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Island Britain – Peninsula Britain: Palaeogeography, Colonisation, and the Lower Palaeolithic Settlement of the British Isles

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Mark J. White  and
Danielle C. Schreve
Mark J. White
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE
Danielle C. Schreve
Affiliation:
Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD
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Abstract

Britain's geographical status has fluctuated between an island and a peninsula of Europe several times over the past 500 kya, as sea-levels rose and fell in response to global climate change. In this paper, we outline the currently available lithological and biological evidence for these fluctuations and use it to help construct an heuristic biogeographical framework of human colonisation, settlement, and abandonment, proposing mechanisms that are coupled with both regional palaeogeographical evolution and global climatic change. When used as a means of interpreting the archaeological record, the implications of this framework suggests not only that large-scale socio-culturally relevant patterns may indeed exist in the lithic record, but that these may possibly be understood as part of the ebb and flow of different regional populations, measured against the backdrop of changing climates and landscapes. It is suggested that the Clactonian and Acheulean may represent separate pulses of colonisation, possibly by different European populations, following abandonment during the height of glacial periods: the Clactonian reflecting an early recolonisation event during climatic amelioration, the Acheulean representing a second wave during the main interglacial. This phenomenon is recurrent, being observable during the first two post-Anglian inter glacials. Other patterns in the lithic record are argued to reflect specific endemic technological developments among insular hominid populations during periods of isolation from mainland Europe. These represent some of the few patterns in the British Acheulean that cannot be interpreted more parsimoniously in terms of raw materials.

Résumé

Au cours des 500 000 dernières années, le statut géographique de la Grande-Bretagne a fluctué et est passé, à plusieurs reprises, de celui d'île a celui de péninsule de l'Europe, en fonction de la hausse ou baisse des niveaux marins en réaction aux changements climatiques globaux. Dans cette étude, nous mettons en évidence les témoignages lithologiques et biologiques relatifs à ces fluctuations actuellement à notre disposition et les utilisons pour nous aider à élaborer un tableau biogéographique heuristique de sa colonisation, son occupation puis son abandon par l'homme, nous proposons des mécanismes qui sont en relation à la fois avec l‘évolution paléographique régionale et les changements climatiques globaux. Si on utilise ce tableau comme moyen d'interprétation des témoignages archéologiques, ses implications nous conduisent à penser qu'il est non seulement possible qu'existent effectivement dans les témoignages lithiques des exemples à grande échelle sociaux-culturellement pertinents, mais encore, qu'on peut peut être les interpréter comme faisant partie intégrante du flux et reflux des différentes populations régionales, considérées sur un fond de changements climatiques et paysagers. On émet l'hypothèse qu'il se peut que le clactonien et l'acheuléen aient constitué deux poussées séparées de colonisation, peut-être par des peuples européens différents, à la suite de l'abandon des sites au cours des ères glaciaires maximales: le clactonien reflèterait une situation de recolonisation précoce coïncidant avec une amélioration climatique, l'acheuléen constituerait une deuxième vague au cours de la principale ère interglaciaire. Ce phénomène s'est répété, on peut l'observer pendant les deux premières périodes interglaciaires post-angliennes. On suggère que d'autres séries, parmi les témoignages lithiques, représentent des développements technologiques endémiques particuliers parmi les populations d'hominidés insulaires pendant les périodes ou elles se trouvaient séparées du continent européen. On trouve parmi celles-ci certains des rares exemples de l'acheuléen britannique qu'on ne peut pas interpréter plus parcimonieusement en termes de matières premières.

Zusammenfassung

Im Zuge der Meeresspiegelschwankungen, die von den globaler Klimaveränderung hervorgerufen wurden, veränderte sich Britanniens geographische Lage zu Europa während der letzten 500,000 Jahren mehrmals von Insel und Halbinsel. In diesem Artikel werden wir die zur Zeit verfügbaren lithologischen und biologischen Nachweise für diese Fluktuationen zusammenfassen, und sie dazu benutzen, einen heuristisch biogeographischen Rahmen für menschliche Kolonisation, Besiedlung und Siedlungsaufgabe herzustellen. Dabei werden wir Mechanismen vorstellen, die sowohl mit regionaler paläogeographischer Evolution als auch globaler Klimaveränderung einher gehen. Die Implikationen dieses Bezugssystems, wenn es zur Interpretation archäologischer Quellen herangezogen wird, deuten nur darauf hin, daß in großem Umfang soziokulturell relevante Strukturen im lithischen Quellenmaterial existierten, sondern auch daß sie vor dem Hintergrund von wechselndem Klima und Landschaften wahrscheinlich als ein Teil eines Zu- und Abstromes von verschiedenen regionalen Populationen verstanden werden können. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß das Clactonien und Acheulien wahrscheinlich getrennte Impulse einer Kolonisation von verschiedenen europäischen Populationen darstellt, die dem Abbruch während des Höhepunkts der glazialen Perioden folgte: das Clactonien wäre eine frühere Rekolonisierung während einer klimatischen Verbesserung, und das Acheulien würde eine zweite Welle während des größeren Interglazials. Dieses Phänomen wiederholt sich und kann während der ersten zwei postanglianischen Zwischeneiszeiten beobachtet werden. Weiterhin wird argumentiert, daß andere Muster im lithischen Fundgut spezifische, endemisch technologische Entwicklungen bei den insularen Hominiden Populationen während der Phasen der Isolation vom europäischen Festland darstellen. Diese spiegeln einige der wenigen Muster im Britischen Acheulien wider, die nicht in bezug auf die Rohmaterialien interpretiert werden können.

Resúmen

La condición geográfica de las Islas Británicas ha fluctuado varias veces en los últimos 500.000 años siendo ya una isla, ya una península de Europa, como consecuencia de los ascensos y descensos del nivel del mar, en respuesta a cambios climáticos globales. En este trabajo presentamos la evidencia de carácter litológico y biológico disponible actualmente para documentar dichas fluctuaciones, y la usamos como instrumento para construir un marco heurístico biogeográfico de la colonización humana, su asentamiento y abandono, proponiendo mecanismos que se relacionan tanto con la evolución paleogeográfica local como con los cambios climáticos globales. Consecuencia de la aplicación de este método en la interpretación del registro arqueológico es la sugerencia de que no sólo puede que existan modelos de importancia socio-cultural a gran escala en el registro lítico, sino que también pueden ser entendidos como parte del flujo y reflujo de diferentes poblaciones regionales medidas sobre el telón de fondo de climas y paisajes cambiantes. Se sugiere que tanto el clactoniense como el achelense pueden representar impulsos separados de colonización, llevados a cabo posiblemente por diferentes poblaciones europeas tras abandonos durante los periodos de máximo glacial. Así, el clactoniense reflejaría un episodio de recolonización temprana producido durante una mejoría climática, y el achelense una segunda ola colonizadora habida durante el integlacial mayor. Este fenómeno es recurrente y puede ser observado durante los dos primeros post-Anglian interglaciales. Se propone que otros modelos del registro lítico reflejarían desarrollos tecnológicos específicos, endémicos en las poblaciones homínidas insulares durante los periodos de aislamiento del continente europeo. Estos representan algunas de las escasas muestras del achelense británico que no pueden ser explicadas más sucintamente en clave relativa a las materias primas.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 66 , 2000 , pp. 1 - 28
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2000

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