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Open or Enclosed: Settlement Patterns and Hillfort Construction in Strathdon, Aberdeenshire, 1800 bcad 1000

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 October 2013

Murray Cook*
Affiliation:
Rampart Scotland, 6a Gladstone Place, Stirling, FK8 2NN Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This article presents a synthetic précis of enclosed and unenclosed settlement in Aberdeenshire over an extended period of study encompassing the later prehistoric and early medieval periods (1800 bcad 1000) where the perceived boundary between prehistory and history is of limited significance. The results will then be placed in a wider Scottish context, with a brief discussion of the changing nature of enclosure within the study area.

A recent upsurge in research, development, and survey work has, in particular, drawn renewed attention to a discrete cluster of around 20 hillforts in the Strathdon area, which lie well beyond Cunliffe's Hillfort Dominated Zones. In general, the settlement record is predominantly unenclosed but, in the first half of the 1st millennium bc the Strathdon area appears to reflect wider UK trends: there are relatively few hillforts and they appear to be aimed at communal gatherings. Their direct use in conflict appears to have been rare and their ‘defences’ perhaps marked a neutral zone rather than fortification. A putative increase in the volume of agricultural surplus may have led to increased social competition and eventually conflict. After c. 500 bc a variety of local factors influence hillfort design and there is an increase in their number and variability, before the emergence of a single dominant form from Northern Fife to Inverness, and then an abandonment of enclosure until the early medieval period. The current evidence indicates that hillforts were abandoned before the Roman incursions, perhaps by several hundred years and, while they may have been re-occupied, there is as yet no evidence for refortification. In contrast during the early medieval period hillforts appear to have been more actively used in both settlement and conflict. They may relate to a period of expansion amongst local competing polities and the cessation of their construction in the 7th century ad may be connected with the emergence of larger regional power structures.

Résumé

Ouverts ou fermés: Modes d'occupation et construction de forteresses de sommet de colline à Strathdon, Aberdeenshire, 1800 Av. J.-C. à 1000 ap. J.-C., de Murray Cook

Cet article présente un résumé de synthése d'occupations ouvertes et fermées dans l'Aberdeenshire sur une période d’étude prolongée couvrant de la fin de la préhistoire au début du moyen-âge (1800 av. J.-C. à 1000 ap. J.-C) périodes pendant lesquelles la perception de la frontière entre préhistoire et histoire n'a qu'une signification limitée. Les résultats seront ensuite replacés dans un contexte écossais plus étendu avec une brève discussion de la nature changeante des enclos à l'intérieur de la zone étudiée.

Une récente impulsion dans les travaux de recherche, développement et prospection a, en particulier, attiré une attention renouvelée sur un groupe diffus d'environ 20 forteresses dans la zone de Strathdon qui se trouve bien au delà des Zones Dominées par les Forteresses de Cunliffe. En général, l'inventaire des occupations est pour l'essentiel non clos, mais, dans la première moitié du premier millénaire av. J.-C. la zone de Strathdon semble refléter les plus grandes tendances du Royaume-Uni: il y a relativement peu de forteresses de sommet de colline et elles semblent être destinées à des rassemblements communautaires. Leur utilisation directe dans des conflits semble avoir été rare et leurs ‘défenses’ marquaient peut-être une zone neutre plutôt que de fortifications. Une augmentation putative du volume des surplus agricoles peut avoir conduit à une compétition sociale accrue et éventuellement à un conflit. Après environ 500 av. J.-C. divers facteurs locaux influencent la conception des forteresses et elles augmentent en nombre et en diversité avant l’émergence d'une seule forme dominante de Northern Fife à Inverness, et ensuite un abandon des enclos jusqu'au début de la période médiévale. Les témoignages actuels indiquent que les forteresses furent abandonnées avant les incursions romaines, peut-être plusieurs centaines d'années avant et, bien qu'il soit possible qu'elles aient été réoccupées, il n'y a jusqu’à maintenant aucun témoignage de refortification. Par contraste, au début de la période médiévale, les forteresses semblent avoit connu un regain d'activité à la fois sous la forme d'occupation et de conflit. Ceci peut avoir un rapport avec une période d'expansion parmi les entités politiques locales en compétition et la fin de leur construction au VIIe siècle ap. J.-C. peut être liée à l’émergence de plus grandes structures régionales de pouvoir.

Zussamenfassung

Offen oder umschlossen: Siedlungsmuster und Wallanlagenkonstruktion in Strathdon, Aberdeenshire, 1800 bc bis ad 1000, von Murray Cook

Dieser Artikel präsentiert einen zusammenfassenden Abriss von eingefriedeten und offenen Siedlungen in Aberdeenshire über einen längeren Zeitraum, der jüngere vorgeschichtliche und frühmittelalterliche Perioden umfasst (1800 bc bis ad 1000), wobei die gedachte Grenze zwischen Vorgeschichte und Geschichte von geringer Bedeutung ist. Die Ergebnisse werden schließlich in einen größeren Zusammenhang innerhalb Schottlands gestellt, einschließlich einer kurzen Diskussion des Wandels des Charakters von Erdwerken und Einfriedungen im Untersuchungsgebiet.

