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Ritual Structures in South Scandinavian Prehistory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Lars Larsson*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology & Ancient History, University of Lund, Box 117 SE-221 00 LUND, Sweden

Abstract

An increasing number of buildings are coming to light on prehistoric sites in Scandinavia that seem to be related to ritual, cult, or religious activities. This paper documents examples of such buildings from the Mesolithic to the Viking Period. The Late Meolithic cemetery at Skateholm provides evidence for structures associated with materials only otherwise found in grave contexts. Certain aspects of Early Neolithic long barrows and palisaded enclosures may infer ritual practices not directly of a funerary nature. The later Neolithic was marked in the cultural groupings of various regions by the construction of palisaded enclosures, wooden structures associated with graves, or pile dwellings, each often associated with a rich finds assemblage and frequent evidence for burning. These structures and their contents show obvious distinctions from the contemporary domestic settlement and burial sites with which they were associated. Bronze Age examples include rectangular stone walled and D- and C-shaped wooden structures placed beside burial areas and facing cairns. The latter forms continue into the Iron Age, for which few other clear examples of ritual structures are apparent, in spite of historical references. Those that have been identified seem to be associated with important central places. The site of Uppåkra, in southernmost Sweden, has produced an unusual small building set beside a hall around and within which were deposited hundreds of weapons and gold and glass objects. This relationship bears a striking resemblance to the description of the hall of Wodan at Valhalla in Norse mythology.

Résumé

Un nombre croissant de bâtiments qui semblent avoir des liens avec des activités rituelles, cultuelles et religieuses sont mis au jour sur des sites préhistoriques en Scandinavie. Cette étude documente des exemples de tels bâtiments datant du mésolithique à la période Viking. Le cimetière du mésolithique final à Stakeholm apporte des témoignages de structures associées à des matériaux qu'on ne trouve par ailleurs que dans le contexte de tombes. Certains aspects des tumulus en longueur et des enclos à palissades du néolithique primitif peuvent suggérer des pratiques rituelles qui ne sont pas directement de nature funéraire. Le néolithique plus récent se caractérisait parmi les groupes culturels de plusieurs régions par la construction d'enclos à palissades, de structures de bois associées à des tombes, ou d'habitations sur pilotis, chacun souvent associé à un assemblage de riches trouvailles et de fréquents témoignages de carbonisation. Ces structures et leur contenu montrent des distinctions évidentes par rapport aux occupations domestiques contemporaines et aux sites funéraires avec lesquels elles étaient associées. Parmi les exemples de l'âge du bronze, on trouve des structures rectangulaires à mur de pierre et des structures en bois en forme de D et de C placées à côté des lieux de sépultures et faisant face aux cairns. Ces dernières formes se sont maintenues à l'âge du fer, pour lequel ne sont apparus que peu d'autres exemples parlants de structures rituelles, malgré les références historiques. Celles qui ont été identifiées semblent être associées à des centres importants. Le site de Uppåkra, dans la partie la plus au sud de la Suède, a produit un petit bâtiment inhabituel situé à côté d'une halle autour et dans laquelle avaient été déposés des centaines d'armes et des objets en verre et en or. Cette relation ressemble étrangement à la description de la Halle d'Odin à Valhalla dans la mythologie norvégienne.

Zusammenfassung

In prähistorischen Fundstellen in Skandinavien lässt sich eine zunehmende Anzahl von Strukturen feststellen, die mit Ritual, Kult oder religiösen Aktivitäten verbunden sind. Dieser Artikel dokumentiert Beispiele solcher Strukturen vom Mesolithikum bis in die Wikingerzeit. So liefert z.B. das spätmesolithische Gräberfeld von Skateholm einen solchen Befund, aus dem Funde stammen, die sonst nur in Grabkontexten vorkommen. Weiterhin werden einige Aspekte der frühneolithischen Langhügelgräber und Palisadenumfassungen diskutiert, die wahrscheinlich auf rituelle Praktiken schließen lassen, die nicht unmittelbar im Zusammenhang mit Grabriten zu sehen sind. Das spätere Neolithikum wiederum kennzeichnet sich durch die Konstruktion von Palisadenumhegungen in kulturellen Gruppierungen verschiedener Regionen. Diese Holzstrukturen standen im Zusammenhang mit Gräbern oder Pfostenbauten, und weisen oft reiche Fundkonzentrationen und häufige Nachweise von Verbrennen auf. Diese Strukturen und ihre Inhalte weisen klare Unterschiede zu den gleichzeitigen und mit ihnen assoziierten Siedlungen und Gräberfeldern auf. Bronzezeitliche Beispiele umfassen rechteckige, von Steinen umfasste und D- und C-förmige Holzstrukturen, die neben Grabzonen und den Steinhügeln zugewandt platziert wurden. Die letzteren Formen setzen sich bis in die Eisenzeit fort, für die trotz der historischen Quellennachweise nur wenige weitere klare Beispiele für rituelle Strukturen vorliegen. Die wenigen, die bisher identifiziert worden sind, scheinen mit wichtigen Zentralplätzen verbunden gewesen zu sein. Die Fundstelle von Uppåkra, im südlichsten Teil von Schweden gelegen, brachte ein ungewöhnlich kleines Gebäude hervor, das neben einer Halle gebaut wurde, um die und in der hunderte von Waffen, Gold und Glasobjekte deponiert waren. Dieser Kontext zeigt eine auffällige Ähnlichkeit mit der Beschreibung der Halle von Odin in Valhalla in der Nordischen Mythologie.

Résumen

En los yacimientos prehistóricos de Escandinavia están apareciendo un número cada vez mayor de edificios que parecen estar en relación con actividades rituales, cultuales o religiosas. Este trabajo documenta ejemplos de dichos edificios que van desde el Mesolítico al Periodo Vikingo. El cementerio del Tardo Mesolítico de Skateholm aporta evidencia de estructuras asociadas a materiales que, de otro modo, se encuentran solamente en contextos funerarios. Ciertos aspectos de los túmulos largos y recintos vallados del Primer Neolítico parecen indicar prácticas rituales que no son de una naturaleza directamente funeraria. El Tardo Neolítico se caracterizó en los grupos culturales de varias regiones por la construcción de recintos vallados, estructuras de madera asociadas con enterramientos, o viviendas sobre pilotes, cada uno a menudo asociado con un rico alijo de objetos y frecuentemente con signos de fuego. Estas estructuras y sus contenidos demuestran una obvia distinción entre el asentamiento domestico contemporáneo y los lugares de enterramiento con los que éstos estaban asociados. Ejemplos de la Edad del Bronce incluyen edificios de piedra de forma rectangular y estructuras de madera en forma de C y de D situadas al lado de las zonas de enterramiento y enfrente de túmulos de piedra. Estas últimas continúan en la Edad del Hierro, periodo para el que existen pocos ejemplos claros de estructuras rituales, a pesar de las referencias históricas. Las que han sido identificadas parecen estar asociadas con lugares centrales de importancia. El yacimiento de Uppåkra, en la zona más meridional de Suecia, ha puesto de manifiesto una inusual y pequeña construcción emplazada junto a una sala alrededor y dentro de la cual se depositaron cientos de armas y objetos de oro y cristal. Esta relación muestra un sorprendente parecido con la descripción de la entrada de Odin en el Valhalla según la mitología nórdica.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2008

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