Plant biotechnology can serve industrial concerns in two ways; it can lead to new products and to new ways of producing an existing product (i.e. ‘processes’). The technology can be used in any business involved in using or selling plant products. In the agricultural input business molecular genetics is having most effect on the introduction of new variation into crop plants. The first products are likely to involve the introduction of insect and disease resistance and herbicide tolerance; some genes transferred will change product quality. Future applications will involve the control of more complex traits. Biotechnology will also enhance plant breeding via improved technologies (e.g. RFLPs and tissue culture); also the production of hybrids is likely to be enhanced and extended. Early products will also include the production of rDNA microbial products for control of pests and diseases.

Of considerable concern to businesses is whether or not they can make sufficient financial return on plant biotechnology. The reasons behind this concern are the time it takes to introduce a product to the market; the expenditure on meeting regulatory requirements; the overall level of public acceptance of the products and the level of return from the farmer. To ensure a fair return on investment there also needs to be a secure structure of intellectual property protection (patents, plant breeders rights, etc.). Continued success in the application of plant science to agricultural improvement depends on a proper economic environment as well as the advancement of the science.