Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T01:46:14.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Defining Banjo Enclosures: Investigations, Interpretations, and Understanding in the Iron Age of Southern Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2016

Alexander T.O. Lang*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Banjo enclosures are an important archaeological site type within British Iron Age studies, particularly for southern England. Significant numbers of these sites have been discovered through aerial survey but only a comparatively small number have been explored through additional survey and excavation. Chronologically these sites wholly exist within the Middle and Late Iron Age periods, c. 400 bc to ad 43. As yet there has been no standard interpretive framework for these sites and our understanding and discussion has often been based on the theoretical model most popular at the time of investigation. A key aim of his paper is to question this piecemeal approach and incorporate more recent interpretations from a much-expanded dataset. Since the 1990s large-scale landscape surveys have increased considerably the numbers of sites identified and subsequently the regions in which they are located. Tying this in with recent excavations, we have begun to redefine our understanding of banjo enclosures as more complex in their site development and function, while also providing a simplified framework which accounts for the diversity of forms, locations, and relative associations. Ultimately these enclosures are more complex than previously realised, potentially serving a multiplicity of functions with different phases of use throughout a period of significant change at the end of prehistory.

Résumé

Définition des enclos banjo: recherches, interprétations et compréhension à l’âge du fer dans le sud de la Grande-Bretagne, d’Alexander T.O. Lang

Les enclos banjo représentent un important site-type archéologique dans les études de l’âge du fer, particulièrement dans le sud de l’Angleterre. Un grand nombre de ces sites ont été découverts grâce à des prospections aériennes mais seulement un nombre comparativement petit a été exploré au moyen d’autres prospections et de fouilles. Chronologiquement ces sites se.situent entièrement dans les périodes de l’âge du fer moyen et tardif, vers 400 av.J.-C. à 43 ap.J.-C.. A ce jour, il n’existe pas de cadre d’interprétation standard pour ces sites et notre compréhension et notre discussion reposaient souvent sur le modèle théorique le plus populaire au moment de l’investigation. Un objectif clé de cet article est de remettre en question cette approche fragmentée et d’incorporer des interprétations plus récentes reposant sur un sensemble de données beaucoup plus étendu. Depuis les années 1990, les prospections de paysage à grande échelle ont considérablement augmenté le nombre de sites identifés et les régions où ils se situaient. En reliant cela avec de récentes excavations, nous avons commencé à redéfinir notre compréhension des enclos banjo, site complexe de développement et de fonction, tout en fournissant aussi un cadre simplifié qui tient compte de la diversité des formes, des lieux et des associations relatives. En fin de compte, ces enclos sont plus complexes que nous ne l’avions cru auparavant, assumant potentiellement de multiples fonctions avec diverses phases d’utilisation tout au long d’une période d’importants changements à la fin de la préhistoire.

Zussamenfassung

Die Definition von Banjo-Kreisanlagen: Untersuchungen, Interpretationen und Verständnis in der Eisenzeit im Süden Großbritanniens, von Alexander T.O. Lang

Banjo-Kreisanlagen stellen einen wichtigen Typ archäologischer Fundplätze in Studien zur britischen Eisenzeit dar, insbesondere im südlichen England. Eine bedeutende Anzahl solcher Fundplätze wurde durch Luftbildprospektion entdeckt, doch nur eine vergleichsweise kleine Anzahl wurde durch zusätzliche Surveys und Ausgrabungen untersucht. Chronologisch gehören diese Fundplätze klar in die Mittlere und Späte Eisenzeit, ca. 400 v. Chr. bis 43 n. Chr. Bisher gab es keinen Konsens über die Interpretation dieser Fundplätze, und unser Verständnis und unsere Diskussionen basierten oft auf jenem Modell, dass zur Zeit der jeweiligen Untersuchung gerade am populärsten war. Ein zentrales Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es deshalb, diesen stückhaften Ansatz in Frage zu stellen und jüngere Interpretationen einzubeziehen, die auf einer deutlich größeren Datengrundlage basieren. Seit den 1990er Jahren konnte durch großräumige Landschaftsaufnahmen die Zahl identifizierter Fundplätze beträchtlich vergrößert werden wie auch die Zahl der Regionen, in denen sie vorhanden sind. Mit der Verknüpfung dieser Daten mit derzeitigen Ausgrabungen haben wir begonnen unser Verständnis von Banjo-Kreisanlagen neu zu definieren, die nun als deutlich komplexer in ihrer Entwicklung und Nutzung begriffen werden können, und zugleich einen vereinfachten Interpretationsrahmen zu erstellen, der die Diversität ihrer Formen, Lokalisationen und Beziehungen berücksichtigt. Letztendlich sind diese Anlagen weit komplexer als bisher erkannt und dienten möglicherweise einer Vielzahl von Funktionen mit unterschiedlichen Nutzungsphasen während einer Periode signifikanten Wandels am Ende der Vorgeschichte.

