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Petroglyphs of Kahikinui, Maui, Hawaiian Islands: Rock Images within a Polynesian Settlement Landscape

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

P. V. Kirch
Affiliation:
Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

Abstract

We report on the recording and analysis of 17 petroglyph or pictograph sites, containing a total of 168 glyphic units, carried out as part of a large scale survey of the ancient district (moku) of Kahikinui, on south-eastern Maui Island, Hawaiian Islands. In contrast with previous studies which have tended to view Hawaiian petroglyphs as divorced from their larger archaeological context, we analyse and interpret this corpus in terms of a landscape-level settlement analysis. The Kahikinui petroglyphs exhibit a regular and limited range of motifs, with certain styles of anthropomorphs and zoomorphs (especially dogs) dominating; petroglyphs dating to the early post-European contact period are characterised by Roman lettering reflecting early missionary efforts at literacy. Petroglyphs are strongly associated either with an early historic-period trail, or with rockshelters and cliff faces where there is evidence for freshwater springs or seeps. In the arid environment of Kahikinui, freshwater was a precious resource, and the petroglyphs may have served as territorial markers, or signs of individual ownership or rights of access. Excavations at three rockshelter sites with petroglyphs provide indirect evidence for dating these petroglyphs to the late prehistoric era (16th to 18th centuries AD). Comparisons with petroglyph sites on other islands in the Hawaiian archipelago indicate the existence of distinct regional variations.

Résumé

Nous présentons un compte-rendu du répertoriage et de l'analyse de 17 sites à pétroglyphes ou pictogrammes, contenant un total de 168 unités à glyphes, menés dans lecadre d'une prospection à grande échelle de 1'ancien district(moku) de Kah, dans le sud-est de l'île de Maui, dans les îles hawaïennes. Par contraste avec les études précédentes quiont eu tendance à regarder les pétroglyphes hawaïens comme divorcés de leur contexte archéologique plus étendu, nous analysons et interprétons ce corpus en termes d'analyse d'une occupation au niveau de son paysage. Lespétroglyphes de Kahikinui révèlent une gamme de motifsrégulière et limitée, dominée par certains styles d'antropomorphes et de zoomorphes (particulièrement des chiens); les pétroglyphes datant du début de la période postérieure au contact avec les européens se caractérisent par l'usage de l'alphabet romain, reflet d'un début d'efforts d'alphabétisation de la part des missionnaires.

Les pétroglyphes sont étroitement associés soit à unepiste datant du début de la période historique, soit à desabris sous roche et desfaces de falaises où se trouvent destémoignages de la présence de sources ou de suintements d'eau douce. Dans l'environnement aride de Kahikinui, l'eaudouce était une ressource précieuse et il se peut que lespétroglyphes aient servi pour marquer un territoire ousoient des signes de propriété individuelle ou de droits d'accès. Des fouilles sur trois sites d'abris sous roches accompagnés de pétroglyphes fournissent des témoignages indirects qui permettent de les dater de la fin de l'ère préhistorique (du 16ème au 18ème siècles ap. J.-C). Descomparaisons avec des sites à pétroglyphes sur d'autres îles de l'archipel hawaïen indiquent qu'il existe des variations régionales bien distinctes.

Zusammenfassung

Wir berichten über die Aufnahme und Analyse von 17 Felsbildern bzw. Fundstellen mit Bildsymbolen mit insgesamt 168 Bildzeicheneinheiten, die als Teil eines groß angelegten Surveys des historischen Distrikts (moku) von Kahikinui auf der südöstlichen Insel Maui der hawaiianischen Inseln durchgeführt wurde. Im Gegensatz zu vorigen Untersuchungen, die die hawaiianischen Felsbilder getrennt von ihrem archäologischen Kontext betrachtet haben, analysieren und interpretieren wir diesen Korpus im Rahmen einer Siedlungsanalyse auf der Landschaftsebene. Die Kahikinui Felsbilder zeigen eine regelmäßge, begrenzte Auswahl von Motiven, bei denen anthropomorphe und zoomorphe Style (besonders Hunde) vorherrschen; Felsbilder aus der Zeit des frühen post-europäischen Kontakts sind durch römische Ziffern charakterisiert, die das frühe missionarische Bemühen um Lese- und Schreibfähigkeit widerspiegeln. Die Felsbilder sind entweder stark assoziiert mit einem Pfad aus der frühen historischen Periode oder mit Abris und Felsenflächen, wo eine Süßwasser Quelle oder Sickerwasser vorhanden war. In der ariden Umwelt von Kahikinui war Süßwasser eine wertvolle Ressource und die Felsbilder könnten als territoriale Markierungen oder als Zeichen für individuellen Besitz oder für Zugangsrechte gedient haben. Ausgrabungen an drei Abris mit Felsbildern liefern indirekte Hinweise auf die Datierung dieser Felsbilder in die späte prähistorische Zeit (16. bis 18. Jahrhundert AD. Vergleiche mit Fundstellen mit Felsbildern auf anderen Inseln der hawaiianischen Inselgruppe unterstreichen deutliche regionale Variationen.

Résumen

Informamos sobre el registro y análisis, llevado a cabodentro de una prospección a gran escala del antiguo distrito(moku) de Kahikinui, en el sureste de la Isla Maui, Islas Hawaii, de 17 yacimientos petroglíficos o pictóricos, con un total de 168 petroglifos. En contraste con estudios anteriores que han tendido a considerar los petroglifos hawaianos independientemente de su más amplio contexto arqueológico, hemos analizado e interpretado este corpus entérminos de una análisis de paisaje y nivel de asentamiento. Los petroglifos de Kahikinui demuestran una gama de motivos regular y limitada, con ciertos estilos dominantes de antropomorfos y zoomorfos (especialmente perros); los petroglifos del primer periodo después del contacto con europeos están caracterizados por la presencia de caractereslatinos, reflejo de los esfuerzos en alfabetización de losprimeros misioneros. Los petroglifos aparecen fuertemente asociados o bien con un sendero del primer periodo histórico o con abrigos y caras de acantilado donde hayevidencia de manantiales o filtraciones de agua dulce. En elárido medio ambiente de Kahikinui, el agua dulce era unrecurso precioso, y los petroglifos pueden haber servidocomo marcas territoriales, o señales de propiedad individual o de derechos de acceso. Las excavaciones en tres abrigoscon petroglifos aportan evidencia indirecta para una datación de los petroglifos de la era prehistórica tardía (siglos XVI a XVIII d.C). La comparación con yacimientospetroglíficos en otras islas del archipiélago hawaiianoindican la existencia de claras variaciones regionales.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2004

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