Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T04:22:17.913Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ritual Hoarding in Migration-Period Scandinavia: A Review of Recent Interpretations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2014

John Hines*
Affiliation:
School of English Studies, Prifysgol Cymru, Coleg Caerdydd, P.O. Box 94, Cardiff, Wales, CF1 3XE

Abstract

Non-funerary deposits of an apparently ritual character are a persistent, often very prominent aspect of all periods of Scandinavian prehistory from the Neolithic to the later Iron Age (post 600 AD). The hoards of the nearer end of this series have recently been brought within theoretical and analytical studies from a variety of modern perspectives differing in ideology and specialism. This paper offers a critical review of those studies in the light of a detailed case-study from the nearer end. Harmonies can be found between the shaping force of economic and social factors posited by Richard Bradley's model and the evidence of this case, although, perhaps inevitably, the effects of these may appear more complex and even quite different from what a description of the general model can encompass. More cautionary conclusions reached which have important implications within the construction of general theory are that greater care ought to be exercised in identifying the establishment of polities and socio-economic crises from this and other contemporary categories of material, and that the specific content of ideology, particularly religious concepts, which affects the fact and the form of ritual hoards, while probably incapable of being built into a general model like Bradley's on the same implicative basis as specific types of economic and social structures, merits a more prominent place in studies of the topic.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arnold, C. J. 1988. An Archaeology of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. Routledge.Google Scholar
Axboe, M. 1982. The Scandinavian gold bracteates. Acta Archaeologica (Copenhagen) 52, 187.Google Scholar
Axboe, M. 1987. Die Brakteaten von Gudme II. Frühmittelalterliche Studien 21, 7681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axboe, M. 1988. Danerkonge og Danevirke. Sønderjyske Månedsskrift 2/88, 3544.Google Scholar
Bantelmann, N. 1988. Süderbrarup. Ein Gräberfeld der römischen Kaiserzeit und Völkerwanderungszeit in Angeln. I: Archäologische Untersuchungen. Offa-Bücher Neue Folge 63.Google Scholar
Beowulf, , ed. & trans. Swanton, M. J., Manchester U.P. 1978.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1984a. Consumption, Change and the Archaeological Record. University of Edinburgh Occasional Papers no. 13.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1984b. The Social Foundations of Prehistoric Britain. Longman.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1985. Exchange and social distance — the structure of bronze artefact distributions. Man 20, 692704.10.2307/2802757CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R. 1987a. A comparative study of hoarding in the late Bronze Age and Viking economies. In Bürenhult, G., Carlsson, A., Hyenstrand, Å. and Sjøvold, T. (eds), Theoretical Approaches to Artefacts, Settlement and Society, 379–87. BAR International Series 366.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 1987b. Stages in the chronological development of hoards and votive deposits. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53, 351–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brøndsted, J. 1960. Danmarks Oldtid. III — Jernalderen. Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Crumlin-Pedersen, O. 1987. Häfen und Schiffahrt in der Römischen Kaiserzeit sowie in der Völkerwanderungs- und Merowingerzeit Dänemarks. Frühmittelalterliche Studien 21, 101–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geisslinger, H. 1967. Horte als Geschichtsquelle. Offa-Bücher Neue Folge 19.Google Scholar
Genrich, A. 1954. Formenkreise und Stammesgruppen in Schleswig-Holstein. Offa-Bücher Neue Folge 10.Google Scholar
Glob, P. V. 1969. The Bog-People. Faber.Google Scholar
Graham-Campbell, J. 1982. Viking silver hoards: an introduction. In Farrell, R.T. (ed.), The Vikings, 3241. Phillimore.Google Scholar
Hagberg, U.-E. 1967. The Archaeology of Skedemose II. Stockholm: The Royal Swedish Academy.Google Scholar
Hagberg, U.-E. 1983. Ein Schatzfund der Völkerwanderungszeit: Djurgårdsäng bei Skara, Västergötland, Schweden. Studien zur Sachsenforschung 4, 7992.Google Scholar
Haseloff, G. 1981. Die germanische Tierornamentik der Völkerwanderungszeit. Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauck, K. (et al.) 1985. Die Goldbrakteaten der Völkerwanderungszeit. Bd.1. Münstersche Mittelalterschriften Bd.24/1. Wilhelm Fink.Google Scholar