Resumen

Definiendo los recintos de tipo “banjo”: investigaciones, interpretación y comprensión de la Edad del Hierro en el sur de Inglaterra, por Alexander T.O. Lang

Los recintos de tipo “banjo” representan un tipo importante de contextos en el estudio de la Edad del Hierro en Inglaterra, particularmente en el sur de Inglaterra. Un elevado número de estos sitios ha sido descubierto mediante prospección aérea pero sólo un reducido número de ellos ha sido explorado mediante técnicas adicionales y excavación. Cronológicamente estos sitios solamente existen durante los períodos medio y tardío de la Edad del Hierro, c. 400 bc al ad 43. Por ello, no se ha propuesto un marco interpretativo para estos sitios y nuestra interpretación y discusión sobre ellos a menudo se ha basado en los modelos teóricos dominantes en el momento de su investigación. Un aspecto importante en este artículo es cuestionar este enfoque fragmentario e incorporar las interpretaciones más recientes basadas en un conjunto de datos más extensos. Desde los años 1990 las prospecciones del paisaje a gran escala han incrementado considerablemente el número de sitios identificados y las regiones en las que éstos se localizan. Aunando esto con las excavaciones recientes, comienza a redefinirse nuestra comprensión de los recintos tipos “banjo”, como realidades más complejas en el desarrollo y función de los sitios al tiempo que se facilitan marcos interpretativos más sencillos que explican la diversidad de formas, localizaciones y asociaciones relativas. En definitiva, estos recintos son más complejos que lo considerado previamente, sirviendo potencialmente para múltiples funciones en diferentes fases de uso a lo largo de un período de cambios significativos al final de la Prehistoria.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, T.G. & Robinson, M. 1993. The Prehistoric Landscape and Iron Age Enclosed Settlement at Mingies Ditch, Hardwick-with-Yelford, Oxon. Oxford: Oxford Archaeological Unit Google Scholar
Allen, T.G., Miles, D. & Palmer, S. 1984. Iron Age buildings in the Upper Thames Region. In B. Cunliffe & D. Miles (eds), Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, 89101. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 2 Google Scholar
Barber, A.J. & Pannett, A. 2006. Archaeological excavations along the Milford Haven to Aberdulais Natural Gas Pipeline 2006: A preliminary report. Archaeology in Wales 46, 8799 Google Scholar
Barrett, J.C., Bradley, R. & Green, M. 1991. Landscape, Monuments and Society: the prehistory of Cranborne Chase. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Benson, D. & Miles, D. 1974. The Upper Thames Valley: an archaeological survey of the river gravels. Oxford: Oxford Archaeological Unit Google Scholar
Bewley, B. 2003. Prehistoric Settlements. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Bonney, D.J. & Moore, C.N. 1967. Hamshill Ditches, Barford St Martin. Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine 62, 118121 Google Scholar
Booth, P., Dodd, A., Robinson, M. & Smith, A. 2009. The Archaeology of the Gravel Terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames: the early historical period: ad 1–1000. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology Google Scholar
Bowden, M. & McOmish, D. 1987. The required barrier. Scottish Archaeological Review 4, 7684 Google Scholar
Collis, J.R. 1968. Excavations at Owslebury, Hants. Antiquaries Journal 48, 1831 Google Scholar
Collis, J.R. 1970. Excavations at Owslebury, Hants. Antiquaries Journal 50, 246251 Google Scholar
Collis, J.R. 1996. Hill-forts, enclosures and boundaries. In T. Champion & J.R. Collis (eds), The Iron Age in Britain and Ireland: Recent trends, 87–94. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications Google Scholar
Collis, J.R. 2006. Enclosure in Iron Age Wessex: The view from modern Avila. In A.F. Harding, S. Sievers & N. Venclova (eds), Enclosing the Past: Inside and outside in prehistory, 155–62. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications Google Scholar
Corney, M. 1989. Multiple ditch systems and Late Iron Age settlement in central Wessex. In M. Bowden, D. Mackay & P. Topping (eds), From Cornwall to Caithness: some aspects of British field archaeology, 111128. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 209 Google Scholar