Ein Aufschwung in Forschung, Entwicklung und Feldarbeit in jüngster Zeit hat die Aufmerksamkeit erneut auf ein gesondertes Cluster von etwa 20 Befestigungsanlagen im Raum Strathdon gelenkt, die weit außerhalb von Cunliffes ,,Hillfort Dominated Zones“ liegen. Grundsätzlich besteht das Siedlungsmuster überwiegend aus offenen Siedlungen, doch in der ersten Hälfte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. scheint die Region Strathdon allgemeinere Trends in Großbritannien zu reflektieren: Es gibt relativ wenige Befestigungsanlagen, und diese scheinen auf kommunale Versammlungen ausgerichtet gewesen zu sein. Ihre unmittelbare Nutzung in gewaltsamen Konflikten scheint dagegen selten gewesen zu sein, und ihre ,,Verteidigungsanlagen“ markierten vielleicht eher eine neutrale Zone als eine tatsächliche Befestigung. Eine vermutete Zunahme in Agrarüberschüssen kann zu größerem sozialem Wettbewerb und schließlich auch zu Konflikten geführt haben. Etwa nach 500 v. Chr. wird die Gestaltung der Wallanlagen durch eine Vielfalt lokaler Faktoren beeinflusst und eine Zunahme in ihrer Zahl und Variabilität ist feststellbar, bevor ein dominanter Typ von Northern Fife bis Inverness entsteht und schließlich die Anlagen bis zum Frühmittelalter aufgelassen werden. Die gegenwärtige Datenlage spricht dafür, dass die Anlagen vor dem römischen Einbruch verlassen wurden, vielleicht mehrere hundert Jahre früher, und auch wenn sie vielleicht wieder genutzt wurden gibt es bislang keine Hinweise, dass sie auch wieder befestigt wurden. Im Gegensatz dazu scheinen die Wallanlagen im Frühmittelalter wieder intensiver genutzt worden zu sein, sowohl durch Besiedlung als auch in gewaltsamen Auseinandersetzungen. Dies kann mit einer Phase der Expansion von lokalen konkurrierenden Gemeinschaften in Verbindung stehen, während die Beendigung ihrer Nutzung im 7. Jahrhundert mit der Entstehung größerer regionaler Machtstrukturen verknüpft werden kann

Resumen

Abierto o cerrado: patrones de asentamiento y construcción del poblado fortificado de Strathdon, Aberdeenshire, 1800 bc a ad 1000por Murray Cook

Este artículo presenta una síntesis de los asentamientos cercados y no cercados en Aberdeenshire a lo largo de un amplio período de estudio que abarca los últimos períodos de la Prehistoria y la Alta Edad Media (1800 bc y ad 1000), donde los límites entre Prehistoria e Historia son de limitada significación. Los resultados se presentan en un contexto más amplio a escala de Escocia, con una breve discusión de la naturaleza cambiante de los recintos dentro del área de estudio.

Un incremento importante en la investigación, con el desarrollo y la realización de nuevos trabajos de síntesis han atraído una atención renovada sobre un discreto conjunto de 20 castros en el área de Strathdon, que se encuentra más allá de la zona dominada por el poblado fortificado de Cunliffe. En general, el patrón de asentamiento es predominantemente no cercado pero, en la primera mitad del primer milenio bc, el área de Strathdon parece reflejar las tendencias observadas en el resto de Reino Unido: existen relativamente pocos castros y parecen estar destinados a agrupaciones comunales. Su uso directo en los conflictos parece haber sido excepcional y sus defensas quizá marquen una zona neutral más que una fortificación. Un aparente aumento en el volumen del excedente agrícola podría haber provocado un incremento de la competencia social y, eventualmente, de los conflictos. Después de c. 500 bc, el diseño de los castros está influenciado por una variedad de factores locales y se produce un incremento tanto de su número como de su variabilidad, antes de la emergencia de un único modelo dominante desde el norte de Fife a Inverness, y el posterior abandono de los recintos hasta los inicios de época medieval. La evidencia actual refleja que los castros fueron abandonados antes de las incursiones romanas, tal vez por varios cientos de años y, si bien podrían haber sido reocupados, no hay ninguna evidencia de refortificación. En cambio durante el inicio de época medieval los castros parecen haber sido utilizados más intensamente tanto como asentamiento como en los conflictos. Estos podrían estar relacionados con un período de expansión entre competidores políticos locales, y el cese de su construcción en el siglo VII ad podría vincularse con la emergencia de estructuras regionales de poder de mayor entidad.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2013 

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