Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:46:39.603Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The History and State of the Study of Medusae and Hydroids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

C. Edwards
C. Edwards
Affiliation:
Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Argyll
Get access

Synopsis

The growth of knowledge of medusae and hydroids is attributable to the labours, from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards, of numerous naturalists and zoologists, amateur and professional, to whom we are indebted for studies of the structure, biology and systematics of these animals, and to the many investigations at sea, by geographical and oceanographic expeditions and by fisheries and other institutions, from which we have derived knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of the species in the seas and oceans. The study of invertebrates gained great impetus in the latter part of the eighteenth century and in the nineteenth century with the accumulating observations and material collected, but only gradually were the true affinities and proper classification of the invertebrate groups recognised. The major advances in the systematic study of medusae and hydroids were the recognition of the true relationships between them and of their distinction from other coelenterates and the full understanding of their reproductive and other structures. Knowledge of the rich variety of species and their world distribution has been gained especially by oceanic expeditions and fisheries investigations. The importance of medusae as ‘indicators’ of hydrographic conditions is well recognised.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences , Volume 73: Challenger Expedition Centenary Proceedings 2 , 1972 , pp. 247 - 257
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References to Literature

Agassiz, L., 1860-1862. Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Second Monograph, 3, 1860, 301 pp; 4, 1862, 380 pp. Boston: Little, Brown & Company.Google Scholar
Allman, G. J., 1864 a. Report on the present state of our knowledge of the reproductive system in the Hydroida. Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Set, 33, 351–426.Google Scholar
Allman, G. J., 1864 b. On the construction and limitation of genera among the Hydroida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 13, 345–380.Google Scholar
Allman, G. J., 1871-1872. A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids, 450 pp. London: Ray Society.Google Scholar
Audouin, J. V. and Milne-Edwards, H., 1828. Resumé des recherches sur les animaux sans vertèbres, faites aux îles Chausey. Annls Sci. Nat., 15, 5–19.Google Scholar
Bigelow, H. B., 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bull. Bur. Fish., Wash., 40, (2), 1–509.Google Scholar
Brandt, J. F., 1835. Prodromus descriptionis Animalium ab H. Mertensio in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione observatorum. Fasc. I. Polypos. Acalephas, discophoras et siphonophoras, nee non Echinodermata continens. Reel Act. Séanc. Publ. Acad. Imp. Sci. StPetersb., 1833–34, 75 pp.Google Scholar
Brandt, J. F., 1838. Ausführliche Beschreibung der von C. H. Mertens auf seiner Weltumsegelung beobachteten Schirmquallen. Zap. Imp. Akad. Nauk, Ser. 6, Sci. Nat., 2.Google Scholar
Broch, H., 1929. Craspedote Medusen. Teil II: Trachylinen (Trachymedusen und Narcomedusen). Nord. Plankt., 21, 481–540.Google Scholar
Cavolini, F., 1785. Memorie per servire alia storia deiPolipi marini, 279 pp. Napoli.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D., 1817. Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des Animaux et d'introduction a l'Anatomie Comparée. 4 Tomes: Paris.Google Scholar
Dalyell, Sir John Graham, 1847-1848. Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, represented from living subjects: with practical observations on their nature. 1, 1847, 268 pp.; 2, 1848, 322 pp. London: John van Voorst.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dujardin, F., 1843. Observations sur un nouveau genre de médusaires provenant de la métamorphose des Syncorynes. Annls Sci. Nat., 20, 370–373.Google Scholar
Dujardin, F., 1845. Mémoire sur le développement des Méduses et des Polypes Hydraires. Annls Sci. Nat., 4, 257–280.Google Scholar
Edwards., C, 1968. Water movements and the distribution of Hydromedusae in British and adjacent waters. Sarsia, 34, 331–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ehrenberg, C. G., 1833. Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des Rothen Meeres. Abh. K. Akad. Wiss., 1832, 156 pp.Google Scholar
Ellis, J., 1755. An Essay towards a Natural History of the Corallines and other Marine Productions of the like kind, commonly found on the Coasts of Great Britain and Ireland. To which is added the description of a large Marine Polype taken near the North Pole by the Whale-fishers in the summer of 1753, 103 pp., 39 pis. London.Google Scholar
Ellis, J. and Solander, D. C, 1786. The Natural History of many Curious and Uncommon Zoophytes, Collected From Various Parts Of The Globe By The Late John Ellis, F.R.S., Systematically Arranged And Described By The Late Daniel Solander, M.D., F.R.S., 208 pp., 63 pis. London.Google Scholar