Crawford, O.G.S. & Keiller, A. 1928. Wessex from the Air. Oxford: Clarendon Press Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1997. The Ancient Celts. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2000. The Danebury Environs Programme: The prehistory of a Wessex landscape. Volume 1: introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 48 Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 2005. Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest, 3rd edn. London: Routledge Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. & Poole, C. 2000. The Danebury Environs Programme: the prehistory of a Wessex landscape. Volume 2, part 5: Nettlebank Copse, Wherwell, Hants, 1993. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph 49 Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B. & Poole, C. 2008. The Danebury Environs Roman Programme: Volume 2, part 2: Grateley South, Grateley, Hants, 1998 and 1999. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph 71 Google Scholar
Darvill, T.C., Saunders, A. & Startin, B. 1987. A question of national importance: Approaches to the evaluation of ancient monuments for the Monuments Protection Programme in England. Antiquity 61, 393408 Google Scholar
Edis, J., MacLeod, D. & Bewley, B. 1989. An archaeologist’s guide to classification of cropmarks and soilmarks. Antiquity 63, 112126 Google Scholar
Fasham, P.J. 1987. A Banjo Enclosure in Micheldever Wood, Hampshire. Winchester: Hampshire Field Club Archaeology Society Monograph 5 Google Scholar
Featherstone, R. & Bewley, B. 2000. Recent aerial reconnaissance in North Oxfordshire. Oxoniensia 65, 1326 Google Scholar
Ford, S., Bowden, M., Mees, G. & Gaffney, V. 1988. The date of the ‘Celtic’ field systems on the Berkshire Downs. Britannia 19, 401404 Google Scholar
Gaffney, C. & Gater, J. 2003. Revealing the Buried Past: Geophysics for archaeologists. Stroud: Tempus Google Scholar
Harding, P. 2007. Two possible Iron Age ‘banjo’ enclosures and a Romano-British villa and settlement at Beach’s Barn, Fittleton, Salisbury Plain. Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine 100, 8390 Google Scholar
Hey, G. 2007. Unravelling the Iron Age landscape of the upper Thames valley. In C. Haselgrove & T. Moore (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 156172. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Hill, J.D. 1995. Ritual and Rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex: A study on the formation of a specific archaeological record. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 242 Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 1982. Kiddington: Tomlin’s Gate. CBA Group 9 Newsletter 12, 154 Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 1984a. Towards social analysis in archaeology: Celtic society in the Iron Age of the upper Thames valley. In B. Cunliffe & D. Miles (eds), Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, 7288. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 2 Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 1984b. The archaeology of settlement and the social significance of space. Scottish Archaeological Review 3, 2230 Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 1990. Boundaries surrounding Iron Age and Roman-British Settlement. Scottish Archaeological Review 7, 96103 Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 1999. The creation of later prehistoric landscapes and the context of reuse of Neolithic and earlier Bronze Age monuments in Britain and Ireland. In B. Bevan (ed.), Northern Exposure: interpretive devolution and the Iron Ages in Britain, 233–51. Leicester: Leicester Archaeology Monograph 4 Google Scholar
Hingley, R. & Miles, D. 1984. Aspects of Iron Age settlement in the upper Thames valley. In B. Cunliffe & D. Miles (eds), Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, 5271. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 2 Google Scholar
Hingley, R. & Darvill, T.C. 1988. Monument Class Description (MCD) for MPP. http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/mcdtop1.htm Google Scholar
Holgate, R. 1986. Excavations at the prehistoric and Romano-British enclosure complex at Carne’s Seat, Goodwood, West Sussex 1984. Sussex Archaeological Collections 124, 3550 Google Scholar