Hauck, K. 1988. Völkerwanderungszeitliche Seeverkehr, erhellt mit Schiffsresten und Fundorten von Goldbrakteaten. In Hårdh, B., Larsson, L., Olausson, D. and Petré, R. (eds), Trade and Exchange in Prehistory. Studies in Honour of Berta Stjernqvist. Acta Archaeologica Lundensis Series in 8°, no. 16, 197–211.Google Scholar
Hedeager, L. 1980. Besiedlung, soziale Struktur und politische Organisation in der älteren und jüngeren römischen Kaiserzeit Ostdänemarks. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 55, 38109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hines, J. 1984. The Scandinavian Character of Anglian England in the pre-Viking Period. BAR British Series 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hines, J. 1989. The military context of the adventus Saxonum: some continental evidence. In Hawkes, S. C. (ed.), Weapons and Warfare in Anglo-Saxon England, 2548. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monographs Series.Google Scholar
Ilkjær, J. and Lønstrup, J. 1981. Interpretation of the great votive deposits of Iron Age Weapons. Journal of Danish Archaeology 1, 95103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jankuhn, H. 1977. Archäologische Beobachtungen zur Religion der festländischen Angeln. Studien zur Sachsenforschung 1, 215–34.Google Scholar
Kousgård Sørensen, J. 1985. Gudhem. In Thrane, H. (ed.), Gudme Problemer, 1017. Odense U.P. (See Thrane 1985.)Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1966. The Savage Mind. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Levy, J. 1982. Social and Religious Organisation in Bronze Age Denmark: An Analysis of Ritual Hoard Finds. BAR International Series 124.Google Scholar
Mackeprang, M. B. 1952. De Nordiske Guldbrakteater. Jysk Arkæologiske Selskabs Skrifter II.Google Scholar
Morris, B. 1987. Anthropological Studies of Religion. Cambridge U.P. Google Scholar
Munksgaard, E. 1984. Bog bodies — a brief survey of interpretations. Journal of Danish Archaeology 3, 120–23.10.1080/0108464X.1984.10589917CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, H. 1982. Olgerdiget — et bidrag til Danmarks tidligste historie. Skrifter fra Museumsrådet for Sønderjyllands amt, 1.Google Scholar
Ørsnes, M. 1963. The weapon find in Ejsbøl Mose at Haderslev. Acta Archaeologica (Copenhagen) 34, 232–47.Google Scholar
Ørsnes, M. 1966. Form og Stil. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseets Skrifter, Arkæologisk-historisk række 11.Google Scholar
Ørsnes, M./Engelhardt, C. 19691970. Sønderjyske og Fynske Mosefund. 3 vols. (Reprint of Engelhardt's publications of 1863–1869 with a foreword by M. Ørsnes.)Google Scholar
Parker Pearson, M. 1984. Economic and ideological change: cyclical growth in the pre-state societies of Jutland. In Miller, D. and Tilley, C. (eds), Ideology, Power and Prehistory, 6992. Cambridge U.P. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulsen, P. 1987. Der Brakteaten-Fund von Gudme 1982. Frühmittelalterliche Studien 21, 7475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringtved, J. 1989. Jyske gravfund fra yngre romertid og aeldre germanertid. Tendenser i samfundsudviklingen. Kuml 1986, 95231.Google Scholar
Särlvik, I. 1982. Paths Towards a Stratified Society. Stockholm studies in archaeology 3.Google Scholar
Grammaticus, Saxo, Gesta Danorum. See History of the Danes ed. Davidson, H. Ellis, trans. Fisher, P.. Brewer, 1979.Google Scholar
Sharpe, E. J. 1975. Comparative Religion. Duckworth.Google Scholar
Shippey, T. 1978. Beowulf. Studies in English Literature no. 70, Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Stenberger, M. 1964. Det forntida Sverige. Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar
Tacitus, , Germania. Trans. Mattingly, H., revised by Handford, S. A.. Penguin Classics, 1970.Google Scholar
Thrane, H. (ed.) 1985. Gudme Problemer. Skrifter fra historisk institut, Odense Universitet, nr 3 3. Largely republished in German, with some changes, in Frühmittelalterliche Studien 21 (1987).Google Scholar
Thrane, H. 1987. Das Gudme-Problem und die Gudme-Untersuchung. Frühmittelalterliche Studien 21, 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thrane, H. 1989. Siedlungsarchäologische Untersuchungen in Dänemark. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 64, 547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turville-Petre, E. O. G. 1964. Myth and Religion of the North. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Vǫlsunga saga. The Saga of the Vǫlsungs. Ed. and trans: Finch, R. G.. Nelson, 1965 Google Scholar
Watt, M. 1986. Guldmændernes Parade. Fra Bornholms Museum 1986, 6778.Google Scholar
Welch, M. G. 1987. Reflections on the archaeological connections between Scandinavia and eastern England in the Migration period. Studien zur Sachsenforschung 6, 251–59.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. M. 1965. Some neglected late Anglo-Saxon swords. Medieval Archaeology 9, 3254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar