^{page 303 note 1} But see my warning on ‘cairn cemeteries’, some of which may be nothing more than clearance mounds, in Arch. Camb. (1954), 66–84Google Scholar. Cf. too PSAS, XC (1956–1957), 7–23Google Scholar. The inclusion of undoubted burial mounds, and the lack of any real evidence of early cultivation, at Bryniau Bugeilydd, seem to authenticate this particular cemetery.

^{page 303 note 2} The difficulties of this route were not finally resolved until the building of the railway in the 1840's, nor indeed as far as road transport is concerned until the construction of the tunnels through the two headlands in the 1930's. Coaches did not succeed in crossing Penmaenmawr until 1685, when Lord Clarendon initiated this ’new way of travelling’ on his journey to Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant (Trans. Caerns. Hist. Soc. (1952), 11Google Scholar).

^{page 305 note 1} A start was also made on the excavation of monument no. 280. The results were of great interest, but in view of the preliminary nature of the investigation, I have omitted any account of it. A full report will be published when the excavation of the monument is completed. Reference will however be made in the present text to certain discoveries which have a connection with data from the other excavated sites.

^{page 305 note 2} Detailed measurements and microscopic identifications of each of the 30 stones of the Druids' Circle were taken and the results filed with the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire.

^{page 306 note 1} The Notes to bee observed before you lett your Survay passe your handes, published under the title An Ancient Survey of Pen Maen Mawr, by Halliwell, J. O. in 1859Google Scholar, and reprinted in Arch. Camb. (1861), 140–55Google Scholar. The authorship and date of this document are discussed at length by North, F. J. in Sunken Cities (1957), ch. IIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 306 note 2} Pennant, T., Tours in Wales (ed. Rhys, , 1883), 111, 112Google Scholar.

^{page 306 note 3} Arch. Camb. (1846), 71Google Scholar.

^{page 306 note 4} The only explanation I can think of for this curious account is that by an ‘outer circle’ Jones meant an outer kerb to the bank, some stones of which may at that date have been visible though no such kerb remains to-day (see below, p. 311). Or he may have imagined an outer circle of which the outlying stone no. 17 supposedly formed part. His innermost circle may have been the platform adjacent to stone 3, mentioned on p. 312.

^{page 306 note 5} National Library of Wales MS. 1118.

^{page 306 note 6} Hall, E. Hyde, Description of Caernarvonshire (ed. Jones, E. Gwynne, 1952), p. 85Google Scholar.

^{page 306 note 7} Loc. cit., 113–14; he is referring to some circles and cairns a short distance to the east of the Druids' Circle, near the Red Farm.

^{page 308 note 1} Cf. too the photograph of the circle in Lowe, W. Bezant, Heart of Northern Wales, 1 (1912), fig. 36Google Scholar.

^{page 309 note 1} Arch. Camb. (1922), 2Google Scholar.

^{page 310 note 1} Local tradition, ever ready to take full advantage of the opportunities offered by the circle, states that this shoulder was the ‘altar’ on which the slain bodies of infants were placed during sacrificial ceremonies.

^{page 311 note 1} The total length of stone 3 is 6 feet 6 inches, of which 1 foot 2 inches lies below the present ground level; of stone 24, 3 feet 4 inches, of which 9 inches lies below ground level.

^{page 315 note 1} I am indebted to Mr J. G. Porter of H.M. Nautical Almanac Office for this information. It is of course impossible to give precise dates without actual observation.

^{page 316 note 1} Childe, , Prehistoric Communities of Brit. Isles (3rd ed. 1949), 129Google Scholar.

^{page 318 note 1} Heart of Northern Wales, I (1912), 53Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 1} Cf. straight hafting mark on a similar knife, found with an A beaker, from a barrow on Charmy Down, Somerset. Ant. Journ. (1950), 41, fig. 4, no. 4Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 2} Arch. Camb. (1921), 281Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 3} Ibid. (1919), 329.

^{page 323 note 1} PPS (1957), 61, fig. 1, no. 2Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 2} Arch. Camb. (1926), 351Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 3} RCAM Caerns, Inv., 1, fig. 16, no. 3Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 4} Ibid., II, fig. 13, no. 1.

^{page 322 note 5} Arch, Journ., XXIV (1867), 16–17Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 6} E.g. the Scottish associations cited by Childe, in Scotland before the Scots, 121Google Scholar.

^{page 322 note 7} Arch. Camb. (1928), 145 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 322 note 8} Loc. cit., map opp. 150.

^{page 322 note 9} PPS (1938), 59–60 and fig. 2Google Scholar.

^{page 323 note 10} Ibid., 70, fig. 8.

^{page 323 note 11} ApSimon, in Inst. of Arch., 10th Ann. Rep. (1954), 49–50Google Scholar.

^{page 323 note 12} PPS (1938), pl. VII, opp. 80.

^{page 323 note 13} Ibid., pl. x.

^{page 323 note 14} PPS (1957), 60–1.

^{page 323 note 15} Ibid., 85.

^{page 323 note 16} BBCS, XVII (Nov. 1957), 196 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 325 note 1} Ant. Journ. (1950), 41, fig. 4, no. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 325 note 2} Ibid., 45, fig. 7, no. 1.

^{page 325 note 3} Davies, , Prehistoric and Roman Remains of Denbighshire, 359–60Google Scholar.

^{page 325 note 4} Prehistoric Communities of Brit. Isles, 131–2.

^{page 325 note 5} BBCS, XVII, 209Google Scholar.

^{page 325 note 6} Early Cultures of N.W. Europe, 99–104.

^{page 325 note 7} Stone, in PPS (1956), 58–61Google Scholar.

^{page 325 note 8} Bushe-Fox, , Report III of Research Comm. of Soc. of Ant. (1915), 14 ff., pls. ii–iiiGoogle Scholar.

^{page 326 note 1} Arch. Camb. (1940), opp. 245.

^{page 326 note 2} Y Cymmrodor, XLI (1930), 187–8 and fig. 80Google Scholar.

^{page 326 note 3} BBCS, XVII, 206 and fig. 8, D1–2.

^{page 326 note 4} Arch., LXXXVII, 129 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 326 note 5} Grimes, , Prehistory of Wales, 212, no. 649Google Scholar.

^{page 326 note 6} Greenwell, , British Barrows, 263 and fig. 14 (p. 37)Google Scholar.

^{page 326 note 7} Devizes Mus. Cat., II (1934), 33, fig. 5aGoogle Scholar.

^{page 327 note 1} PSAS, XXIII (1887–1888), 67Google Scholar.

^{page 327 note 2} Arch. Journ., CI (1944), 36, fig. 8, D7Google Scholar.

^{page 327 note 3} Arch. Camb. (1905), 62–9Google Scholar.

^{page 327 note 4} Ibid. (1921), 283; Davies, . Prehistoric and Roman Remains of Flints. (1949), 371Google Scholar.

^{page 327 note 5} Cf. the segmented faience beads from Llangwm; Grimes, , Prehistory of Wales, 87, fig. 28Google Scholar.

^{page 327 note 6} PPS (1938), 102 ff.; nos. 26 (Camerton, Somerset; ibid., 76, fig. 14), 36 (Amesbury G85, Wilts.; two examples), 51 (Silk Hill, Brigmerston, Wilts.; ibid., 86, fig. 17), 70 (Normanton H139, Wilts.; ibid., 86, fig. 17), 89 (Wilsford H18, Wilts.), 91 (Wilsford H8, Wilts.) and 95 (Winterboume Stoke H25, Wilts.; two examples; ibid., 72, fig. 10).

^{page 328 note 1} RCAM Ang. Inv., p. lvii, no. 9Google Scholar.

^{page 328 note 2} PPS (1950), 73, fig. 6.

^{page 328 note 3} Ibid., 74, fig. 7.

^{page 328 note 4} Arch, Journ., CVIII (1951), 16 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 328 note 5} Ibid., 18, fig. 5, no. 20.

^{page 328 note 6} The Early Bronze Age of most writers, e.g. Survey and Policy of Field Research (Council for British Archaeology, 1948), 32Google Scholar; Later Prehistoric Antiquities of Brit. Isles (Brit. Mus., 1953), 17Google Scholar; Piggott, in Aspects of Archaeology (ed. Grimes, , 1951), 279–81Google Scholar; Early Bronze Age II or Middle Bronze Age, Hawkes, J. and Hawkes, C., Prehistoric Britain (1948), 76Google Scholar; unequivocally Middle Bronze Age by Savory, , BBCS, XVII, 196Google Scholar; the Period IV or Middle Bronze Age I of Childe (who refused to regard beakers as Neolithic), Prehistoric Communities of Brit. Isles (1947). 135Google Scholar.

^{page 329 note 1} Bull. Inst. Arch., 1 (1958), 25–6Google Scholar.

^{page 329 note 2} PPS (1938), 107–21.

^{page 329 note 3} Fox, , Life and Death in the Bronze Age, 97, 102–3Google Scholar; BBCS, XVIII (Nov. 1958), 105.

^{page 330 note 1} Fox, , Life and Death in the Bronze Age (1959)Google Scholar.

^{page 330 note 2} PPS (1936), 138; distribution map on 107.

^{page 330 note 3} Guide to the Collection illustrating the Prehistory of Wales, 54; repeated in 2nd ed. (Prehistory of Wales, ed. Savory, , 1951), 54Google Scholar.

^{page 330 note 4} RCAM Caerns. Inv., 1, nos. 177, 276, 278–9, 304Google Scholar; 11, no. 1455.

^{page 330 note 5} Cf. PPS (1936), fig. 1 on 107 with fig. 4 on 111.

^{page 330 note 6} Arch. Comb. (1920), 102–12Google Scholar.

^{page 330 note 7} Ibid. (1943), 169 ff.

^{page 330 note 8} By Grimes, , Prehistory of Wales, 56Google Scholar; by Savory, , BBCS, XVI, 234, no. E2Google Scholar; and by myself, PPS (1957), 76 and fig. 8 on 81.

^{page 331 note 1} Brycheiniog, I (1955), 28Google Scholar. Cf. his more recent dating of pigmy cups in Wales, , BBCS, XVIII (Nov. 1958), 106 and fig. 3, 101Google Scholar.

^{page 331 note 2} Atkinson, , Piggott, and Sandars, , Excavations at Dorchester, Oxon (1951), 82Google Scholar.

^{page 331 note 3} Ibid., 83, fig. 26. A couple of sites in Anglesey might turn out to be connected with this class of monument—RCAM Ang. Inv., 103Google Scholar, no. 11 and 105, no. 15—and it will be interesting to see the results of Mr Wainwright's recent investigations at the latter site.

^{page 331 note 4} Atkinson, R. J. C., Stonehenge (1956), 174Google Scholar.

^{page 331 note 5} BBCS, IX, 373–4.

^{page 331 note 6} Arch. Camb. (1860), 32–3Google Scholar.

^{page 332 note 1} Arch., LXXVII (1927), 97Google Scholar.

^{page 332 note 2} Atkinson, Piggott and Sandars, op. cit., 92, fig. 29.

^{page 332 note 3} Piggott, , Neolithic Cultures of Brit. Isles (1954), 219–21Google Scholar.

^{page 332 note 4} These are now conveniently summarized and discussed in Fox, , Life and Death in the Bronze Age (1959)Google Scholar, where references will be found to the original excavation reports.

^{page 333 note 1} Most of the place-names that follow will be found on the 1-in. O.S. map, Sheet 107.

^{page 333 note 2} Klindt-Jensen, , Denmark before the Vikings (1957), 62 and pl. 29Google Scholar.

^{page 337 note 1} The samples were lettered A–G and this was the labelling used by Dr Cornwall in his report. They have been altered here to correspond with the numbered layers shown on fig. 3. The correspondence is as follows: Sample A, layer 2; B, layer 3; C, layer 4; D, layer 4a; E, layer 4b; F, layer 5; G (cist filling), layer 4c. W.E.G.