reason: American Consciousness and Cultural Achievement from Independence to the Civil War (London: Edward Arnold, 1977)Google Scholar; and Ford, Boris, “General Introduction,” in The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, vol. 9Google Scholar, American Literature, p. ix.Google Scholar

34. Lee, Brian, “American Literary History: Reconstruction or Deconstruction?” Over Here: Reviews in American Studies 8, no. 1 (Spring 1988): 80.Google Scholar

35. Clark, , “More Than Good Friends,” p. 15Google Scholar; Bradbury, Malcolm, “Neorealist Fiction,”Google Scholar and Wood, Michael, “Literary Criticism,” in Columbia Literary History of the United States, ed. Elliott, Emory (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 993–1018, 1126–41Google Scholar; Bercovitch, Sacvan, “The Problem of Ideology in American Literary History,” Critical Inquiry 12, no. 4 (Summer 1986); 652CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Reising, Russell, The Unusable Past: Theory and the Study of American Literature (London: Methuen, 1986).Google Scholar An appropriate review of Reising's book is Smith, Allan Lloyd, “The Dead Fathers,” Over Here 8, no. 2 (Autumn 1988): 78–85.Google Scholar See also Spengemann, William, A Mirror for Americanists: Reflections on the Idea of American Literature (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1989).Google Scholar

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37. Bradbury, Malcolm, Cuts (1987; rpt. London: Arena, 1988)Google Scholar; and Lodge, David, Nice Work (1988; rpt. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989).Google Scholar

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39. A fine example of work by an American academic long resident in Britain is Fender, Stephen's Plotting the Golden West: American Literature and the Rhetoric of the California Trail (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).Google Scholar

40. Clark, Robert, History, Ideology and Myth in American Fiction 1823–52 (London: Macmillan, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gray, Richard, Writing the South: Ideas of an American Region (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 272Google Scholar; and Taylor, Helen, “Imagining the South,” Journal of American Studies 22, no. 2 (08 1988): 264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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