Author's note: Earlier versions of this paper were read at Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, N.J.; the Biennial Convention of the American Studies Association, Philadelphia; Columbia University, New York; the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and the University of California, Berkeley. I thank Leo Marx for his careful reading of my essay and George Abbott White for sharing his knowledge of F. O. Matthiessen's work and life.

1. See, for example, Wise, Gene, American Historical Explanations: a Strategy for Grounded Inquiry (Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1973, rev. ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980)Google Scholar; “Some Elementary Axioms for an American Culture Studies,” Prospects 4 (1979): 517–47Google Scholar; Mechling, Jay, “In Search of an American Ethnophysics,” in Luedtke, Luther S., ed., The Study of American Culture: Contemporary Conflicts (Deland, Fla.: Everett/Edwards, 1977), pp. 241–77Google Scholar; “If They Can Build a Square Tomato: Notes Toward a Holistic Approach to Regional Studies,” Prospects 4 (1979): 59–77Google Scholar; and the essays by Wise, Mechling, Karen Lystra, and Kelly, R. Gordon in the “On the Shoulders of Giants” section, Prospects 8 (1983): 1–58.Google Scholar

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4. See my essay “American Studies-Beyond the Crisis?: Recent Redefinitions and the Meaning of Theory, History, and Practical Criticism,” Prospects 7 (1982): 53–113.Google Scholar

5. Cf. Bell, Daniel, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 1976)Google Scholar; Graff, Gerald, Literature Against Itself: Literary Ideas in Modern Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Goodheart, Eugene, Culture and the Radical Conscience (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973)Google Scholar, and The Failure of Criticism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978)Google Scholar; Lasch, Christopher, The Culture of Narcissism (New York: Norton, 1978).Google Scholar

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8. Two recent collections, in addition to Ideology and Classic American Literature, contain revisionist studies by literary scholars mostly related to the project of the new Cambridge History of American Literature: Michaels, Walter Benn and Pease, Donald E., eds., The American Renaissance Reconsidered, Selected Papers from the English Institute 1982–83, New Series, no. 9 (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985)Google Scholar, and Bercovitch, Sacvan, ed., Reconstructing American Literary History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986)Google Scholar, which is dedicated “To the memory of F. O. Matthiessen and Perry Miller.” Two essays in The American Renaissance Reconsidered offer revisionary readings of Matthiessen's American Renaissance: Arac, Jonathan, “F. O. Matthiessen: Authorizing an American Renaissance”Google Scholar (pp. 90–112), and Pease, Donald E., “Moby Dick and the Cold War”Google Scholar (pp. 113–55). Both essays ask important questions and offer valuable suggestions, but unfortunately are seriously marred in their overall interpretive endeavor by a reductive reading of Matthiessen's work. These readings rely on the hostile and superficial “analysis” of Matthiessen's “politics” in O'Neill, William L.'s book A Better World: The Great Schism: Stalinism and the American Intellectual (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), pp. 173–83Google Scholar, that has been repeated, in a less polemical form, in Rosenberg, Karen's “Stalinism, Democracy, and Commitment: Remembering F. O. Matthiessen,” Harvard Magazine (03–04 1983): 51–54Google Scholar. Arac and Pease argue in terms of a crude distinction between “two Matthiessens” (Pease), collapse critical distinctions and historical dialectic (e.g., Pease's constant use of “became indistinguishable from”), and provide versions of a “repoliticization” that reify Matthiessen's understanding of “wholeness” (Arac) and then directly confront it with ideological constructs or “positions” such as the “Popular Front” (Arac) or the “Cold War” (Pease).

9. The importance of the World War II years is emphasized in Philip Gleason's recent review essay, “World War II and the Development of American Studies,” American Quarterly 36 (1984): 343–58Google Scholar. Cf. also Richard Pells's new book quoted in n. 13.

10. I discuss these questions more generally in another essay that focuses especially on the more recent work of Graff, Gerald, Lasch, Christopher, Bercovitch, Sacvan, Trachtenberg, Alan, Said, Edward W., and Jameson, Fredric: “Tradition, Discontinuity, and Counterdiscourse: Some Problems in American Radical Cultural Criticism since the 1960s,” in Lenz, Günter H. and Shell, Kurt L., eds., The Crisis of Modernity: Recent Critical Theories of Culture and Society in the United States and West Germany (Frankfurt: Campus; Boulder, Col.: Westview, 1986), pp. 191–249.Google Scholar

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