Eschscholtz, J. F. Von, 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausführliche Beschreibung aller Medusenartigen Strahlthiere, 190 pp. Berlin: Ferdinand Dummler.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, E., 1846. On the pulmograde medusae of the British Seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 18, 284–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, E., 1848. A Monograph of the British Naked-eyed Medusae with Figures of all the Species, 104 pp. London: Ray Society.Google Scholar
Forskål, P., 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. 164 pp. Hauniae.Google Scholar
Forskål, P., 1776. Icones rerum naturalium, quas in itinere orientali depingi curavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris ad regis mandatum aeri incisas edidit Carsten Niebuhr. 43 pis. Hauniae.Google Scholar
Fraser, J. H., 1946-1964. Reports on plankton investigations from Aberdeen. Annls Biol., Copenh., 3–21.Google Scholar
Fraser, J. H., 1965. Zooplankton Indicator Species in the North Sea. Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment, Amer. Geogr. Soc, 8, 2 pp.Google Scholar
Frey, H. and Leuckart, C. G. F. R., 1874. Beiträge zur Kenntniss wirbelloser Thiere mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fauna des Norddeutschen Meeres, 170 pp. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn.Google Scholar
Gegenbaur, C, 1857. Versuch eines Systemes der Medusen, mit Beschreibung neuer Oder wenig gekannter Formen; zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Mittelmeeres. Z. Wiss. Zool., 8, 202–273.Google Scholar
Haeckel, E., 1879-1880. Das System der Medusen. 1 Theil, 1879,1–360; 2 Hälfte, 1880, 361–672. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Hardy, J. (Ed.), 1892. Selections from the Correspondence ofDr George Johnston, 541 pp. Edinburgh: David Douglas.Google Scholar
Hartlaub, C, 1907. Craspedote Medusen. Teil I, Lief. 1: Codoniden und Cladonemiden. Nord. Plankt., 6, 1–136.Google Scholar
Hartlaub, C, 1911. Craspedote Medusen. Teil I, Lief. 2: Familie III. Margelidae, Nord. Plankt., 15,137–235.Google Scholar
Hartlaub, C, 1914. Craspedote Medusen. Teil I, Lief. 3: Familie IV. Tiaridae. Nord. Plankt., 17, 237–363.Google Scholar
Hartlaub, C, 1917. Craspedote Medusen. Teil I, Lief. 4: Familie V. Williadae (und Anhang). Nord. Plankt., 19, 365–479.Google Scholar
Hincks, T., 1868. A History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes. 1, 338 pp.; 2, 67 pis. London: John van Voorst.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, T. H., 1852. An account of the researches into the anatomy of the hydrostatic Acalephae. Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Set., 21, 78–80.Google Scholar
Huxley, T. H., 1856. Lectures on general natural history. Med. Times Gaz., 12, 429–432, 481–484, 507–511, 563–567.Google Scholar
Johnston, G., 1838. A History of the British Zoophytes, 341 pp. Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars.Google Scholar
Johnston, G., 1847. A History of the British Zoophytes. (2nd Edn), 1, 488 pp.; 2, 74 pis. London: John van Voorst.Google Scholar
Jussieu, B. de, 1742. Examen de quelques productions marines qui ont été mises au nombre des plantes, et qui sont l'ouvrage d'une sorte d'insecte de mer. Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Paris, 1742, 392.Google Scholar
Kolliker, A., 1853. Die Schwimmpolypen oder Siphonophoren von Messina, 96 pp. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.Google Scholar
Kotzebue, O. Von, 1821. Entdeckungs-Reise in die Süd-See und nach der Berings-Strasse zur Erforschung einer nordöstlichen Durchfahrt. Unternommen in 1815–1818 aufdetn Schiffe ‘Rurick’. 3 Bd. Weimar.Google Scholar
Kotzebue, O. Von, 1830. Neue Reise urn die Welt in 1823–26. 2 Bd. Weimar and St Petersburg.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L., 1927. The Hydromedusae of the Danish waters. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Nat.-Math.Afd., 12 (1), 1–291.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L., 1933. Craspedote Medusen. Teil III: Leptomedusen, Nord. Plankt., 22, 541–602.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L., 1959. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Rep., 46, 1–283.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L., 1965. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Dana Rep., 63, 1–162.Google Scholar
Kramp, P. L., 1968. The Hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Rep., 72, 1–200.Google Scholar
Künne, C, 1937 a. Über die Verbreitung der Leitformen des Grossplanktons in der südlichen Nordsee im Winter. Ber. Dt. Wiss. Kommn Meeresforsch., 8, 131–164.Google Scholar
Künne, C, 1937 b. Uber als ‘Fremdlinge’ zu bezeichnende Grossplanktonten in der Ostsee. Rapp. P.- V. Réun. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 102, (2) 1–7.Google Scholar
Künne, C, 1952. Untersuchungen über das Grossplankton in der Deutschen Bucht und im Nordsylter Wattenmeer. Helgoländer Wiss. Meeresunters., 4, 1–54.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de, 1815-1822. Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans vertebres, prisèntant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces Animaux … précédée d'une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de I'animal … enfin, l'exposition desprincipes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. 7 Tomes. Paris.Google Scholar
Lamouroux, J. V. F., 1816. Histoire des Polypiers Coralligénes Flexibles, vulgairement nommes Zoophytes, 559 pp. Caen.Google Scholar