Kenney, S. & Lyons, A. 2011. An Iron Age banjo enclosure and contemporary settlement at Caldecote, Cambridgeshire. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 100, 6784 Google Scholar
Lambrick, G. & Robinson, M. 1979. Iron Age and Roman Riverside Settlements at Farmoor, Oxfordshire. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 32 Google Scholar
Lambrick, G. & Robinson, M. 2009. The Archaeology of the Upper and Middle Thames: the first foundations of modern society in the Thames valley 1500 bc–ad 50. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology Google Scholar
Lock, G., Gosden, C. & Daly, P. 2005. Segsbury Camp: Excavations in 1996 and 1997 at an Iron Age hillfort on the Oxfordshire Ridgeway. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph 61 Google Scholar
Moore, T. 2006. Iron Age Societies in the Severn-Cotswolds: developing narratives of social and landscape change. Oxford: British Archaeological Report 421 Google Scholar
Moore, T. 2007a. Life on the edge? Exchange, settlement and identity in the later Iron Age of the Severn Cotswolds. In C. Haselgrove & T. Moore (eds), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 4161. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Moore, T. 2007b. The Early to Later Iron Age transition in the Severn-Cotswolds: Enclosing the household?. In C. Haselgrove & R. Pope (eds), The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, 259278. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Moore, T. 2007c. Perceiving communities: Exchange, landscapes and social networks in the later Iron Age of western Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26, 79102 Google Scholar
Moore, T. 2012. Beyond the oppida: Polyfocal complexes and Late Iron Age societies in southern Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 31(4), 391417 Google Scholar
Palmer, R. 1984. Danebury. An Iron Age hillfort in Hampshire: An aerial photographic interpretation of its environs. London: RCHME/HMSO Google Scholar
Perry, B.T. 1966. Some recent discoveries in Hampshire. In A.C. Thomas (ed.), Rural Settlement in Roman Britain, 3942. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 7 Google Scholar
Perry, B.T. 1969. Iron Age enclosures and settlements on the Hampshire Chalklands. Archaeological Journal 126, 2943 Google Scholar
Perry, B.T. 1974. Excavations at Bramdean, Hampshire, 1965 and 1966, and a discussion of similar sites in southern England. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeology Society 29(1972), 4177 Google Scholar
Perry, B.T. 1982. Excavations at Bramdean, Hampshire, 1973–1977. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeology Society 38, 5774 Google Scholar
Perry, B.T. 1986. Excavations at Bramdean, Hampshire, 1983 & 1984 with some further discussions of the Banjo syndrome. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeology Society 42, 3542 Google Scholar
Pryor, F. 2001. The Flag Fen Basin: archaeology and environment of a Fenland landscape. Swindon: English Heritage Google Scholar
Richards, J.C. 1978. The Archaeology of the Berkshire Downs: an introductory survey. Reading: Berkshire Archaeological Committee Publication 3 Google Scholar
Robinson, M. & Lambrick, G. 1984. Holocene allluviation and hydrology in the upper Thames basin. Nature 308, 809814 Google Scholar
Stead, I.A. 1966. Excavations in Blagden Copse, Hurstbourne Tarrant, Hampshire, 1961. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeology Society 23, 8189 Google Scholar
Thomas, R. 1997. Land, kinship relations and the rise of enclosed settlement in the first millennium bc . Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16(2), 211218 Google Scholar
Von Nicolai, C. 2009. La question des Viereckschanzen d’Allemagne du Sud revistée. In I. Bertrand, A. Duval, J. Gomez de Soto & P. Maguer (eds), Habitats et paysages ruraux en Gaule et regards sur d’autres régions du monde celtique: actes du XXXIe colloque international de l’Association française pour l'étude de l'âge du fer, 17–20 mai 2007, Chauvigny, 241276. Chauvigny: Mémoire 35 Google Scholar
Williams, R.J., Hart, P.J. & Williams, A.T.L. 1996. Wavendon Gate: a Late Iron Age and Roman settlement in Milton Keynes. Bristol: Buckinghamshire Archaeological Society Monograph 10 Google Scholar
Winton, H. 2003. Possible Iron Age ‘banjo’ enclosures on the Lambourn Downs. Oxoniensia 68, 1526 Google Scholar