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Genes, Fossils, and Culture. An Overview of the Evidence for Neandertal–Modern Human Interaction and Admixture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

João Zilhão
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology & Anthroplogy, Bristol University, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK

Abstract

This paper re-examines current arguments concerning the evidence for Neandertal-modern human interaction and admixture. While most researchers now agree that the ancestry of all present day humans can be traced back to African late Middle Pleistocene populations, at a time when the remainder of Eurasia was inhabited by ‘archaic humans’, most notably the Neandertals, issues that remain to be resolved are the tempo and mode of early modern human dispersal and interaction with archaic humans.

This paper focuses on what happened at the time of contact in Europe, and assesses the level of admixture that may have occurred, as well as the extent to which such level may have varied in both time and space. It explains how the available mtDNA evidence does not preclude admixture at the time of contact, and is in fact consistent, depending on a number of parameters, with a possibly substantial Neandertal contribution to the initial modern human population of Europe. It is argued that the absence of Neandertal mtDNA lineages among present Europeans is likely, on dating evidence, to be simply a particular case of generalised loss of Pleistocene mtDNA lineages. Although the full range of interaction types (mutual avoidance, hostile confrontation, full integration) is conceivable, there is plenty of archaeological evidence to suggest that admixture must have been the general rule, and that the paleontological evidence for the generalised presence of archaic traits among Europe's earliest moderns implies the transmission of genes, and indicates that mixed groups should have been reproductively viable. In this context, it would seem that the most parsimonious explanation for the disappearance of the Neandertal mtDNA lineage is genetic swamping.

Résumé

Cette étude ré-éxamine les discussions actuelles concernant les témoignages d'interaction et d'intégration Néandertal -homme moderne. Tandis que la plupart des chercheurs est maintenant d'accord que l'ascendance de tous les humains actuels remonte aux populations africaines de la fin du Pléïstocène moyen, à une époque où le reste de l'Eurasie était habité par des ‘humains archaïques‘, plus précisément les Néandertaliens, les questions qui restent à résoudre sont le tempo et le mode de dispersion et d'interaction des humains modernes avec les humains archaïques.

Cette étude se concentre sur ce qui s'est passé au moment où le contact s'est établi en Europe, et évalue le niveau de mélange qui s'est peut-être produit, ainsi que l'étendue jusqu'à laquelle un tel niveau peut avoir varié aussi bien dans le temps que dans l'espace. Ce qui explique comment les témoignages disponibles de mtADN n'excluent pas un mélange au moment du contact, et sont en fait consistants, selon un certain nombre de paramètres, avec la possibilité d'une contribution néandertalienne substantielle à la population moderne initiale en Europe. On argumente qu'il est possible que l'absence de lignées de mtADN Néandertalien parmi les européens actuels, selon les témoignages de datation, soit tout simplement un cas particulier de perte généralisée des lignées de mtADN du pléïstocène. Bien que toute la gamme des types d'interaction, (mutuelle tenue à l'écart, confrontation hostile, complète intégration) soit concevable, de nombreux témoignages archéologiques suggèrent que le mélange doit avoir été la règle générale et que les témoignages paléontologiques de la présence généralisée de traits archaïques parmi les premiers modernes d'Europe implique la transmissiom de gènes et indique que des groupes mixtes devaient pouvoir se reproduire. Dans ce contexte, il semblerait que l'explication la plus parcimonieuse de la disparition de la lignée de mtADN Néandertalien soit la l'écrasement génétique.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht erneut die aktuellen Argumente zu Nachweisen von Interaktionen und der Vermischung von Neandertalern und modernen Menschen. Während die meisten Forscher mittlerweile in ihrer Meinung übereinstimmen, dass die Herkunft aller heutigen Menschen auf die afrikanischen Populationen des späten Mittelpleistozäns zurückzuführen ist – einer Zeit, als der Rest von Eurasien von ,archaischen Menschen’ bevölkert war (vor allem der Neandertaler), müssen die Streitpunkte des Tempos und der Art und Weise der Verbreitung der frühen modernen Menschen und ihrer Interaktion mit den archaischen Menschen, noch gelöst werden. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Artikel liegt auf der Frage, was genau in der Zeit des Kontaktes in Europa passierte. Hier wird sowohl der Grad der Vermischung, die bestanden haben könnte, untersucht, als auch das Ausmaß, in dem dieser Vermischungsgrad in Zeit und Raum variiert haben könnte. Dbaie wird dargelegt, dass die vorhandene mtDNA Evidenz die Vermischung in der Zeit des Kontaktes nicht ausschließt; sie ist, abhängig von der Anzahl der Parameter, mit einem möglicherweise substantiellen Beitrag der Neandertaler zur anfänglichen Population moderner Menschen in Europa, tatsächlich konsistent. Es wird weiterhin erläutert, dass die Abwesenheit von Neandertaler mtDNA unter den heutigen Europäern sogar wahrscheinlich ist, und wegen der zeitlichen Tiefe als Beispiel eines allgemeinen Verlusts von Pleistozäner mtDNA darstellt. Obwohl die volle Bandbreite an Interaktionsarten (gegenseitiges sich Vermeiden, feindliche Konfrontation, volle Integration) denkbar ist, gibt es zahlreiche archäologische Nachweise, die suggerieren, dass Vermischung die allgemeine Regel gewesen sein muss, und dass die paläontologischen Nachweise für ein allgemeines Vorhandensein archaischer Spuren unter Europas ersten modernen Menschen die Transmission von Genen impliziert, und damit andeutet, dass Mischgruppen bezüglich der Fortpflanzung lebensfähig gewesen sein sollten. Vor diesem Hintergrund scheint die einfachste Erklärung für das Verschwinden der Neandertaler mtDNA genetische Verdrängung zu sein.

Résumen

Este artículo re-examina los argumentos actuales sobre la evidencia para interacción y mezcla entre Neandertal – hombre moderno. La mayoría de los investigadores hoy en día están de acuerdo en que los antecesores del hombre actual se encuentran entre las poblaciones africanas del Pleistoceno Medio en un momento en que el resto de Eurasia estaba habitado por ‘hombres arcaicos‘, de modo especial los Neandertales. Sin embargo, quedan aún por resolver una serie de factores como el tempo y modo de dispersión inicial del hombre moderno y su interacción con el hombre arcaico. Este trabajo se concentra en lo que ocurrió en el momento de contacto en Europa, y examina el nivel de mezcla que puede haberse dado, así como las posibilidades de variación en tiempo y espacio de ese nivel. Explica cómo la evidencia disponible de mtDNA no descarta la posibilidad de mezcla en el momento de contacto, y es de hecho consistente, dependiendo de una serie de parámetros, con una posible y substancial contribución del Neandertal a la población inicial de hombre moderno en Europa. Se mantiene que la ausencia de linajes de mtDNA de Neandertal en el europeo actual es probablemente, de acuerdo con la evidencia cronológica, simplemente un caso especial de una pérdida generalizada de linajes de mtDNA del Pleistoceno. Aunque se puede imaginar la serie completa de tipos de interacción (exclusión mutua, confrontación hostil, integración plena), hay mucha evidencia arqueológica que sugiere que la mezcla entre las dos poblaciones parece haber sido la regla general, que la evidencia paleontológica de la presencia generalizada de características arcaicas entre las primeras poblaciones de hombres modernos en Europa indica la transmisión de genes, y que grupos mixtos deben haber sido reproductivamente viables. En este contexto, parecería que la explicación más parsimoniosa para la desaparición del linaje mtDNA Neandertal es inundación genética.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2006

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