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Houses, Lifecycles and Deposition on Middle Bronze Age Settlements in Southern England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Joanna Brück
Joanna Brück
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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Abstract

This paper explores how the lifecycles of Middle Bronze Age settlements were intimately related at both a practical and metaphorical level to the lifecycles of their inhabitants. Many settlements of this date appear to have been single-generational sites. Building sequences and other changes in the use of settlement space can be understood within a framework that explores how the demographic, social, and economic circumstances of a site's occupants changed over time. However, the lifecycle of the settlement was not only related to that of its occupants in practical terms; each was also a symbolic representation of the other. For example, such acts as the deposition of whole quernstones or animal burials in pits and ditches may have been carried out at critical points in the lifecycle of a settlement, its structures, and its inhabitants. The notion that settlements had lifecycles introduces the possibility of anthropomorphic symbolism in house architecture, a suggestion that may help to explain the presence of a standardised house form during the Middle Bronze Age. Yet, despite the formality of the architecture, there was considerable diversity in how space was actually used within the round-house. Likewise, variability in other aspects of these settlement sites suggests that, although cultural ideals may have existed, in practice the developmental cycle of each household group depended on a particular set of social and material circumstances as well as on household members' commitment to communal tradition.

Résumé

Cette étude explore l'existence de liens intimes entre les cycles de vie des occupations de l'âge du bronze moyen et ceux de leurs habitants à la fois sur le plan pratique et sur le plan métaphorique. Beaucoup de sites d'occupation de cette période semblent n'avoir été utilisés que sur une seule génération. On peut comprendre/appréhender la séquence des bâtiments ainsi que les autres changements apportés à l'usage qu'on fait de l'espace dans le cadre d'une exploration de la manière dont les conditions démographiques, sociales et économiques des ocupants d'un site ont changé au fil du temps. Le cycle de vie de l'occupation n'était toutefois pas seulement lié à celui de ses habitants en termes pratiques; chacun était également une représentation symbolique de l'autre. Par exemple des actions telles que le dépôt de meules entières ou l'inhumation d'animaux dans des fosses ou des fossés ont peut-être été perpétrées à des moments critiques du cycle de vie d'une occupation, de ses structures et de ses habitants. La notion que les occupations ont un cycle de vie introduit la possibilité de symbolisme anthropomorphique dans l'architecture des maisons, une suggestion qui pourrait nous aider à trouver une explication à l'existence d'une forme standardisée de maison durant l'âge du bronze moyen. Cependant, malgré la conformité de l'architecture, la manière dont l'espace à l'intérieur des maisons rondes était effectivement utilisé variait considérablement. De même, des variations dans d'autres aspects de ces sites d'ocupation donnent à penser que, bien qu'il existât des idéaux culturels, en pratique, le cycle de développement de chaque unité domestique dépendait d'une série spécifique de circonstances sociales et matérielles tout autant que de l'attachement des membres du foyer aux traditions communautaires.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht, wie die Lebenszyklen der Siedlungen der mittleren Bronzezeit aufs engste mit den Lebenszyklen ihrer Bewohner sowohl auf einer praktischen als auch einer metaphorischen Ebene verbunden waren. Viele Siedlungen aus dieser Zeit scheinen nur über eine Generation hinweg besiedelt gewesen zu sein. Bauabfolgen und andere Veränderungen in der Nutzung des Siedlungsraumes können innerhalb eines Grundgerüstes verstanden werden, das ergründet wie sich die demo-graphischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Verhältnisse der Bewohner einer Siedlung im Laufe der Zeit verändert haben. Der Lebenszyklus der Siedlungen war jedoch nicht nur in praktischer Hinsicht mit dem der Bewohner verbunden; jeder war auch symbolische Darstellung des anderen. So sind wahrscheinlich Handlungen, wie zum Beispiel die Niederlegung von unversehrten Mahlsteinen oder Tierbestattungen in Gruben und Gräben, an kritischen Punkten im Lebenszyklus einer Siedlung, seiner Strukturen und seiner Bewohner durchgeführt worden. Die Vorstellung, dass Siedlungen Lebenszyklen hatten, führt zur Möglichkeit eines anthropomorphen Symbolismus der Hausarchitektur, wobei ein solcher Vorschlag helfen könnte, das Vorhandensein der standardisierten Hausform während der mittleren Bronzezeit zu erklären. Aber trotz der Formalität der Architektur gab es eine bedeutende Unterschiede darin, wie der Raum innerhalb eines Rundhauses wirklich genutzt wurde. Gleichermaßen weist die Variabilität in anderen Aspekten dieser Siedlungsstellen darauf hin, dass, obwohl kulturelle Idealfälle existiert haben mögen, der Entwicklungszyklus jeder Gruppe von Haushalten in der Praxis von einer bestimmten Anzahl sozialer und materieller Verhältnisse wie auch von der Verpflichtung, die Haushaltsmitglieder gegenüber kommunalen Traditionen empfanden, abhängig war.

Résumen

Este artículo explora cómo los ciclos de vida de los poblados de la Media Edad del Bronce estuvieron intimamente relacionados a un nivel práctico y metafórico con los ciclos de vida de sus habitantes. Muchos poblados de este periodo parecen haber sido asenramientos uni-generacionales. Las secuencias de construcción y otros cambios en el uso del espacio habirable pueden ser entendidos dentro de un marco que explora los cambios a través del tiempo de las circunstancias demográficas, sociales y económicas de un asentamiento. Sin embargo, el ciclo de vida del poblado no se relaciona solamente con el de sus ocupantes en términos prácticos sino que cada uno es, además, una representación simbólica del otro. Por ejemplo, acciones tales como la deposición de piedras de moler completas ó enterramientos de animales en pozos y fosos, bien pudieran haberse llevado a cabo en momentos críticos del ciclo de vida de un poblado, de sus estructuras, y de sus habitantes. La noción de ciclos de vida para los poblados introduce la posibilidad de simbolismos antropomórficos en la arquitectura de las casas. Esta sugerencia puede ayudar a explicar la presencia de formas de vivienda estandarizadas durante la Media Edad del Bronce. Aún así, y a pesar de la formalización en la arquitectura, hubo durante este periodo una considerable diversidad en los modos de utilizar el espacio interior de estas viviendas de planta redonda. De igual modo, la variabilidad en otros aspectos de estos poblados sugiere que, no obstante la posible existencia de ideales culturales, en la práctica el ciclo de desarrollo de cada unidad de habitación dependía de un conjunto particular de circunstancias materiales y sociales así como del compromiso de cada miembro de esa vivienda con la tradición comunal.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 65 , 1999 , pp. 145 - 166
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1999

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