Lamouroux, J. V. F., 1825-1826. Polypiers Flexibles. In Quoy, J. R. C. And Gaimard, J. P., 1824-1826 (which see).Google Scholar
Lesson, R.-P., 1843. Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes. Acaléphes, 596 pp. Paris: Nouvelle Suites à Buffon.Google Scholar
Leuckart, C. G. F. R., 1848. Ueber die Morphologie und die Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der wirbellosen Thiere, 180 pp. Braunschweig.Google Scholar
Leuckart, C. G. F. R., 1853. Zoologische Untersuchungen. Heft I. Siphonophoren 95 pp. Giessen.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C, 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10 Ed. 1758. Holmiae.Google Scholar
McCrady, J., 1858. Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 103–221.Google Scholar
Marsigli, L. F., 1725. Histoire physique de la Mer. 173 pp., 50 pis., 2 maps. Amsterdam. [Translated by H. Boerhaave from the original Italian edition of 1711.]Google Scholar
Mayer, A. G., 1910. Medusae of the World. 1, 1–230; 2, 231–498; 3, 499–735. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution.Google Scholar
Muller, O. F., 1779-1784. Zoologia Danica, seu Animalium Danae et Norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum descriptiones et historia. 2 Vols. Havniae and Lipsiae.Google Scholar
Péron, F., 1807-1816. Voyage dé decouvertes aux Terres Australes sur le Géographie, le Naturaliste, et la Casuarina pendant les années 1800–1804. 2 Tomes and Atlas. Paris.Google Scholar
Péron, F. and Lesueur, C. A., 1809 a. Histoire générale et particulière de tous les animaux qui composent la famille des Méduses. Notions préliminaires sur lés Meduses; nomenclature et divisions générales des animaux de cette famille. Annls Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 14, 218–228.Google Scholar
Péron, F. and Lesueur, C. A., 1809 b. Tableau des caractères génériques et spécifiques de toutes les espèces de Méduses connues jusqu' à ce jour. Annls Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 14, 325–366 (pis. 1–96 not published).Google Scholar
Peters, W. C. H., Carus, J. V. and Gerstaecker, C. E. A., 1863. Handbuch der Zoologie., 2, 642 pp. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.Google Scholar
Quoy, J. R. C. and Gaimard, J. P., 1824-1826. Zoologie, 712 pp., Atlas 96 pis. In: Freycinet, L. de: Voyage autour du monde exécuté sur l'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant 1817–20. Paris.Google Scholar
Quoy, J. R. C. and Gaimard, J. P., 1827. Observations zoologiques faites à bord de 1'Astrolabe, en mai 1826, dans le détroit de Gibraltar. Annls Sci. Nat., 10, 1–21, 172–193, 225–239.Google Scholar
Quoy, J. R. C. and Gaimard, J. P., 1834. Zoologie. Tom. 4. Zoophytes, 390 pp., 26 pis. In Voyage de l'Astrolabe pendant 1826–29, sous le commandement de J. Dumont d'Urville. Paris.Google Scholar
Reaumur, R.-A. F. de, 1742. Mémoires pour servir à Vhistoire des Insectes, 6. Paris.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1939. Hydrographical and biological conditions in the North Sea as indicated by plankton organisms. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer, 14, 171–192.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1953. The Medusae of the British Isles: Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae, 530 pp. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, F. S., 1970. The Medusae of the British Isles. II. Pelagic Scyphozoa with a Supplement to the First Volume on Hydromedusae, 284 pp. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sars, M., 1835. Beskrivelser og iagttagelser over nogle maerkelige eller nye i havet ved den Bergenske kyst levende Dyr af Polypernes, Acalephernes, Radiaternes, Annelidernes og Molluskernes classer, med en kort oversigt over de hidtil af forfatteren sammesteds fundne arter og deres forekommer, 81 pp. Bergen.Google Scholar
Sars, M., 1841. Ueber die Entwickelung der Medusa aurita und der Cyanea capillata. Arch. Naturgesch., 7, 9–34.Google Scholar
Sars, M., 1846. Fauna littoralis Norvegiae, oder Beschreibung und Abbildungen neuer oder wenig bekannten Seethiere, nebst Beobachtungen iiber die Organisation, Lebensweise und Entwickelung derselben, 1, 94 pp. Christiania: Johann Dahl.Google Scholar
Steenstrup, J. J. S., 1842. Om Fortplantning og Udvikling gjennem vexlende Generations Raekker, en saeregen Form for Opfostringen i de lavere Dyrklasser. Kjöbenhavn.Google Scholar
Steenstrup, J. J. S., 1845. On the Alternation of Generations, or, the Propagation and Development of Animals through Alternate Generations: a peculiar form of fostering the young in the lower classes of animals. (Translated from the German version by George Busk.) 132 pp. London: Ray Society.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. V., 1830. Zoological Researches, and illustrations; or natural history of nondescript or imperfectly known animals. Memoir 5. On Polyzoa, a new animal discovered as an inhabitant of some Zoophites. With a description of the newly instituted genera of Pedicellaria and Vesicularia, and their species. Cork.Google Scholar
Trembley, A., 1744. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce, à bras en forme de comes, 324 pp. Leide.Google Scholar
Vogt, C. C., 1851. Zoologische Briefs. Naturgeschichte der lebenden und untergegangenen Thiere, 2 Bd. Frankfurt-am-Main.Google Scholar